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block of buildings there existed a so-called armament factory which had not yet been entirely evacuated, although it had had enough time to do so. It was not exempted from the operation. Today's operation a total of 1,026 Jews were caught, of whom 245 were killed, either in battle or while resisting. Moreover, a considerable number of bandits and ringleaders were also caught. In one case a Jew who had already been made ready for transport fired three shots against a 1st
Lieutenant of Police, but missed his mark...". Nearly 6 years later Stroop recalled this shooting episode (quoted in the book
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1149:, Stroop responded, "It was common knowledge American flyers were terrorists and murderers who used methods contrary to civilized norms ... We were given a statement to that effect from the highest authorities. It was accompanied by an order from Heinrich Himmler." As a result, he explained, all nine POWs were taken to the forest and given "a ration of lead for their American necks."
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Several days before the hanging, the prison director asked Stroop whether he could reconcile his conscience with the fact he murdered women and children in the Ghetto and watched others do so at his orders; he replied he felt no guilt about killing Jews. Stroop did not utter a word about
Germany, Hitler, or future revenge.
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midtwenties I'd guess – was firing a pistol at one of our police officers – one ... two ... three ... fast as lightning. One of the bullets hit the officer's hand. My men sprayed the Jew with fire. I managed to whip out my own pistol and hit him as he fell. As he lay dying, I stood over him, watching his life ebb away.
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tablet, which he intended to take if captured. After
Moczarski asked him his reasons for not taking it, Stroop replied, "It's really quite simple. I was afraid." At the time he surrendered, Stroop carried forged discharge papers made out to a Wehrmacht Captain of Reserve Josef Straup. He kept to this
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What a marvelous sight it was. A fantastic piece of theater. My staff and I stood at a distance. I held the electrical device which would detonate all the charges simultaneously. Jesuiter called for silence. I glanced over at my brave officers and men, tired and dirty, silhouetted against the glow of
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In his daily report 1 May 1943 Stroop reported: "Progress of large scale operation on 1 May 1943. Start 0900 hours. 10 searching parties were detailed, moreover a larger battle group was detailed to comb out a certain block of buildings, with the added instruction to burn that block down. Within this
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against Adolf Hitler. Whenever the subject came up, Stroop cursed those involved, "in unprintable terms," as a "murderous band of generals and Jew-ridden civilians." Stroop blamed
Germany's defeat on Germans: "A few weaklings poisoned by enemy agents and infected with subversive ideologies were all
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May First was memorable for a number of reasons. I witnessed an extraordinary scene that day. A group of prisoners had been herded into the square. In spite of their exhaustion, many of them held their heads high. I stood nearby, surrounded by my escort. Suddenly I heard shots. A young Jew – in his
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Moczarski was ordered by the AK to assassinate Stroop for crimes against the Polish Nation during his tenure as SS and Police Leader of Warsaw. Due to the unpredictability of Stroop's movements, Moczarski was unable to carry out the mission. Following the Soviet-led transformation of Poland into a
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at 7 p.m. 6 March 1952. In 1961, Moczarski wrote to the
Procurator General of the Polish Republic and received a letter about Stroop's last moments. According to the Procurator's letter, Stroop was calm, "exhibiting his usual arrogance", in the day before his hanging. He expressed no "last wish".
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In conversation with
Moczarski, Stroop lamented, "Nearly all of those judges were Jews or Freemasons. I studied them very closely. Most of them had dark hair." He further lamented one of his U.S. Army defense lawyers was wearing a Masonic ring in court. According to Gustav Schielke, his cellmate:
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were summarily executed after they were shot down and captured in Stroop's district. They were
Sergeant Willard P. Perry, Sergeant Robert W. Garrison, Private Ray R. Herman, Second Lieutenant William A. Duke, Second Lieutenant Archibald B. Monroe, Private Jimmie R. Heathman, Lieutenant William H.
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Since the character and magnitude of Stroop's crimes, his attitude and his twisted explanations not only indicate a total lack of repentance but actually confirm that he retains his Nazi view of the world, the Court is unable to find the slightest extenuating circumstance in the accused Stroop's
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After an eight-week trial, Kiel sentenced Stroop to death by hanging on 21 March 1947. As for his codefendants, one was acquitted, one escaped and was never tried, 12 of them received death sentences, and the other 7 received prison terms ranging from three to 15 years. In
November 1947, a death
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In retaliation, Stroop and a von Galen family member of the SS made an official visit to the Bishop. Both were instructed to pressure the Bishop into approving
Rosenberg's doctrines. If he refused, they were ordered to threaten him with the confiscation of Church property and an anti-Catholic
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under Stroop's orders. The local civilian administration found his methods and behavior unacceptable, and withdrew cooperation, forbidding the local Order Police from having anything to do with him, which made his position untenable. Consequently, he was removed and replaced by
1285:. He recalled, "My heart sank when I saw those Polish officers at Tempelhof. So, the Americans were liars after all! They promised me time and again I'd never be given to the Communists and my death sentence for killing the U.S. airmen would be commuted to life imprisonment."
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and pressed the button. With a thunderous, deafening bang and a rainbow burst of colors, the fiery explosion soared toward the clouds, an unforgettable tribute to our triumph over the Jews. The Warsaw Ghetto was no more. The will of Adolf Hitler and
Heinrich Himmler had been
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Stroop behaved like a swine in the dock. He acted innocent as a lamb, pretending the killings were news to him. Because of his incriminations, several fellow defendants were sentenced to death, as many as thirteen of the twenty-two. As senior commander of the SS and police,
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ideals, harmful to Germany for centuries. Besides, the Archbishop's orders came from outside the Fatherland, a fact which disturbed us. We all know, despite its diverse factions, the Catholic Church is a world community, which sticks together when the chips are down."
