945:
1000:, the revolutionary outbreak in the republican zone provoked a growing political radicalization in the rebel ranks. Already in the autumn of 1936, a cultural counter-revolution unparalleled in 20th century Europe was taking place. There was a public return to religion and a demand for the restoration of traditional values. This moral restoration fostered a spirit of discipline, unity and sacrifice that was very useful for the war. However, the "restorationist" policy was applied in a much more moderate way than it would later be. There are few examples of this attitude of restoration of religious and moral values in the first months of the
1282:
2804:
27:
473:
798:
1104:
723:, his expertise contributed to the improvement of the economic situation in the second half of 1937. He played an important role in the promulgation of the Decree of October 9, 1937, which abolished the mining concessions made earlier and imposed a maximum of 25% foreign capital in the owning companies. This regulation was seen by the Germans as a challenge to their interests.
1071:
and even circulars— had to be approved by Franco. The proposals could come from the Junta, but also from the secretariats or from the governor general, which soon produced a backlog. Of the 160 norms approved during 1936, some ninety came from the three secretariats. This reveals the limitations that
1208:
It seems that
Jordana was reluctant to take up the post, and realized from the outset the difficulties of his performance, acknowledging in his diary that he was "truly disheartened by the impossibility of arranging this tangle". Furthermore, he believed that Franco himself was not in a fit state of
668:
insisted on the need to keep its value high. Although his doctrine was heterodox from the economic point of view, Franco's decision was politically opportune, as it contributed to keep prices stable during the whole period. Amado's technical competence helped the economic situation to improve in the
918:, the Secretary of War, the governor general and the secretary general of the head of state were also military. Hence this attempt to dispense with the ideological component, as well as the barracks-like tone of the regulatory provisions issued. It is significant that one of the first norms of the
853:
were carried out. But the most outstanding activity of the commission was the purge of the teaching staff. In order to carry it out, political ideas and behavior were evaluated, but also religious ideas, the professional methodology used and the teachers' own private lives. To do so, they relied on
780:
its mission shall be to ensure the continuation of public works in progress, to undertake new projects where indispensable, to re-establish transportation lines of all kinds, to organize a perfect postal and telegraphic communications service throughout the occupied region, as well as the necessary
255:
On
October 1 Franco officially took office. Although he had only been named head of government, all the official media spoke from the beginning of "head of state", thus increasing his power. His main priority was to achieve military victory and he was in no hurry to form a real government. He was
623:, where he had demonstrated his ability. He had a certain monarchical significance but he was, above all, a professional military man. Even smaller in stature than Franco, he was, according to Admiral Cervera, "pure, austere and Spanish" and maintained a monarchist Catholicism similar to that of
1355:
Germany was seeking the recognition of property titles in seventy-three mining concessions thanks to the debt money managed by the
Montana consortium, something that the October decree-law had prevented. To get around the obstacle, they asked that the Germans be put on an equal footing with the
290:
Both the terminology and the provisional nature of the institution are typical of military language, which seeks the creation of a kind of rearguard quartermaster to solve the most immediate problems, but subordinated to the fundamental objective of obtaining military victory. The new
1134:, bonds and gold in their possession. The new authorities controlled all foreign transactions. All exports were collected in strong foreign currencies, which were deposited within three days at the Military Delegation of the Treasury. The exports helped to pay for the war effort. The
1356:
Spaniards for the purposes of the law. The
Spaniards refused, saying that the Mining Law in force only allowed the presence of 20 to 25% of foreign capital, and that it imposed that the directors should be Spanish. They recommended waiting for the formation of the new government.
1043:. A decree-law of early 1937 sought to solve the problem of unemployment, ordering the civil governors to prevent a single Spaniard from being in such a situation or "not receiving in some way relief proportional to his family needs". The determination of those in charge of the
1253:
or to form a proper government. In this he coincided with the opinion of
Serrano, who by then had become Franco's main political advisor. Although Franco was slow to put the advice into practice, as early as October he announced the forthcoming formation of a government.
