275:
507:, himself a lawyer, advised the young people of Cuba not to study law, instead opting for the study of the sciences, engineering, and medicine. The Revolution's emphasis on developing other academic skills, coupled with the decrease in relevance of lawyers in the revolutionary process in which Cuba was engaged in the early 1960s, led to a dramatic decrease in enrollment at the University of Havana College of Law. Some years passed with no new enrollments (1964–65), while others saw no students graduating (1978 and 1979). The curriculum changed as the new political structures made courses on commercial and contract law far less important.
398:
began a process whereby the legal system in Cuba was resurrected to provide for the institutionalization of the
Revolution. With the newfound relevance of the law to Cuba's revolutionary process, the practice of law began to become more widespread. Today, the legal profession serves both individuals and enterprises, as well as provides counsel to the government as Cuba struggles to find its place in the international economy.
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judges are selected for terms of five years, serving a maximum of 30 days per year, while continuing their regular employment. Observers note that lay judges in Cuba play a far more dynamic role than the lay judges in the former Soviet Union. On a whole, lay judges tend to represent the overall population in terms of race, gender, employment, and education.
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Lawyers are expected to uphold the principle of socialist legality in their practice, thereby strengthening socialism and socialist law. Critics argue that this requirement of the lawyers make it difficult for lawyers to defend their clients against the state. In 1984, laws were passed to remedy this
291:
Professional judges in Cuba are elected for unlimited terms, serving until they are no longer capable or until removed by the electoral body. Persons seeking to become judges are required to pass an examination given by the
Ministry of Justice. The requirements to be a judge include age, citizenship,
313:
Under Cuban law, judges are required to be independent in their judgment and free from the influence of organs of government in their deliberations. Judges can be removed for physical/mental incapacity, negligence or incompetence, or becoming the subject of criminal prosecution. Studies demonstrate
470:
Conflicts of interest (usually relationships with the opposing party) bar a lawyer from representing particular clients. The ONBC propagates rules of ethics and conduct and carries out punishment for their violation, usually in the form of warnings, although suspension, dismissal, and imprisonment
397:
In the years following the Cuban
Revolution, many lawyers left Cuba. The legal profession saw its prestige decline as the new society looked toward it as another manifestation of the bourgeoisie that was to become unnecessary in the coming years of revolution. In the mid-1960s, Blas Roca Caldero
304:
Lay judges serve alongside professional judges in all levels of the judicial system. Candidates for the position of lay judge are nominated in workplace assemblies and are screened by the
Ministry of Justice to ensure they meet the age and citizenship requirements to be a judge. About 15,000 lay
510:
Beginning in the late 1970s, the
Ministry of Higher Education began to tinker with the law school curriculum in order to make more comprehensive the legal education received by law students. In the early 1990s, a new plan was instituted that emphasized basic theory and history in a number of
262:, the legal system underwent a series of radical transformations, both in terms of its structure and also in terms of the laws it promulgated. After a variety of experimental tribunals and projects, the legal system was institutionalized in 1976, with the adoption of a new
475:
problem, mandating that lawyers defend their clients with diligence and independence to the best of the lawyer's ability. Whether this law has its desired effect is debatable. Examples of passive defense counsel in criminal cases abound (such as the case of
General
523:, and 3,500 nationwide. Entrance into law school is competitive. Tuition and room and board are free for Cuban residents, while the cost of books is subsidized by the state. Between 1982 and 1992, graduating law students were required to work in a
409:
are collective law offices, first established by the
Ministry of Justice after the private practice of law was abolished, and currently under the oversight of the National Organization of Buffeters Collectives (ONBC). In order to practice in a
450:, but this is offset somewhat by added perks and bonuses from their employer. Although historically relegated to ensuring contracts complied with government regulations, the shifts in the Cuban economy following the collapse of the
292:
and a requisite amount of legal experience that varies depending upon which court one is to serve on (10 years for
Supreme Court; Five years for Provincial Courts; Two years for municipal courts). Membership in the
491:(UNJC) is a professional organization for lawyers. Membership is voluntary and some 85% of practitioners are members. Headquartered in Havana, the UNJC comments on proposed legislation, publishes a law review (
249:
colony. Even after the nation received its independence in 1902, vestiges of
Spanish law remained in effect – for example, the Civil Code remained in effect, with modifications, until 1987. The period of
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for three years as a social service and to gain experience in a wide range of practice areas. This was altered in 1992, and now graduates can perform their social service in a wide variety of legal jobs.
