286:
518:, himself a lawyer, advised the young people of Cuba not to study law, instead opting for the study of the sciences, engineering, and medicine. The Revolution's emphasis on developing other academic skills, coupled with the decrease in relevance of lawyers in the revolutionary process in which Cuba was engaged in the early 1960s, led to a dramatic decrease in enrollment at the University of Havana College of Law. Some years passed with no new enrollments (1964–65), while others saw no students graduating (1978 and 1979). The curriculum changed as the new political structures made courses on commercial and contract law far less important.
409:
began a process whereby the legal system in Cuba was resurrected to provide for the institutionalization of the
Revolution. With the newfound relevance of the law to Cuba's revolutionary process, the practice of law began to become more widespread. Today, the legal profession serves both individuals and enterprises, as well as provides counsel to the government as Cuba struggles to find its place in the international economy.
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judges are selected for terms of five years, serving a maximum of 30 days per year, while continuing their regular employment. Observers note that lay judges in Cuba play a far more dynamic role than the lay judges in the former Soviet Union. On a whole, lay judges tend to represent the overall population in terms of race, gender, employment, and education.
485:
Lawyers are expected to uphold the principle of socialist legality in their practice, thereby strengthening socialism and socialist law. Critics argue that this requirement of the lawyers make it difficult for lawyers to defend their clients against the state. In 1984, laws were passed to remedy this
302:
Professional judges in Cuba are elected for unlimited terms, serving until they are no longer capable or until removed by the electoral body. Persons seeking to become judges are required to pass an examination given by the
Ministry of Justice. The requirements to be a judge include age, citizenship,
324:
Under Cuban law, judges are required to be independent in their judgment and free from the influence of organs of government in their deliberations. Judges can be removed for physical/mental incapacity, negligence or incompetence, or becoming the subject of criminal prosecution. Studies demonstrate
481:
Conflicts of interest (usually relationships with the opposing party) bar a lawyer from representing particular clients. The ONBC propagates rules of ethics and conduct and carries out punishment for their violation, usually in the form of warnings, although suspension, dismissal, and imprisonment
408:
In the years following the Cuban
Revolution, many lawyers left Cuba. The legal profession saw its prestige decline as the new society looked toward it as another manifestation of the bourgeoisie that was to become unnecessary in the coming years of revolution. In the mid-1960s, Blas Roca Caldero
315:
Lay judges serve alongside professional judges in all levels of the judicial system. Candidates for the position of lay judge are nominated in workplace assemblies and are screened by the
Ministry of Justice to ensure they meet the age and citizenship requirements to be a judge. About 15,000 lay
521:
Beginning in the late 1970s, the
Ministry of Higher Education began to tinker with the law school curriculum in order to make more comprehensive the legal education received by law students. In the early 1990s, a new plan was instituted that emphasized basic theory and history in a number of
273:, the legal system underwent a series of radical transformations, both in terms of its structure and also in terms of the laws it promulgated. After a variety of experimental tribunals and projects, the legal system was institutionalized in 1976, with the adoption of a new
486:
problem, mandating that lawyers defend their clients with diligence and independence to the best of the lawyer's ability. Whether this law has its desired effect is debatable. Examples of passive defense counsel in criminal cases abound (such as the case of
General
534:, and 3,500 nationwide. Entrance into law school is competitive. Tuition and room and board are free for Cuban residents, while the cost of books is subsidized by the state. Between 1982 and 1992, graduating law students were required to work in a
420:
are collective law offices, first established by the
Ministry of Justice after the private practice of law was abolished, and currently under the oversight of the National Organization of Buffeters Collectives (ONBC). In order to practice in a
461:, but this is offset somewhat by added perks and bonuses from their employer. Although historically relegated to ensuring contracts complied with government regulations, the shifts in the Cuban economy following the collapse of the
303:
and a requisite amount of legal experience that varies depending upon which court one is to serve on (10 years for
Supreme Court; Five years for Provincial Courts; Two years for municipal courts). Membership in the
502:(UNJC) is a professional organization for lawyers. Membership is voluntary and some 85% of practitioners are members. Headquartered in Havana, the UNJC comments on proposed legislation, publishes a law review (
260:
colony. Even after the nation received its independence in 1902, vestiges of
Spanish law remained in effect – for example, the Civil Code remained in effect, with modifications, until 1987. The period of
1083:
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for three years as a social service and to gain experience in a wide range of practice areas. This was altered in 1992, and now graduates can perform their social service in a wide variety of legal jobs.