926:
military reform. The early implementation of measures aimed at purging dissidents can also be considered of military origin. A decree-law of
December 9, 1936 regulated the purge of the civil service. This predominantly military character would be pointed out years later by
719:. One of the functions of the commission was to contribute to the provisioning of the Army. Bau was the Catalan who held the highest political office in this period. In economic matters he had liberal ideas and was opposed to state interventionism. As in the case of
1359:
On
December 15 and 16, 1937, Von Stohrer met with Sangróniz and Nicolás Franco, from whom he demanded the 73 mining concessions on which HISMA had an option to purchase. Both refused to authorize all the sales en bloc. On the 20th, von Stohrer, accompanied by
277:
The structuring of the new
Spanish State, within the nationalist principles, calls for the establishment of those administrative bodies which, dispensing with unnecessary bureaucratic development, respond to the characteristics of authority, unity, speed and
1347:
made by any authority. The regulation has been the subject of diverse interpretations by historians, but the
Germans perceived it as an attack on their interests because it prevented HISMA money from being invested in the purchase of mining interests. The
695:. Its main task was to review the legislation then in force in order to eliminate that which was deemed incompatible with the "New State". It was also to facilitate a transition from the absolute empire of the military jurisdiction to an ordinary one.
935:
Throughout the war, the civilian command was auxiliary and subordinate to the military command; at least until the constitution of the first
Government (...). Most of the services were militarized (...) Also the different sections of the so-called
581:
was headed by a president in charge not only of directing the institution, but also of serving as a channel of communication with the head of state. The latter was the ultimate decision-maker in all matters. According to the operating rules of the
940:—latent ministries constituted in Burgos— were under military control; as were military most of the civil governors, provincial delegates of public order and supplies, managers of companies related to war production and even certain mayoralties.
1445:
with eleven ministerial portfolios that replaced the dispersed and inefficient previous administration. The composition of this government was the first political exercise of Franco, who tried to ensure that all the tendencies existing in the
1047:
to solve pressing problems made them uncomfortable with certain formalities imposed by pre-existing legislative precepts, such as the existence of contentious-administrative appeals or the obligation to request a report from the
739:
to establish the indispensable norms for the continuation of agricultural activities and to prepare the revaluation of land products, the establishment of family estates, agricultural cooperatives and the improvement of peasant
1008:
material was prohibited, but also of "socialist, communist, libertarian and, in general, dissolving literature". Texts of this type were to be kept in official libraries to be consulted only in exceptional cases.
1086:
show that they dealt with matters of little political interest. They did not address reforms of importance, but limited themselves to trying to respond to pressing needs. There is only one intervention by
760:
responsible for all matters related to the current bases and labor agreements and the study of new guidelines for the welfare of the workers and their collaboration with the other elements of production.
1016:
did not receive remuneration other than the positions they had previously held. The provisional nature of the body was evident at all times and derived from the widespread belief that the seizure of
1091:
on March 27, 1937, in which he expressed his wish that the educational reforms he was studying would be addressed soon. However, Franco was much more concerned with the direction and course of the
565:
showed the appearance of being a new State in which all parties collaborated in a process of centralization, unity and efficiency, as opposed to the division and waste of resources present on the
985:
or parafascist state, but an institution of Catholic or traditional significance. This continued to be so even after the unification, to the point where Pemán commented to the president of the
748:, which also gave it an eminently technical profile. Its president was Eufemio Olmedo. In the fall of 1936 it established a ban on slaughtering animals outside municipal slaughterhouses.
540:
to "facilitate the dispatch and knowledge of the Head of State". Thus, the Secretariat was a key body for the exercise of power through which all legal norms had to pass and, although
295:
was not a real government. It was probably considered that it would be an instrument of civilian support for the military until the end of the war, which was then foreseen to be near.