873:, and seventy-five to a hundred Security Police people. The Security Police had been active in the Warsaw ghetto for some time, and during this program, it was their function to accompany SS units in groups of six or eight, as guides and experts in ghetto matters.
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The visit began well, with the bishop commending Stroop's mother for her devout Catholicism and charitable work in Detmold. However, the Bishop turned the tables on his two visitors. He categorically refused to accept or praise Rosenberg's doctrines of
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and showed how the organized Church had been strangling the Reich for twelve hundred years." Stroop further recalled, "It was thanks to what I was lucky enough to learn from her books that I was able to rid myself of religious prejudice and mark
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At the end of the meeting, von Galen stated the Church would remain loyal to the State in all lawful matters. He expressed his deep love for Germany and reminded them he was the first Catholic Bishop to publicly acknowledge the new regime.
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Moczarski collected notes and wrote a memoir about his 255-day incarceration from 2 March 1949 until 11 November 1949 in one cell with Stroop after his release from prison and re-habilitation in 1956 during the anti-Stalinist
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it took to undermine us. The minute we suffered military defeats, the cancerous elements in our society swung into action, organizing Mafias and creating 'patriotic discussion groups.' In the end, they destroyed our nation."
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disabled people. To Stroop's further shock, the Bishop denounced the Nazis for trying to introduce Germanic neo-paganism into his diocese. He scoffed at marriage ceremonies and funerals conducted before altars dedicated to
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on the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was bound in black leather. Stroop detailed the capture/and or killing of 57,065 Warsaw Ghetto inmates while German forces had 110 casualties . It included copies of all
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881:. In conversation with Moczarski, Stroop described the destruction of the Ghetto in great detail. Stroop also disclosed that, unlike the men under his command, he always left the Ghetto at mealtimes and overnight.
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548:, on 3 July 1923. Katharina Stroop remained a loyal and obedient wife despite her husband's many infidelities. Their marriage produced a daughter, Renate, in February 1928, and a son, Olaf, in February 1936.
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conduct. His actions show that he is a being devoid of human feeling, a Fascist hangman who tracked his victims with cold and relentless cruelty, an executioner who must be removed from the society of man.
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At that point, Stroop assumed the position of SS and Police Leader of Warsaw. Krüger presented an Iron Cross 1st Class to him on 18 June 1943 for the Warsaw Ghetto "action" at a gala reception in Warsaw's
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Stroop ordered the entire Ghetto to be systematically burned down and blown up, building by building. 57,065 of the survivors, including men, women, and children were either killed on the spot or
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In May 1941, Stroop changed his forename from Josef to Jürgen for ideological reasons and in honor of his dead infant son. From 7 July to 15 September 1941, Stroop served in combat on the
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in 1972–74. He did not witness the publication of his work in book form. The first shortened book version was released in 1977, two years after Moczarski's death. The full text without
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Of the Names listed here 6 were members of the USAAF and 2 were members of a US Army Tank Destroyer Battalion; either of 2 USAAF who were also deceased may have the ninth POW killed
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as co-defendant and so try the main culprits of the deportation, exploitation and liquidation of the Ghetto, but Hofle managed to escape to Italy and avoid extradition to Poland.
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and said, "Remember this always. This is our Prince. Obey him and serve him as I have." Young Josef's sense of German patriotism was fostered by growing up in the shadow of the
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before Judge Freisler. To Stroop's outrage, Kluge demanded his day in court. Stroop then claimed he shot Kluge in the head. Himmler announced the Field Marshal was a suicide.
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in 1981, hardcover, and is translated into several languages. On 18 April 2012, Philip Boehm's stage adaptation of Moczarski's memoir premiered at the Upstream Theater in
1431:. Moczarski recalled: "The letters from his mother Stroop gave me to read ... seemed to indicate Frau Stroop did not view as crimes the acts for which Stroop is jailed."
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of the United States Army Air Forces was assigned as the trial's judge. Stroop later called Kiel "a cunning devil," and expressed a belief the General was Jewish.
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for the "liquidation" of the nine U.S. POWs executed in his district and for being a member of the SS. Lieutenant Colonel William Dwinnel, a U.S. Army lawyer from
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469:, a twelve-page account of the operation annexed with many original documents and pictures. Following the defeat of Germany, Stroop was prosecuted during the
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while imprisoned in 1949, Stroop recalled his devoutly religious Roman Catholic mother as "a near fanatic", who subjected him to childhood physical abuse.
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During their incarceration, Stroop opened-up in detail about his life. He also shared with Moczarski his letters from his mother, wife, and children in
1409:(AK) in World War II. By the time they met, he had been incarcerated for more than three years after communist judges sentenced him on 18 January 1946.
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2. Liquidating the Warsaw Ghetto, leading to the murder of more than 50,000 people and deporting hundreds of thousands of other Jews to the death camps.
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members he was training for war. To obtain gasoline and other scarce supplies, Stroop showed Himmler's signed order and claimed to be transporting his
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1439:. His first draft was written in secrecy. Fifteen years after his ordeal ended, Moczarski published his memoir in installments in the Polish magazine
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gave all the orders, Herr Moczarski, yet he stated in court his underlings killed the American airmen. How could a top German officer act like that?