479:, sentenced to death for drug trafficking), while there also exist cases of defense counsel acting diligently on behalf of clients whose interests are diametrically opposed to those of the government.
318:
report that 32% of filed criminal cases were dismissed in 1991. A substantial portion of criminal (26%) and benefits (42%) decisions were overturned or modified in 2000 by municipal courts.
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As of 1999, 30% of lawyers worked as legal advisors to state agencies, ministries, and commercial enterprises. These lawyers receive a lower salary than their counterparts in the
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414:, one must graduate from law school in Cuba or a foreign country with Cuban validation. Exceptions to this can be made under extraordinary circumstances. Once in a
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society in accordance with these principles. In order to do this, the existing political and economic structure had to be dismantled, and with it, the nation's
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The salary of lawyers is based upon the number and complexity of the cases which they handle. Better lawyers typically earn a higher salary.
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242:. It has been contended that the judiciary lacks independence and is subordinate to the executive branch of government.
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courtroom, the professional judge sits in the chair at the center of the bench with the two lay judges at either side.
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judicial autonomy. A 1977 study noted that 43% of all criminal cases were dismissed due to lack of evidence.
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different areas of the law, coupled with practical experience. Today, there are law schools in Havana,
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have led to legal advisors taking a more active role in the market-based, commercial dealings of Cuba.
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specializing in providing legal assistance to foreign nationals have arisen in recent years.
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is not required to be a judge. In 1988, 43% of the judges were not members of the Party.
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typically have large caseloads and work under difficult conditions. A small number of
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throughout Cuba, collectively handling some 200,000 cases per year. Lawyers in
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of the Cuban government, and the lawyers and judges who operate within it.
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The original legal system in Cuba was a reflection of its status as a
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The Cuban
Judiciary is currently one of the three branches of the
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207:, the Cuban government adopted as its guiding force the ideas of
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519:, and Villa Clara. Enrollment totals approximately 1,100 at the
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occupation and influence resulted in developments such as the
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266:. In the intervening years, changes have continued to occur.
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223:. Gradually, a new legal system arose, based heavily on
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Legal Advisors to State Institutions and Enterprises
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
561:"cuba history .org - Over the Revolution's Years"
614:"Inicia Cuba selecciĂłn de nuevos jueces legos"
471:are possible in cases of serious violations.
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438:Independent legal practice is not permitted.
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1183:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
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171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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547:WORLD FACTBOOK OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS
380:Learn how and when to remove this message
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1193:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
537:
503:In the early days of the revolution,
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358:adding citations to reliable sources
169:adding citations to reliable sources
44:adding citations to reliable sources
1167:National Revolutionary Police Force
1125:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
1068:National Assembly of People's Power
816:United States embargo against Cuba
646:from the original on 28 April 2016
591:from the original on 28 April 2016
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1856:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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640:Ley De Los Tribunales Populares
585:Ley De Los Tribunales Populares
489:National Union of Cuban Jurists
483:National Union of Cuban Jurists
31:needs additional citations for
133:History of the Cuban Judiciary
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1981:United States Virgin Islands
836:Cuban intervention in Angola
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1145:Territorial Troops Militia
1956:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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757:Cuban War of Independence
642:(82, 53). 11 June 1997.
493:Revista Cubana de Derecho
55:"Judicial system of Cuba"
1976:Turks and Caicos Islands
587:(82, 2). 11 June 1997.
434:Independent Law Offices
234:, the others being the
1906:British Virgin Islands
1265:International rankings
1102:Prime Minister of Cuba
1097:Vice President of Cuba
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225:communist legal theory
211:and sought to build a
1846:Saint Kitts and Nevis
407:Buffeted Collectives'
294:Cuban Communist Party
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256:Supreme Court of Cuba
1468:Association Football
1453:Scouting and Guiding
1245:Dual economy of Cuba
1016:Council of Ministers
976:World Heritage Sites
831:Cuban Missile Crisis
826:Bay of Pigs Invasion
770:Spanish–American War
521:University of Havana
354:improve this section
165:improve this section
40:improve this article
1861:Trinidad and Tobago
1756:Antigua and Barbuda
821:Escambray rebellion
565:www.cubahistory.org
402:Buffets Collectives
316:Buffets Collectives
287:Professional Judges
120:judicial system of
2007:Government of Cuba
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1270:Telecommunications
1135:Revolutionary Navy
1130:Revolutionary Army
1011:Corruption in Cuba
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545:Michalowski, Ray.