1364:, met with General Franco himself. The latter, in a bitter conversation, repeated his brother's refusal. Around January 25, 1938, the ambassador met with Jordana, president of the
286:
without taking as definitive the one currently in place, even if it is an announcement of the permanent one to be established once the entire national territory has been dominated.
1403:
did participate in the purge of public employees. On December 5, 1936, it decreed the separation from service of public servants of all kinds who were considered contrary to the "
1396:
in the early 1920s, was appointed director of Internal Security on October 31, 1937, but was in charge of such matters as censorship of spectacles and control of market abuses.
168:. It was one of the main institutions that made up the first governmental organization created by Franco. Although it was divided into sectorial commissions, it was not a real
1385:
1325:, signed a document on June 12 in which the rebels undertook to sign a trade agreement with Germany, to inform it of their economic contacts with other states and to give it
1352:
explained to them that the objective was to stop the concessions made by the Valencia government, but the Germans were suspicious of Spanish-British commercial relations.
615:
who continued to hold a position in the new administration. Dávila has the image of a bureaucrat among some historians, but the truth is that he had fought in the wars of
1111:
The seizures of their goods from revolutionary and pro-government organizations and their sympathizers were a source of income for the rebels. To manage them, the
2729:
2693:
229:
assumed for a period of time and in a collegiate manner "all the powers of the State" in the territory controlled by the coup plotters, and self-styled as the
1523:
historian Michael Seidman believes that it has been exaggerated by historiography and that it is far from the revenue obtained from taxes and donations.
944:
1333:
1213:, secretary general of the head of State, was "a brilliant and extraordinary man, but unbalanced" and that he acted without any coordination with the
569:. The following year 1937 would be a difficult one in military terms, but one of great consolidation of the political power of the neophyte dictator.
1329:
treatment. On July 15 a new joint declaration was signed committing mutual aid in the exchange of raw materials, foodstuffs and manufactured goods.
1141:
obtained substantial resources from the jewelry and securities donated by the population. Only at the end of 1937 was it totally controlled by the
2701:
1447:
562:
215:
161:
100:
993:— that the Culture and Education Commission that he presided over became "refuge and headquarters of all that remains outside the single party".
2397:
442:
2872:
1039:
never reached a decision on the matter. At other times one can perceive in his decisions a barracks-like and arbitrary tone reminiscent of the
566:
2655:
2613:
2485:
2411:
1506:
The possibility of extending the courts of honor to all public administrations was even discussed, although such a rule was never approved.
2824:
1442:
1418:
181:
1459:
26:
1116:
2533:
Proyecto de investigación: La evolución de la ciencia penal española durante la Segunda República, la Guerra Civil y el "Nuevo Estado"
1536:
Luis Suarez indicates the date of July 12 for this first protocol, that is, only three days before the subsequent joint declaration.
2749:
2713:
2677:
2632:
2594:
2572:
2463:
2444:
906:
were career military officers. In contrast, the members of the commissions were mostly civilians. This was very much reminiscent of
648:
monarchist whose experience gave the body a somewhat more political character. He was a financial expert who had collaborated with
214:
on July 25, 1936, headed by the latter, which would be in charge of both directing military operations and politically leading the
2504:
1455:
1322:
1170:
990:
948:
903:
859:
498:
342:
177:
133:
1076:
commissions had despite their paraministerial pretensions. In fact, the system of government more closely resembled that of the
1281:
1246:
1194:
1130:
of other countries. In March 1937, the Committee granted a period of one month for everyone to declare the foreign currencies,
1040:
961:
952:
907:
835:
716:
653:
502:
494:
1437:
1278:
could use different collaborators for his negotiations, but he always reserved for himself the predominant role in diplomacy.
586:, published on October 6, he was to confer at least once a week with the presidents of the commissions. The president of the
1271:
1210:
1088:
813:
801:
549:
532:
480:
261:
2803:
2320:
1482:
1249:. Consequently, at the beginning of October 1937, Jordana advised Franco either to carry out a profound renovation of the
882:
269:
825:
679:
2473:
812:, but his lack of interest in bureaucratic work meant that the weight of management was carried by the vice-president
2665:
1389:
1409:". No appeal could be lodged before the courts of justice against the resolution which put an end to the procedure.