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Stroop proudly related his involvement in the purge of anti-Nazi Germans following the plot's failure. He expressed annoyance that Field Marshal
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of Münster attacked the racist ideologies of the new regime, partly poking fun at it, partly critiquing its ideological basis as published by
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1458:. Moczarski died 27 September 1975 in Warsaw, weakened by the years of physical torture endured during his communist 'interrogations' by the
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While awaiting trial in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison, Stroop spent 255 days in a cell with Kazimierz Moczarski, a former officer in the pre-war
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598:." He further claimed that Christianity was created as a Jewish conspiracy for "the weakening and debasement of man through guilt."
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Stroop's trial began on 18 July 1951 at the Warsaw Criminal District Court and lasted three days. He was tried at the same time as
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501:. His father, Konrad Stroop, was Lippe's chief of police. His mother, Katherine, was a homemaker. In a conversation with
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who had been responsible for the requisition of Jewish assets in the Warsaw Ghetto. The trial was intended to include
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because of its Jewish authorship, and to limit morality and virtue to the perceived usefulness of a particular race.
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in October 1914. To the outrage of his devout mother, Stroop married Katharina, the daughter of a minister from the
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2067:"Widok Jürgen Stroop Speaks: The Trial of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Liquidator before the Warsaw Provincial Court"
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685:. Stroop, who attended such a ceremony only days before, was stunned that the bishop had learned of it so quickly.
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In another conversation with Moczarski, Stroop called Catholicism "a catch-all of religions, infected with
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Reiner Burger: 'Der Tod ist ein Meister aus Detmold' - Wie ein kleiner Beamter zum Massenmörder wurde.
722:). For this reason, their cellmate, Gustav Schielke, expressed disgust: instead of serving in combat, "
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should have been allowed to commit suicide rather than being hanged from a meat hook. He also praised
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Josef Stroop (he applied to change his first name in 1938, which was authorized 1941) was born in the
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did with Rommel, Stroop claimed to have offered the Field Marshal a choice between suicide and a
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as "a fine judge." Stroop also boasted about his participation in dealing with Field Marshal
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and fled north. On 10 May 1945, Stroop surrendered to the American forces in the village of
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Clemens August Kardinal von Galen – Bischöfliches Wirken in der Zeit der Hitler-Herrschaft.
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Hardcover – January 1, 1981. Publisher: Prentice-Hall; First Edition (1981), 282 pages.
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2284:Οι Ελληνικές Κατοχικές Κυβερνήσεις - Δίκες Κατοχικών Δοσίλογων και Εγκληματιών Πολέμου
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and Heinrich Himmler while Stroop kept a copy as well as an unbound file copy. Titled
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1943 Jurgen Stroop signed document for his personal Infantry Badge received earlier.
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After Moczarski reminded him the killing of POWs was defined as criminal under the
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Stroop expressed confusion that the Ghetto's Jewish combatants, whom he viewed as
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In late March 1945, Stroop was forced to retreat from Wiesbaden as the advancing
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2309:. Institute of Documentation in Israel for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes.
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by Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert (PDF 1.86 MB, available from Scribd.com). Retrieved
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the burning buildings. After prolonging the suspense for a moment, I shouted:
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and many photographs; two separate copies were sent to SS Police Leader East
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Greek Occupation Governments - Trials of Collaborationists and War Criminals
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Stroop lamented the fact that von Galen's German patriotism "was tainted by
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story for nearly two months, before admitting his identity on 2 July 1945.
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569:. He later recalled that Mathilde Ludendorff revealed "the truth about the
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In September 1938, Stroop was promoted again, this time to the rank of SS-
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who participated in the destruction and evacuation of the Warsaw Ghetto
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Jürgen Stroop (center, in a field cap) with his men in the burning of
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1693:"Annihilation and Labor: Jews and Thoroughfare IV in Central Ukraine"
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Conversations with an Executioner by Kazimierz Moczarski (Author).
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After the suppression, Stroop ordered the destruction of Warsaw's
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South. Beginning October 1942, Stroop commanded an SS garrison at
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German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
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unit to build an Alpine bastion for the salvation of the Reich.
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According to Moczarski, no subject enraged Stroop more than the
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The cover page of the "American copy" of The Stroop Report with
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1424:, spending four years on death row before his release in 1956.
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4. Participating in the mass murder of Polish civilians in the
797:, before becoming the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) for Lemberg (
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Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, Düsseldorf 1987, p. 14.
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3. Ordering the shooting of one hundred Poles on 16 July 1943.
742:). During the occupation of Poland, Stroop was transferred to
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and SS in 1932. In 1933, he was appointed leader of the state
29:
512:. During parades in Detmold, Konrad Stroop often pointed out
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in occupied Poland and Greece. He led the suppression of the
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Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
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The Trial Against SS-general Jürgen Stroop in Warsaw, Poland
1699:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 197, 218.
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German police officers convicted of crimes against humanity
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The Stroop Report: The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw Is No More!
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in 1914 and served in several infantry regiments along the
336:
4709:
Prisoners sentenced to death by the United States military
738:, Stroop served as commander of the SS section in Gnesen (
2128:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression,
1780:
1778:
1697:
The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization
840:
Stroop was involved in the month long suppression of the
4546:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
2290:] (in Greek). Athens: Estia. pp. 112–113, 261.