490:, sentenced to death for drug trafficking), while there also exist cases of defense counsel acting diligently on behalf of clients whose interests are diametrically opposed to those of the government.
329:
report that 32% of filed criminal cases were dismissed in 1991. A substantial portion of criminal (26%) and benefits (42%) decisions were overturned or modified in 2000 by municipal courts.
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As of 1999, 30% of lawyers worked as legal advisors to state agencies, ministries, and commercial enterprises. These lawyers receive a lower salary than their counterparts in the
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1637:
425:, one must graduate from law school in Cuba or a foreign country with Cuban validation. Exceptions to this can be made under extraordinary circumstances. Once in a
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226:
society in accordance with these principles. In order to do this, the existing political and economic structure had to be dismantled, and with it, the nation's
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175:
50:
285:
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The salary of lawyers is based upon the number and complexity of the cases which they handle. Better lawyers typically earn a higher salary.
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76:
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83:
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253:. It has been contended that the judiciary lacks independence and is subordinate to the executive branch of government.
2014:
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courtroom, the professional judge sits in the chair at the center of the bench with the two lay judges at either side.
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1948:
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judicial autonomy. A 1977 study noted that 43% of all criminal cases were dismissed due to lack of evidence.
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1843:
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different areas of the law, coupled with practical experience. Today, there are law schools in Havana,
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have led to legal advisors taking a more active role in the market-based, commercial dealings of Cuba.
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specializing in providing legal assistance to foreign nationals have arisen in recent years.
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is not required to be a judge. In 1988, 43% of the judges were not members of the Party.
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typically have large caseloads and work under difficult conditions. A small number of
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throughout Cuba, collectively handling some 200,000 cases per year. Lawyers in
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of the Cuban government, and the lawyers and judges who operate within it.
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The original legal system in Cuba was a reflection of its status as a
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The Cuban
Judiciary is currently one of the three branches of the
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218:, the Cuban government adopted as its guiding force the ideas of
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occupation and influence resulted in developments such as the
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277:. In the intervening years, changes have continued to occur.
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234:. Gradually, a new legal system arose, based heavily on
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Legal Advisors to State Institutions and Enterprises
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
572:"cuba history .org - Over the Revolution's Years"
625:"Inicia Cuba selecciĂłn de nuevos jueces legos"
482:are possible in cases of serious violations.
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449:Independent legal practice is not permitted.
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1194:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
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558:WORLD FACTBOOK OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS
391:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1204:Military Counterintelligence Directorate
548:
514:In the early days of the revolution,
7:
369:adding citations to reliable sources
180:adding citations to reliable sources
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1178:National Revolutionary Police Force
1136:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)
1079:National Assembly of People's Power
827:United States embargo against Cuba
657:from the original on 28 April 2016
602:from the original on 28 April 2016
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42:needs additional citations for
144:History of the Cuban Judiciary
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1989:United States Virgin Islands
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847:Cuban intervention in Angola
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1964:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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768:Cuban War of Independence
653:(82, 53). 11 June 1997.
504:Revista Cubana de Derecho
66:"Judicial system of Cuba"
1984:Turks and Caicos Islands
598:(82, 2). 11 June 1997.