2777:
720:
641:
378:
688:
362:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2784:
Decree number 10 naming Fidel Dávila president of the Junta in the Boletín Oficial del Estado of October 6, 1936.
2771:
1174:
616:
556:
172:
and was composed of personalities with little political relevance. It was successively presided over by Generals
2496:
1432:
1242:
1229:
acted with total autonomy and without obeying anyone; and that there was a clear political divergence between a
1193:
and was High Commissioner. His political significance was greater than Dávila's because he had been a member of
1123:
928:
809:
1049:
974:
745:
708:
821:
523:, it was made up of second-rate personalities who were mainly in charge of routine administrative functions.
426:
1486:
1309:
openly expressed his intention to obtain the Spanish iron ore. The following month, taking advantage of the
1226:
1222:
1162:
1021:
899:
602:
541:
338:
173:
128:
458:
410:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2795:
1186:
997:
611:
211:
193:
1221:
was very defective; that it did not have control of the press; that foreign affairs were in the hands of
1344:
1020:
was imminent. This was noticeable in some specific cases. In spite of the autonomy with which it acted,
830:
1263:
922:
consisted in the reestablishment of the courts of honor within the Army, which had been suppressed by
2540:
1441:, a true "institutional charter" of the Government approved on January 30, 1938. This gave way to an
1368:. Jordana again refused a block authorization, although he promised to study each case individually.
1337:
1326:
911:
712:
704:
649:
520:
394:
110:
33:
817:
1405:
855:
472:
786:
2723:
2687:
1361:
1138:
808:
It was, undoubtedly, the one with the most purely political composition. It was presided over by
2393:
1314:
1082:
with its office secretaries. The few surviving records of the meetings of the presidents of the
222:
was appointed president because he was the most senior major general among the military rebels.
2783:
2348:
2312:
1372:
at the beginning of January 1938 weakened Franco's position against the demands of his allies.
1267:
1056:
reveal that Franco took the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera as a reference point at that time.
2745:
2709:
2673:
2651:
2647:
2628:
2609:
2590:
2568:
2564:
2528:
2508:
2481:
2459:
2440:
2407:
1585:
1310:
1238:
1092:
1068:
910:. However provisional it was, the regime instituted was essentially military. It was not only
863:
219:
207:
165:
789:, it was composed of civil servant engineers, so it did not have a political profile either.
2556:
2308:
1490:
1424:
1369:
1340:, arrived with the task of controlling all Spanish foreign trade with priority for Germany.
1275:
1182:
1158:
1119:
in charge of their management. The provincial authorities also had to deal with this task.
1078:
657:
606:
598:
527:
476:
199:
157:
149:
2670:
Franco, crónica de un tiempo. I. El general de la Monarquía, la República y la Guerra Civil
2497:"La muerte de una ilusión: el Magisterio español en la Guerra Civil y el primer franquismo"
1131:
597:
The president was at all times a military man, a decision that marked a clear tendency of
923:
1384:
had no direct involvement in the more violent repression, which was carried out by the
661:
2836:
2737:
2428:
1478:
1302:
594:
through direct dispatches, although he could also delegate this function to others.
267:
On October 2, the law creating this and other agencies was published in the renamed
2582:
1520:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1286:
970:
850:
645:
797:
1388:
and directly supervised by Franco in his capacity as commander-in-chief. General
198:
After the death of the leader of the military uprising in a plane crash, General
2765:
2625:
Historia de la Iglesia en España 1931-1939. Tomo II. La Guerra Civil (1936-1939)
1450:
were represented in it and that none was predominant. The then president of the
1201:
in that context, mainly because his age and training distanced him notably from
1154:
1005:
846:
624:
203:
1332:
The next day, Spain undertook to pay the war debt in marks at 4% interest. The
1103:
842:
684:
640:
It was mainly composed of members of the military, although it was chaired by
530:
was the supreme instance for all matters, all the agencies had to send to the
507:
169:
2512:
868:. The commission made the final decision, without the possibility of appeal.