2030:"Dachau Trial - Flyer Case 12-2000 - Axis History Forum"
1169:. With a pass signed by Himmler, Stroop traveled to the
1133:
Between October 1944 and March 1945, nine airmen of the
2162:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1580:
1578:
1526:
1524:
771:
2nd Class. On 16 September 1942, he was promoted to SS-
626:. Subsequently, he worked for the SS administration in
752:, the notorious "self-defense" formation of the local
614:. One year later, he was promoted from the rank of SS-
2124:
Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression
1192:. Soon after, Stroop abandoned his Werwolf unit near
4704:
Police officers executed for crimes against humanity
968:
on May 16, 1943. Stroop's description was quoted in
4559:
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4486:
4465:
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3147:
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2994:
2923:
2785:
2743:
2682:
2615:
2563:
2554:
1161:crossed the Rhine bridgeheads. Upon his arrival in
1051:, and on 9 November, was appointed Commander of SS-
426:
412:
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391:
373:
343:
316:
282:
270:
247:
237:
222:
212:
186:
153:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2339:
892:showing the clearing of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943
449:, 26 September 1895 – 6 March 1952) was a German
3908:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1450:was published in 1992 after the collapse of the
1334:On 23 July 1951, the Court sentenced Stroop and
1317:1. Belonging to the SS, a criminal organization.
1240:appeared for the prosecution. Brigadier General
481:, Stroop was tried, convicted, and executed for
4659:German occupation of Greece during World War II
2317:; Fitzpatrick, Mariana; Stroop, Jürgen (1981).
1964:
1962:
1960:
1395:Gustav Schielke. Moczarski, under the codename
974:
905:
859:
801:) in February 1943. Stroop was SS inspector of
953:The second copy of The Stroop Report from the
4619:Converts to pagan religions from Christianity
4393:
3893:
2974:
2534:
2403:
2383:Testimonies concerning Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1420:, Moczarski was arrested and tortured by the
1055:(an SS administrative district named for the
8:
4579:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1117:for his involvement in the plot. As General
1067:, serving there until the close of the war.
1010:, it would later be used as evidence at the
943:International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
660:. He declared it unacceptable to refuse the
4634:Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia
2549:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
1342:. In passing sentence, the Court declared,
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551:During the early 1920s, Stroop joined the
142:
131:
1916:"Nazi Crimes on Trial: The Dachau Trials"
824:Suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2117:
2115:
2113:
1988:"United States vs. Jurgen Stroop, et al"
1830:List of Allied POWS killed after capture
1695:. In Brandon, Ray; Lower, Wendy (eds.).
1207:Stroop told Moczarski he was carrying a
1138:Forman, and Private Robert T. McDonald.
1022:In September 1943, Stroop was named the
1008:The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is no more!
4734:20th-century German non-fiction writers
4504:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1507:
4487:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
3847:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1772:Gasparinatos (2015), pp. 112-113, 261.
1611:Kazimierz Moczarski (1981), pp. 33–34.
1273:In late May 1947, Stroop was flown to
1184:However, after a secret conference at
918:, fought effectively against his men.
508:Both of his parents were enthusiastic
4699:People from the Principality of Lippe
4684:People convicted in the Dachau trials
2257:. Riverfronttimes.com. Archived from
473:and convicted of murdering nine U.S.
311:Membership in a criminal organization
299:Membership in a criminal organization
7:
4644:German Army personnel of World War I
1297:Stroop before a Polish court in 1951
777:and assigned as an Inspector of the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4679:Nazis executed by Poland by hanging
4408:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
2419:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2255:""Riverfront Times" April 19, 2012"
1399:, served in Poland's anti-Nazi and
1030:. On 16 October, the government of
4569:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1651:Kazimierz Moczarski (1981), p. 56.
591:in the column concerning belief."
573:in Germany and returned us to the
25:
4251:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
2320:Conversations With an Executioner
2054:Conversations with an Executioner
1533:Conversations with an Executioner
1471:Conversations with an Executioner
1422:Polish Ministry of State Security
1369:Conversations with an Executioner
1034:published a decree which put the
970:Conversations with an Executioner
955:Institute of National Remembrance
900:Conversations with an Executioner
4739:20th-century German male writers
4674:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
4428:Population transfers (1944–1946)
3477:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2121:Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer,
1456:Polish Scientific Publishers PWN
1234:U.S. Military Tribunal at Dachau
855:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
710:), and served near Reichenberg (
360:
348:
34:
4531:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4443:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1721:Who Defended The Warsaw Ghetto?
1355:Warsaw's Mokotów Prison in 2007
561:under the influence of General
260:
45:needs additional citations for
4649:German critics of Christianity
4629:Executed German mass murderers
4624:Critics of the Catholic Church
3859:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
3835:36th Estonian Police Battalion
2282:Gasparinatos, Spyros (2015).
2151:Moczarski (1981), pp. 182-184.
1905:Moczarski (1981), pp. 248-256.
1869:Moczarski (1981), pp. 243-244.
1860:Moczarski (1981), pp. 251-252.
1820:Moczarski (1981), pp. 276-277.
1811:Moczarski (1981), pp. 226–234.
1745:Moczarski (1981), pp. 148-149.
1516:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1313:stood accused of four crimes:
1262:warrant was signed by General
1224:Judicial Bench, Dachau Trials.
922:SS and Police Leader of Warsaw
1:
4526:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
4356:Human medical experimentation
2233:""Ladue News" April 18, 2012"
2177:Andrzej Szczypiorski (1977),
1918:. .jur.uva.nl. Archived from
1289:Trial in Warsaw and execution
1230:U.S. vs. Jurgen Stroop, et al
1135:United States Army Air Forces
1129:Murder of US prisoners of war
148:Stroop in U.S. custody (1945)
1663:Moczarski (1981), pp. 56-57.