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258:. After the
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252:United States
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150:This section
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60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1971:Sint Maarten
1951:Saint Martin
1526:Cape Verdean
1499:Demographics
1355:Universities
1325:Architecture
1240:Central bank
1233:Cooperatives
1176:Intelligence
1036:Human rights
1006:Constitution
795:World War II
763:
648:. Retrieved
634:
622:. Retrieved
617:
593:. Retrieved
579:
568:. Retrieved
564:
555:
546:
540:
524:
509:
505:Fidel Castro
502:
492:
486:
473:
469:
466:Legal Ethics
461:
452:Soviet Union
447:
445:
437:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
405:
396:
376:
367:
352:Please help
340:
315:
312:
303:
290:
264:Constitution
244:
229:
221:legal system
202:
187:
181:October 2016
178:
163:Please help
151:
119:
117:
102:
96:October 2016
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2012:Law of Cuba
1941:Puerto Rico
1851:Saint Lucia
1801:El Salvador
1741:Judiciaries
1223:Agriculture
961:Earthquakes
891:Timelines:
785:World War I
1996:Categories
1936:Montserrat
1931:Martinique
1926:Guadeloupe
1781:Costa Rica
1612:Architects
1516:Afro-Cuban
1458:Sociolismo
1406:Newspapers
1396:Literature
1384:Censorship
1367:Healthcare
1252:(currency)
1080:Propaganda
1041:Censorship
966:Hurricanes
901:Guantánamo
897:Cienfuegos
861:Cuban thaw
851:Maleconazo
800:Revolution
752:Little War
570:2023-03-08
532:References
300:Lay Judges
66:newspapers
1921:Greenland
1836:Nicaragua
1811:Guatemala
1443:Rationing
1428:Festivals
1372:Hospitals
1350:Education
1280:Transport
1152:(defunct)
1140:Air Force
1073:President
1026:Elections
951:Provinces
929:Geography
669:Cuban Law
650:1 October
624:1 October
595:1 October
341:does not
236:executive
213:socialist
152:does not
1886:Anguilla
1821:Honduras
1791:Dominica
1766:Barbados
1679:Category
1639:abstract
1634:Painters
1622:Athletes
1581:Lebanese
1566:Japanese
1541:Filipino
1521:American
1473:Baseball
1448:Religion
1391:Language
1379:Internet
1118:Military
990:Politics
909:Matanzas
893:CamagĂĽey
882:Timeline
780:Republic
732:Timeline
709:articles
663:See also
644:Archived
589:Archived
513:CamagĂĽey
416:buffeted
412:buffeter
370:May 2024
278:In this
238:and the
1916:Curaçao
1901:Bonaire
1896:Bermuda
1826:Jamaica
1806:Grenada
1761:Bahamas
1689:Outline
1646:Writers
1617:Artists
1591:Spanish
1586:Mexican
1561:Italian
1556:Isleños
1551:Haitian
1536:Ciboney
1531:Chinese
1340:Cuisine
1313:Society
1301:Culture
1285:airline
1275:Tourism
1211:Economy
956:Islands
905:HolguĂn
742:Slavery
717:History
448:bufetes
428:bufetes
424:buffets
420:bufetes
393:History
362:removed
347:sources
322:Lawyers
247:Spanish
173:removed
158:sources
80:scholar
1841:Panama
1831:Mexico
1776:Canada
1771:Belize
1576:Korean
1571:Jewish
1546:French
1511:Cubans
1478:Boxing
1362:Health
1335:Cigars
1330:Cinema
971:Rivers
941:Cities
870:Cities
707:
525:bufete
280:Havana
270:Judges
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1891:Aruba
1816:Haiti
1699:Index
1651:women
1596:White
1485:Women
1463:Sport
1438:Radio
1418:Music
1401:Media
1345:Dance
1250:Peso
764:Maine
87:JSTOR
73:books
1961:Saba
1786:Cuba
1107:list
1090:list
1051:LGBT
705:Cuba
652:2016
626:2016
597:2016
487:The
345:any
343:cite
219:and
217:laws
156:any
154:cite
122:Cuba
118:The
59:news
1320:Art
1058:Law
356:by
167:by
42:by
1998::
1411:TV
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
616:.
605:^
563:.
515:,
227:.
1733:e
1726:t
1719:v
697:e
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683:v
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573:.
549:.
383:)
377:(
372:)
368:(
364:.
350:.
194:)
188:(
183:)
179:(
175:.
161:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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