2403:
1519:
The quantitative importance of the seizures for the rebels is disputed. The
1393:
1343:
On October 9, 1937, Franco passed a decree-law declaring null and void all
2778:
Organizational and Procedural Regulations of the Junta Técnica del Estado.
1205:. He was loyal, hard-working and honest, and enjoyed Franco's confidence.
1161:
decided that his replacement in command of the Army of the North would be
804:, vice-president and strong man of the Committee on Culture and Education.
519:. Although its composition in commissions was reminiscent of an incipient
1127:
898:
The predominance of military men in the main positions was very marked.
691:, and had an exclusively technical composition. Its headquarters was in
605:, a brigadier general who, at the same time, was appointed chief of the
1202:
1178:
1060:
1032:
1026:
982:
620:
501:
and similar to the latter's committees. It was also reminiscent of the
479:
was the supreme authority and all proposals had to be submitted to his
282:
The temporality of the new organization was evident from the addition:
914:
who was head of state and the pinnacle of power; the president of the
886:, which created a secretariat for the president and a major officer's
256:
therefore content to create a more technical than political body —the
2536:
2436:
2325:
1428:
1190:
1135:
1064:
1017:
969:, while there was a very significant percentage of monarchists, both
765:
692:
516:
114:
37:
1262:
There was a Secretariat of Foreign Relations headed by the diplomat
244:
As a result, on September 30, 1936, Decree 138 was published in the
236:
However, movements soon arose in favor of centralizing the command.
1004:. On December 23, 1936, the production, trade and dissemination of
1280:
943:
828:
were members. There was a predominance of former collaborators of
1336:-ROWAK companies dominated trade and the new German ambassador,
1024:
asked in mid-December 1936 if he should return his goods to the
601:
to rely politically on his subordinates. The initial choice was
156:) was one of several political-administrative bodies created by
160:
in October 1936 after his appointment as head of government of
2744:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones Folio S.A. pp. 70–82.
715:
when the latter had headed the Ministry of Finance during the
2766:
Law creating the Junta Técnica del Estado and other agencies.
1584:
Presidencia de la Junta de Defensa Nacional (July 25, 1936).
996:
Although the military rebels had initially avoided attacking
536:
the background of the matters that had to be approved by the
1313:, the Germans obtained some economic advantages. Ambassador
660:, Amado opposed the maintenance of the exchange rate of the
264:, whom he appointed general secretary to the head of state.
2458:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Argos Vergara. pp. 119–124.
951:'s presidency further accentuated the similarity with the
2627:(in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Rialp. pp. 132–133.
1593:
Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Defensa Nacional de España
1270:
who really acted as minister in the shadow together with
858:, solvent parents, military organizations and, after the
497:, with the creation of seven commissions in place of the
505:
in the desire for these bodies to be non-political and "
246:
Official Bulletin of the Spanish National Defense Junta
1285:
The claim for mining concessions raised tensions with
1107:
25 cent coin of 1937 with the new slogans and symbols.
2589:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Grijalbo. pp. 236–322.
1458:, was appointed Vice President of the Government and
1153:
As a result of the plane crash that took the life of
2608:(in Spanish). Madrid: Siglo XXI. pp. 508–509.
1031:as had been requested by traditionalist sectors in
981:was not at any time a body that helped to create a
121:
106:
96:
82:
74:
60:
52:
47:
2456:Ramón Serrano Súñer. Un documento para la Historia
1189:, played a decisive role in the negotiations with
677:It was presided over by the then president of the
1117:Central Administrative Commission of Seized Goods
2529:"José María Pemán y la depuración universitaria"
2295:
252:of the armies and head of the State government.