1620:Moczarski (1981), pp. 57–58.
1593:Moczarski (1981), p. 58, 60.
1563:Moczarski (1981), pp. 14-15.
1053:Oberabschnitt Rhein-Westmark
4689:People extradited to Poland
4561:Righteous Among the Nations
4448:Ministry of Public Security
3827:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
2437:Related articles by country
2362:Der Warschauer Ghettokönig.
2253:Dennis Brown (2012-04-19).
1279:People's Republic of Poland
1087:'s attempt on Hitler's life
1079:The conference room at the
1024:Higher SS and Police Leader
514:Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe
477:. After his extradition to
4755:
4473:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3855:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2231:Bretz, Mark (2012-04-18).
879:deported for extermination
848:, as a replacement for SS-
4377:
4246:Sobibor perpetrator album
3877:
3831:Estonian Auxiliary Police
2958:
2941:Human medical experiments
2518:
2514:
2425:
2364:Dingsda-Verlag, Leipzig.
2305:Friedman, Towiah (1986).
2107:Moczarski (1981), p. 266.
2098:Moczarski (1981), p. 265.
2089:Moczarski (1981), p. 264.
1977:Moczarski (1981), p. 253.
1968:Moczarski (1981), p. 249.
1896:Moczarski (1981), p. 246.
1887:Moczarski (1981), p. 244.
1878:Moczarski (1981), p. 248.
1851:Moczarski (1981), p. 250.
1802:Moczarski (1981), p. 224.
1793:Moczarski (1981), p. 222.
1784:Moczarski (1981), p. 220.
1763:Moczarski (1981), p. 164.
1754:Moczarski (1981), p. 148.
1403:resistance movement, the
1303:Franz Konrad (SS officer)
1281:. He was extradited with
1173:with a group of teenaged
931:Great Synagogue of Warsaw
903:by Kazimierz Moczarski):
436:
334:
330:
326:
278:
141:
4494:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
3839:Latvian Auxiliary Police
3572:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
3074:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2283:
2166:Harvard University Press
2131:Harvard University Press
1691:Angrick, Andrej (2008).
1681:Moczarski (1981), p. 82.
1672:Moczarski (1981), p. 57.
1629:Moczarski (1981), p. 58.
1602:Moczarski (1981), p. 60.
1584:Moczarski (1981), p. 31.
1572:Moczarski (1981), p. 20.
1554:Moczarski (1981), p. 14.
1545:Moczarski (1981), p. 13.
1277:, and extradited to the
1275:Berlin-Tempelhof Airport
1004:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
861:I had two battalions of
206:Polish People's Republic
4584:Garden of the Righteous
4336:Identification in camps
4329:Technical and logistics
3775:Order Police battalions
2338:Stroop, Jürgen (1979).
1536:, Prentice Hall, p. 10.
1389:and his co-accused, SS-
525:Stroop enlisted in the
483:crimes against humanity
307:Crimes against humanity
4729:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4639:Former Roman Catholics
3997:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
3462:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
2360:Joachim Jahns (2009).
2168:, 1999. Pages 377-378.
2006:"Nazi Crimes on Trial"
1941:"Nazi Crimes on Trial"
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1085:Claus von Stauffenberg
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893:
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842:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
837:
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649:
465:in 1943 and wrote the
463:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
228:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4536:Majdanek State Museum
3669:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
2573:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2179:Moczarski Kazimierz,
2034:forum.axishistory.com
1491:List SS-Gruppenführer
1377:
1359:Stroop was hanged at
1354:
1344:
1296:
1250:
1223:
1078:
952:
940:
929:
890:well-known photograph
887:
831:
818:
765:SS Division Totenkopf
726:did battle in spas."
668:propaganda campaign.
640:
559:Germanic neo-paganism
495:Principality of Lippe
453:commander during the
4654:German modern pagans
4013:Mordechai Anielewicz
3724:Elisabeth Volkenrath
3609:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
3245:Arthur Liebehenschel
3170:Hermine Braunsteiner
3114:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2315:Moczarski, Kazimierz
1994:. September 2, 1947.
1518:(faz), 12 April 2023
1448:communist censorship
1163:Pottenstein, Bavaria
1071:Plot of 20 July 1944
1040:Hellenic Gendarmerie
993:. Stroop's detailed
787:SS and Police Leader
767:. He was awarded an
678:forcibly sterilizing
459:SS and Police Leader
431:Iron Cross 1st Class
406:SS and Police Leader
378:German Imperial Army
217:Execution by hanging
54:improve this article
4694:People from Detmold
4551:March of the Living
4423:Holocaust survivors
4287:Vrba–Wetzler report
4063:Alexander Pechersky
4023:Mordechai Tenenbaum
3472:Alexander Palfinger
3295:Johann Schwarzhuber
2855:Międzyrzec Podlaski
2834:Lviv pogroms (1941)
2735:Sonderaktion Krakau
2160:Stephane Courtois,
2134:, 1999, 858 pages.
2071:www.zagladazydow.pl
1479:St. Louis, Missouri
1379:Kazimierz Moczarski
1036:Security Battalions
503:Kazimierz Moczarski
408:, Poland and Greece
213:Cause of death
4466:West German trials
4261:Wannsee Conference
4048:Itzhak Katzenelson
3800:General Government
3285:Franz Reichleitner
3215:Fritz Hartjenstein
3205:Maximilian Grabner
3124:Bruno Streckenbach
2936:Grossaktion Warsaw
2589:Operation Reinhard
2346:. Pantheon Books.