445:Independent Law Offices
245:, the others being the
1914:British Virgin Islands
1276:International rankings
1113:Prime Minister of Cuba
1108:Vice President of Cuba
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236:communist legal theory
222:and sought to build a
1854:Saint Kitts and Nevis
418:Buffeted Collectives'
305:Cuban Communist Party
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267:Supreme Court of Cuba
1479:Association Football
1464:Scouting and Guiding
1256:Dual economy of Cuba
1027:Council of Ministers
987:World Heritage Sites
842:Cuban Missile Crisis
837:Bay of Pigs Invasion
781:Spanish–American War
532:University of Havana
365:improve this section
176:improve this section
51:improve this article
1869:Trinidad and Tobago
1764:Antigua and Barbuda
832:Escambray rebellion
576:www.cubahistory.org
413:Buffets Collectives
327:Buffets Collectives
298:Professional Judges
131:judicial system of
2015:Government of Cuba
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1281:Telecommunications
1146:Revolutionary Navy
1141:Revolutionary Army
1022:Corruption in Cuba
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263:United States
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1979:Sint Maarten
1959:Saint Martin
1537:Cape Verdean
1510:Demographics
1366:Universities
1336:Architecture
1251:Central bank
1244:Cooperatives
1187:Intelligence
1047:Human rights
1017:Constitution
806:World War II
774:
659:. Retrieved
645:
633:. Retrieved
628:
604:. Retrieved
590:
579:. Retrieved
575:
566:
557:
551:
535:
520:
516:Fidel Castro
513:
503:
497:
484:
480:
477:Legal Ethics
472:
463:Soviet Union
458:
456:
448:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
416:
407:
387:
378:
363:Please help
351:
326:
323:
314:
301:
275:Constitution
255:
240:
232:legal system
213:
198:
192:October 2016
189:
174:Please help
162:
130:
128:
113:
107:October 2016
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2020:Law of Cuba
1949:Puerto Rico
1859:Saint Lucia
1809:El Salvador
1234:Agriculture
972:Earthquakes
902:Timelines:
796:World War I
2004:Categories
1944:Montserrat
1939:Martinique
1934:Guadeloupe
1789:Costa Rica
1623:Architects
1527:Afro-Cuban
1469:Sociolismo
1417:Newspapers
1407:Literature
1395:Censorship
1378:Healthcare
1263:(currency)
1091:Propaganda
1052:Censorship
977:Hurricanes
912:Guantánamo
908:Cienfuegos
872:Cuban thaw
862:Maleconazo
811:Revolution
763:Little War
581:2023-03-08
543:References
311:Lay Judges
77:newspapers
1929:Greenland
1844:Nicaragua
1819:Guatemala
1454:Rationing
1439:Festivals
1383:Hospitals
1361:Education
1291:Transport
1163:(defunct)
1151:Air Force
1084:President
1037:Elections
962:Provinces
940:Geography
680:Cuban Law
661:1 October
635:1 October
606:1 October
352:does not
247:executive
224:socialist
163:does not
1894:Anguilla
1829:Honduras
1799:Dominica
1774:Barbados
1690:Category
1650:abstract
1645:Painters
1633:Athletes
1592:Lebanese
1577:Japanese
1552:Filipino
1532:American
1484:Baseball
1459:Religion
1402:Language
1390:Internet
1129:Military
1001:Politics
920:Matanzas
904:CamagĂĽey
893:Timeline
791:Republic
743:Timeline
720:articles
674:See also
655:Archived
600:Archived
524:CamagĂĽey
427:buffeted
423:buffeter
381:May 2024
289:In this
249:and the
1924:Curaçao
1909:Bonaire
1904:Bermuda
1834:Jamaica
1814:Grenada
1769:Bahamas
1700:Outline
1657:Writers
1628:Artists
1602:Spanish
1597:Mexican
1572:Italian
1567:Isleños
1562:Haitian
1547:Ciboney
1542:Chinese
1351:Cuisine
1324:Society
1312:Culture
1296:airline
1286:Tourism
1222:Economy
967:Islands
916:HolguĂn
753:Slavery
728:History
459:bufetes
439:bufetes
435:buffets
431:bufetes
404:History
373:removed
358:sources
333:Lawyers
258:Spanish
184:removed
169:sources
91:scholar
1849:Panama
1839:Mexico
1784:Canada
1779:Belize
1587:Korean
1582:Jewish
1557:French
1522:Cubans
1489:Boxing
1373:Health
1346:Cigars
1341:Cinema
982:Rivers
952:Cities
881:Cities
718:
536:bufete
291:Havana
281:Judges
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1899:Aruba
1824:Haiti
1710:Index
1662:women
1607:White
1496:Women
1474:Sport
1449:Radio
1429:Music
1412:Media
1356:Dance
1261:Peso
775:Maine
98:JSTOR
84:books
1969:Saba
1794:Cuba
1118:list
1101:list
1062:LGBT
716:Cuba
663:2016
637:2016
608:2016
498:The
356:any
354:cite
230:and
228:laws
167:any
165:cite
133:Cuba
129:The
70:news
1331:Art
1069:Law
367:by
178:by
53:by
2006::
1422:TV
922:,
918:,
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910:,
906:,
627:.
616:^
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526:,
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388:(
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379:(
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199:(
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190:(
186:.
172:.
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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