2772:Operating rules of the Junta Técnica del Estado
2480:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. p. 443.
933:
778:
758:
737:
711:monarchist who had also been a collaborator of
284:
275:
16:Francoist governmental organization (1936-1938)
2399:Historia de España 8. República y guerra civil
1992:
1980:
865:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
273:. The preamble of the law reveals its nature:
2313:"Ley de la Administración Central del Estado"
8:
2439:: Magisterio Español S.A. pp. 316–382.
19:
2742:La Guerra Civil Española: El avance rebelde
2708:(in Spanish). Barcelona. pp. 473–795.
2283:
455:Public Works and Communications Commission
2789:
2728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2692:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1209:mind to deal with political matters; that
876:On November 19, 1936, a regulation of the
772:Public Works and Communications Commission
609:. He was the only member of the dismissed
1197:. Of monarchist ideas, he was considered
1173:. Like his predecessor, he had fought in
854:reports from parish priests, mayors, the
391:Industry, Commerce and Supply Commission
2672:(in Spanish). Madrid. pp. 333–593.
2349:"Decretos de nombramientos de ministros"
2163:
1438:Ley de Administración Central del Estado
1102:
796:
699:Industry, Commerce and Supply Commission
471:
379:Andrés Amado y Reygondaud de Villebardet
309:
2740:(1997). "La Junta Técnica del Estado".
2478:La República española y la guerra civil
2376:
2259:
2187:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2043:
1949:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1867:
1762:
1738:
1705:
1676:
1645:
1630:
1552:
1524:
1470:
101:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
2721:
2685:
2347:Franco, Francisco (February 1, 1938).
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2175:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2079:
2067:
2031:
2019:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1968:
1937:
1882:
1855:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1774:
1750:
1726:
1693:
1664:
1618:
1571:
1559:
1537:
1507:
1494:
533:Secretaría General del Jefe del Estado
407:Agriculture and Farm Labor Commission
180:. It disappeared with the creation of
18:
2271:
2055:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1878:
1876:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1233:in which the military, Catholics and
727:Agriculture and Farm Labor Commission
555:Consequently, three months after the
548:, the real power was in the hands of
7:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1639:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1419:First government of Francisco Franco
1195:Primo de Rivera's Military Directory
1165:. To relieve him at the head of the
908:Primo de Rivera's Military Directory
656:. According to the writings left by
495:Primo de Rivera's Military Directory
89:First government of Francisco Franco
2454:García Lahiguera, Fernando (1983).
1126:was created to control the foreign
2495:Morente Valero, Francisco (2001).
731:According to the Act creating the
14:
1095:than with matters of government.
439:Culture and Education Commission
2802:
2505:Complutense University of Madrid
2358:(in Spanish) (468). Burgos: 5547
1413:Creation of the first government
1392:, famous for his persecution of
1301:already amounted to 150 million
793:Culture and Education Commission
703:Its presidency was entrusted to
511:". The main headquarters of the
182:Franco's first proper government
25:
2433:Franco, historia y biografía. I
834:, and their relations with the
744:It was composed exclusively of
717:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
2501:Historia y comunicación social
1217:; that the functioning of the
955:of which he had been a member.
1:
2873:Government of Francoist Spain
2406:: Marcial Pons. p. 357.
1317:and the new president of the
1052:. The characteristics of the
781:personnel for these services.
343:Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa
260:— and to rely on his brother
134:Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa
2587:Franco, "Caudillo de España"
962:Falange Española de las JONS
756:The Act stated that it was:
2606:El eclipse de la democracia
2527:Navarro Cardoso, Fernando.
1595:(in Spanish) (1). Burgos: 1
1485:had paid more attention to
1483:General Fernandez Silvestre
1460:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1293:despite the close alliance.
590:would communicate with the
443:José María Pemán y Pemartín
2889:
2604:Ranzato, Gabriele (2006).