2010:www.expostfacto.nl
1945:www.expostfacto.nl
1733:The Jerusalem Post
1726:2006-05-26 at the
1530:Moczarski (1981),
1383:
1357:
1299:
1238:Brooklyn, New York
1226:
1147:Geneva Conventions
1089:
962:
947:
935:
894:
838:
821:
736:invasion of Poland
730:Early World War II
650:
606:Stroop joined the
575:true Germanic gods
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3694:Johanna Langefeld
3689:Hildegard Lächert
3585:
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3421:Alfred Trzebinski
3386:Franz von Bodmann
3338:Lorenz Hackenholt
3180:Theodor van Eupen
3119:Jakob Sporrenberg
2954:
2953:
2678:
2677:
2370:978-3-928498-99-9
2323:. Prentice-Hall.
2052:Moczarski(1981),
1115:Günther von Kluge
804:Durchgangsstrasse
734:After the German
654:Clemens von Galen
647:Clemens von Galen
535:wounded in action
440:
439:
168:26 September 1895
130:
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4478:Treblinka trials
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4277:Graebe affidavit
4270:Witness accounts
4216:Frank memorandum
4201:
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4083:Szmul Zygielbojm
4073:Frumka Płotnicka
4033:Leon Feldhendler
4018:Icchak Cukierman
3972:Ghetto uprisings
3902:
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3823:Schutzmannschaft
3644:Feodor Fedorenko
3594:
3502:Wolfgang Birkner
3290:Heinrich Schwarz
3280:Josef Oberhauser
3255:Heinrich Matthes
3139:Dieter Wisliceny
3129:Richard Thomalla
3104:Heinz Reinefarth
3054:Heinrich Himmler
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2142:. Pages 377–378.
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1392:Untersturmfuhrer
1340:death by hanging
1268:Landsberg Prison
1119:Wilhelm Burgdorf
1110:Volksgerichtshof
1012:Nuremberg Trials
846:Heinrich Himmler
703:Standartenführer
658:Alfred Rosenberg
652:In 1934, Bishop
623:Hauptsturmführer
612:auxiliary police
563:Erich Ludendorff
475:prisoners of war
457:, who served as
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4211:Auschwitz Album
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3567:Hermann Schaper
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3547:Josef Meisinger
3507:Helmut Bischoff
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3310:Christian Wirth
3220:Gottlieb Hering
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1228:In the case of
1218:
1216:Trial at Dachau
1155:
1131:
1105:Roland Freisler
1073:
1049:Walter Schimana
1020:
1018:Occupied Greece
966:Great Synagogue
924:
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579:Judeo-Christian
571:Catholic Church
546:Church of Lippe
519:Hermannsdenkmal
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69:"Jürgen Stroop"
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39:
28:
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22:
15:
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4541:Sobibór Museum
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4298:Sonderkommando
4294:
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4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:Posen speeches
4238:
4236:Korherr Report
4233:
4228:
4226:Höfle telegram
4223:
4218:
4213:
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4205:
4198:
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4068:Witold Pilecki
4065:
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4043:Henryk Iwański
4040:
4038:Paweł Frenkiel
4035:
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3843:Arajs Kommando
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
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3765:Einsatzgruppen
3761:
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3750:
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3719:Alice Orlowski
3716:
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3634:John Demjanjuk
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3532:Gerhard Flesch
3529:
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3493:Einsatzgruppen
3488:
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3435:Ghetto command
3432:
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3416:Horst Schumann
3413:
3408:
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3275:Johann Niemann
3272:
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3260:Hermann Michel
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
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3235:Karl-Otto Koch
3232:
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3212:
3207:
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3175:Irmfried Eberl
3172:
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3064:Fritz Katzmann
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Arthur Greiser
3046:
3044:Richard Glücks
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Ludwig Fischer
3026:
3021:
3019:Adolf Eichmann
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2996:
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2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2683:Mass shootings
2680:
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2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2670:Danzig-Matzkau
2667:
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2657:
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2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Kraków-Płaszów
2632:
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2378:
2377:External links
2375:
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1997:
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1437:Polish October
1371:
1366:
1361:Mokotów Prison
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1290:
1287:
1264:Lucius D. Clay
1217:
1214:
1190:Western Allies
1171:Alpine Redoubt
1154:
1153:End of the war
1151:
1130:
1127:
1072:
1069:
1032:Ioannis Rallis
1019:
1016:
995:75-page report
923:
920:
865:, one hundred
825:
822:
785:of the Higher
754:ethnic Germans
731:
728:
641:Bishop, later
603:
600:
554:Tannenbergbund
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223:Known for
220:
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210:
209:
198:Mokotów Prison
196:
194:(aged 56)
188:
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183:
170:
157:
155:
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150:
147:
139:
138:
135:
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127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Juergen Stroop
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4751:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Warsaw Ghetto
4722:
4720:
4719:Stroop Report
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
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4702:
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4459:
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4439:
4438:Kielce pogrom
4436:
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4426:
4424:
4421:
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4403:
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4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
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4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Stroop Report
4254:
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4249:
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4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Documentation
4193:
4183:
4180:
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4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
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4158:
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4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Marek Edelman
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
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3995:
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3916:
3914:Organizations
3912:
3903:
3898:
3896:
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3889:
3884:
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3876:
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3840:
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3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3815:Collaboration
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:Organizations
3756:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Eduard Lorenz
3702:
3700:
3699:Anton Lechner
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:Josef Kollmer
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Kurt Gerstein
3652:
3650:
3649:Hans Hoffmann
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Juana Bormann
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Erich Naumann
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Lothar Beutel
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3482:Jürgen Stroop
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Josef Blösche
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:Eduard Wirths
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Josef Mengele
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Horst Fischer
3399:
3397:
3396:Karl Gebhardt
3394:
3392:
3391:Carl Clauberg
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Ludwig Plagge
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Herbert Lange
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Kurt Bolender
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Gustav Wagner
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
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3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
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3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Franz Hössler
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Karl Fritzsch
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Wilhelm Boger
3163:
3161:
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3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
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3137:
3135:
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3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Erwin Lambert
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Wilhelm Koppe
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Hermann Höfle
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Theodor Eicke
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2979:
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2828:
2826:
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2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
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2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
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2768:
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2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Aktion Krakau
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Bloody Sunday
2693:
2691:
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2565:Extermination
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2433:The Holocaust
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1719:Moshe Arens,
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1406:Armia Krajowa
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1307:Hermann Höfle
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834:Warsaw Ghetto
830:
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774:Brigadeführer
770:
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761:Eastern Front
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662:Old Testament
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565:and his wife
564:
560:
557:and embraced
556:
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549:
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540:
536:
532:
531:Western Front
528:
527:Prussian Army
523:
521:
520:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
499:German Empire
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Dachau Trials
468:
467:Stroop Report
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Jürgen Stroop
435:
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335:Military and
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329:
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308:
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296:
292:
291:U.S. Military
289:
286:
285:Conviction(s)
281:
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250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
232:Stroop Report
229:
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207:
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189:
185:
181:
180:German Empire
177:
173:
156:
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136:Jürgen Stroop
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4297:
4221:Höcker Album
4204:Nazi sources
4092:Victim lists
4058:Miles Lerman
3865:Trawniki men
3805:Hotel Polski
3714:Detlef Nebbe
3679:Oswald Kaduk
3674:Karl Jeschke
3552:Bruno Müller
3542:Felix Landau
3527:Ernst Damzog
3522:Karl Brunner
3491:
3481:
3467:Franz Konrad
3368:Adolf Theuer
3321:executioners
3300:Franz Stangl
3270:Robert Mulka
3240:Josef Kramer
3190:Karl Frenzel
3160:Richard Baer
3155:Hans Aumeier
3148:Camp command
3134:Otto Wächter
3014:Josef Bühler
3009:Viktor Brack
2995:Perpetrators
2587:
2429:Main article
2361:
2341:
2318:
2306:
2287:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2226:
2208:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2129:
2123:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2024:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1836:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
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1559:
1550:
1541:
1531:
1510:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1452:Soviet Union
1441:
1433:
1429:West Germany
1426:
1418:police state
1411:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1368:
1358:
1345:
1336:Franz Konrad
1333:
1300:
1272:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:Emil C. Kiel
1229:
1227:
1206:
1183:
1175:Hitler Youth
1156:
1140:
1132:
1108:
1101:Erwin Rommel
1098:
1093:20 July plot
1090:
1061:Gau Westmark
1052:
1021:
1007:
987:
978:
975:
969:
963:
913:
911:
906:
898:
895:
876:
871:Order Police
860:
849:
839:
803:
772:
758:
749:Selbstschutz
747:
733:
724:Herr General
723:
720:Karlovy Vary
701:
699:
691:
687:
670:
666:
651:
621:
615:
605:
593:
586:
552:
550:
524:
517:
507:
492:
447:Josef Stroop
446:
442:
441:
421:World War II
413:Battles/wars
368:Nazi Germany
302:
290:
192:(1952-03-06)
190:6 March 1952
158:Josef Stroop
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4614:1952 deaths
4609:1895 births
4341:Gas chamber
4309:Concealment
4300:photographs
4147:Gross-Rosen
4116:Lviv (Lwów)
4078:Roza Robota
3982:Częstochowa
3614:Herta Bothe
3604:Hans Anhalt
3597:Camp guards
3537:Ludwig Hahn
3517:Paul Blobel
3457:Franz Bürkl
3447:Hans Biebow
3406:Fritz Klein
3343:Josef Klehr
3328:Erich Bauer
3319:Gas chamber
3265:Karl Möckel
3250:Maria Mandl
3225:Rudolf Höss
3210:Otto Hantke
3099:Oswald Pohl
3089:Ernst Lerch
2900:Stanisławów
2810:Częstochowa
2700:Bronna Góra
2630:Gross-Rosen
2625:Auschwitz I
2197:(in Polish)
1496:Ludwig Hahn
1401:anti-Soviet
1387:Polish Army
1381:(1907–1975)
1081:Wolf's Lair
1044:City Police
1026:(HSSPF) in
1000:communiqués
980:Heil Hitler
869:, units of
746:as head of
716:Sudetenland
674:euthanizing
588:Gottgläubig
510:monarchists
417:World War I
4603:Categories
3664:Irma Grese
3659:Paul Götze
3629:Luise Danz
3378:Physicians
3185:Kurt Franz
3034:Hans Frank
3002:Organizers
2946:Heidelager
2276:References
2265:2013-09-04
2239:2013-09-04
2219:0131719181
2184:text with
2076:2024-05-16
2039:2022-07-26
2015:2022-07-26
1950:2023-01-12
1926:2012-05-04
1123:show trial
851:Oberführer
769:Iron Cross
714:), in the
608:Nazi Party
543:Protestant
489:Early life
344:Allegiance
295:War crimes
164:1895-09-26
110:April 2020
80:newspapers
27:SS officer
4518:Memorials
4415:Aftermath
4182:Treblinka
4137:Auschwitz
3992:Treblinka
3977:Białystok
3965:Uprisings
3745:Treblinka
3590:Personnel
3358:Otto Moll
3348:Hans Koch
3200:Amon Göth
2931:Action T4
2895:Sosnowiec
2865:Nowy Sącz
2800:Białystok
2767:Szczuczyn
2715:Erntefest
2705:Bydgoszcz
2690:Białystok
2605:Treblinka
2481:Lithuania
2190:Biography
2056:, p. 258.