2503:(in Spanish) (6). Madrid:
2356:Boletín Oficial del Estado
2321:Boletín Oficial del Estado
1416:
1297:In June 1937, the debt to
1124:Foreign Currency Committee
1115:created in January 1937 a
883:Boletín Oficial del Estado
824:, Mariano Puigdollers and
307:was organized as follows:
270:Boletín Oficial del Estado
191:
42:headquarters of the Junta.
2821:
2800:
2792:
2642:Seidman, Michael (2011).
2623:Redondo, Gonzalo (1993).
1493:could have been avoided.
989:—who by then was already
965:held any position in the
826:Alfonso García Valdecasas
764:Its headquarters were in
24:
2814:(State Technical Junta)
2811:Junta Técnica del Estado
2706:La Guerra Civil Española
1143:Junta Técnica del Estado
258:Junta Técnica del Estado
248:, naming General Franco
220:Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer
146:Junta Técnica del Estado
20:Junta Técnica del Estado
1171:Francisco Gómez-Jornada
1169:, he appointed General
427:Alejandro Gallo Artacho
2796:National Defense Junta
2646:(in Spanish). Madrid:
2563:(in Spanish). Madrid:
2296:García Lahiguera (1983
1423:After the transfer of
1294:
1223:José Antonio Sangróniz
1108:
956:
942:
805:
783:
776:According to the Act:
762:
746:agricultural engineers
742:
612:National Defense Junta
486:
288:
280:
212:National Defense Junta
194:National Defense Junta
67:Nacional Defense Junta
1284:
1106:
1012:The personnel of the
947:
880:was published in the
800:
669:second half of 1937.
489:The structure of the
475:
459:Mauro Serret y Mirete
411:Eufemio Olmedo Ortega
154:Technical State Junta
2650:. pp. 131–231.
2644:La victoria nacional
2567:. pp. 179–317.
2561:El régimen de Franco
2541:University of Huelva
2324:(in Spanish) (467).
2311:(January 31, 1938).
1993:Morente Valero (2001
1981:Morente Valero (2001
1338:Eberhard von Stohrer
1149:Change of presidency
1122:In November 1936, a
912:Generalissimo Franco
851:public book burnings
735:, its function was:
680:Audiencia Provincial
339:Fidel Dávila Arrondo
129:Fidel Dávila Arrondo
2298:, pp. 119–124)
2250:, pp. 588–589)
2238:, pp. 591–593)
2226:, pp. 576–579)
2214:, pp. 573–574)
2202:, pp. 794–795)
2178:, pp. 520–521)
2106:, pp. 148–149)
2094:, pp. 176–177)
2082:, pp. 387–388)
2058:, pp. 133–134)
2046:, pp. 508–509)
1952:, pp. 230–231)
1909:, pp. 368–370)
1858:, pp. 389–391)
1679:, pp. 132–133)
1648:, pp. 316–317)
1633:, pp. 236–237)
1574:, pp. 344–345)
1427:'s headquarters to
1406:Movimiento Nacional
1327:most-favored-nation
1237:predominated and a
929:Ramón Serrano Súñer
849:was persecuted and
493:was reminiscent of
375:Finance Commission
359:Justice Commission
21:
1481:considers that if
1370:The fall of Teruel
1362:Johannes Bernhardt
1295:
1181:, where he became
1109:
957:
953:Military Directory
931:with these words:
806:
673:Justice Commission
636:Finance Commission
544:presided over the
487:
482:Secretaría General
184:in February 1938.
83:Superseding agency
2831:
2830:
2822:Succeeded by
2817:1936-1938
2657:978-84-206-0863-1
2648:Alianza Editorial
2615:978-84-323-1248-9
2565:Alianza Editorial
2557:Payne, Stanley G.