1328:Warthegau
1270:in 1948.
1186:Taxenbach
1159:U.S. Army
1065:Wiesbaden
933:, c. 1910
863:Waffen-SS
602:SS career
539:La Bassée
533:. He was
497:, in the
382:Waffen-SS
253:Katharina
4361:Zyklon B
4177:Trawniki
4172:Stutthof
4157:Majdanek
2905:Tarnopol
2845:Lubartów
2757:Jedwabne
2660:Trawniki
2650:Stutthof
2640:Potulice
2583:Majdanek
2501:Slovakia
2207:Amazon,
1724:Archived
1485:See also
1194:Kufstein
1167:Prenzlau
945:markings
867:army men
645:, Count
643:Cardinal
567:Mathilde
455:Nazi era
402:Commands
271:Children
242:Executed
4346:Gas van
4162:Sobibór
4099:Ghettos
4006:Leaders
3987:Sobibor
3740:Sobibor
3733:By camp
2880:Siedlce
2787:Ghettos
2772:Tykocin
2744:Pogroms
2730:Palmiry
2655:Szebnie
2600:Sobibor
2578:Chełmno
2506:Ukraine
2491:Romania
2471:Germany
2461:Estonia
2456:Denmark
2451:Croatia
2446:Belgium
2441:Belarus
1444:monthly
1397:Maurycy
1209:cyanide
1202:Bavaria
1179:Werwolf
1107:of the
810:Donetsk
795:Kherson
763:in the
740:Gniezno
712:Liberec
708:colonel
632:Hamburg
628:Münster
596:Judaism
265:
257:
172:Detmold
94:scholar
4458:Trials
4433:Bricha
4167:Soldau
4152:Izbica
4142:Bełżec
4121:Warsaw
4106:Kraków
3946:Żegota
2915:Warsaw
2890:Słonim
2885:Sambor
2860:Mizocz
2850:Lublin
2825:Kraków
2820:Kielce
2815:Grodno
2795:Będzin
2777:Wąsosz
2753:(1946)
2751:Kielce
2665:Warsaw
2645:Soldau
2595:Belzec
2496:Russia
2486:Norway
2476:Latvia
2466:France
2368:
2350:
2327:
2294:
2217:
2138:
1703:
1481:, US.
1311:Stroop
1198:Rottau
1083:after
1028:Greece
959:Poland
836:, 1943
791:Russia
744:Poznań
694:Papist
620:to SS-
479:Poland
445:(born
427:Awards
374:Branch
365:
353:
339:career
303:Poland
248:Spouse
202:Warsaw
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4130:Camps
3790:RKFDV
2910:Wilno
2875:Radom
2870:Pińsk
2805:Brest
2710:Dynów
2556:Camps
2286:[
2186:Notes
1503:Notes
1454:, by
1143:Hague
1063:) in
1057:Rhine
984:done.
683:Wotan
582:ethic
537:near
321:Death
259:(
255:
176:Lippe
101:JSTOR
87:books
4573:List
4111:Łódź
3931:Bund
3795:VoMi
3785:WVHA
2840:Łódź
2830:Lwów
2762:Lviv
2366:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2188:and
2136:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1442:Odra
1145:and
1059:and
1042:and
799:Lviv
789:for
781:and
779:SiPo
630:and
392:Rank
187:Died
154:Born
73:news
3956:ŻZW
3951:ŻOB
3941:PKB
3926:AOB
1473:by
1338:to
957:in
812:).
676:or
56:by
4605::
3936:GL
3921:AK
3857:/
3853:,
3849:,
3845:,
3841:,
3837:,
3833:/
3829:,
3769:SS
2164:,
2112:^
2069:.
2032:.
2008:.
1990:.
1959:^
1943:.
1777:^
1656:^
1577:^
1523:^
1462:.
1255:he
1204:.
1200:,
1038:,
1014:.
972::
888:A
806:IV
783:SD
756:.
634:.
522:.
485:.
451:SS
337:SS
261:m.
204:,
200:,
178:,
174:,
4575:)
4571:(
4401:e
4394:t
4387:v
3901:e
3894:t
3887:v
3861:)
3825:(
3781:)
3777:(
3771:)
3767:(
2982:e
2975:t
2968:v
2836:)
2832:(
2542:e
2535:t
2528:v
2411:e
2404:t
2397:v
2372:.
2356:.
2333:.
2300:.
2268:.
2242:.
2221:.
2126:.
2079:.
2042:.
2018:.
1953:.
1929:.
1736:)
1730:(
1709:.
1330:.
706:(
274:2
166:)
162:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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