2487:978-84-08-05500-6
2413:978-84-8432-878-0
2309:Franco, Francisco
2070:, pp. 77–78)
2022:, pp. 72–73)
1777:, pp. 70–71)
1311:battle of Brunete
1157:on June 3, 1937,
1059:All legal norms —
1027:Compañía de Jesús
977:. Therefore, the
959:No member of the
845:was implemented,
470:
469:
466:January 30, 1938
450:January 30, 1938
434:January 30, 1938
418:January 30, 1938
402:January 30, 1938
395:Joaquín Bau Nolla
386:January 30, 1938
370:January 30, 1938
363:José Cortés López
354:January 30, 1938
240:The Generalissimo
208:Miguel Cabanellas
166:Spanish Civil War
142:
141:
122:Agency executives
43:
2880:
2868:1938 in politics
2863:1937 in politics
2858:1936 in politics
2806:
2793:Preceded by
2790:
2755:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2661:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2578:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2491:
2474:Jackson, Gabriel
2469:
2450:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2394:Casanova, Julian
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2337:
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2333:
2317:
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2251:
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2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
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2173:
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2161:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1605:
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1600:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1475:
1264:Francisco Serrat
1235:primorriveristas
1050:Council of State
810:José María Pemán
463:October 2, 1936
447:October 2, 1936
431:October 2, 1936
423:Work Commission
415:October 2, 1936
399:October 2, 1936
383:October 2, 1936
367:October 2, 1936
310:
218:. Major General
78:January 30, 1938
61:Preceding agency
31:
29:
22:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2798:
2762:
2752:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2684:
2680:
2664:
2658:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2603:
2597:
2581:
2575:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2494:
2488:
2472:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2392:
2389:
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2351:
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2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2286:, pp. 8–9)
2284:Navarro Cardoso
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
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2206:
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2182:
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2158:
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2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1825:
1817:
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1769:
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1749:
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1629:
1625:
1617:
1608:
1598:
1596:
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1566:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1491:Annual disaster
1489:'s advice, the
1476:
1472:
1468:
1421:
1415:
1378:
1260:
1227:Queipo de Llano
1151:
1101:
1063:, decree-laws,
1035:. However, the
1022:Queipo de Llano
975:traditionalists
896:
894:Characteristics
838:were not good.
831:Acción Española
752:Work Commission
664:. However, the
633:
575:
567:Republican side
353:
348:
347:October 2, 1936
341:
301:
242:
196:
190:
138:
111:Casa del Cordón
92:
70:
56:October 2, 1936
48:Agency overview
41:
34:Casa del Cordón
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2760:External links
2758:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2738:Tusell, Javier
2734:
2714:
2698:
2678:
2662:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2614:
2601:
2595:
2579:
2573:
2553:
2535:(in Spanish).
2524:
2492:
2486:
2470:
2464:
2451:
2445:
2435:(in Spanish).
2429:Crozier, Brian
2425:
2412:
2402:(in Spanish).
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:, p. 382)
2369:
2339:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2274:, p. 228)
2264:
2262:, p. 288)
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2190:, p. 443)
2180:
2168:
2166:, p. 357)
2164:Casanova (2007
2156:
2141:
2139:, p. 573)
2120:
2118:, p. 151)
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
1997:
1995:, p. 197)
1985:
1983:, p. 196)
1973:
1954:
1942:
1923:
1921:, p. 131)
1911:
1899:
1897:, p. 154)
1887:
1885:, p. 550)
1872:
1870:, p. 368)
1860:
1848:
1823:
1808:
1806:, p. 745)
1791:
1789:, p. 132)
1779:
1767:
1765:, p. 325)
1755:
1753:, p. 473)
1743:
1741:, p. 322)
1731:
1710:
1708:, p. 508)
1698:
1681:
1669:
1667:, p. 387)
1650:
1635:
1623:
1606:
1586:"Decreto nº 1"
1576:
1564:
1562:, p. 333)
1551:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1540:, p. 568)
1529:
1527:, p. 176)
1512:
1499:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1414:
1411:
1390:Martínez Anido
1377:
1376:The repression
1374:
1276:General Franco
1272:Nicolás Franco
1259:
1258:Foreign policy
1256:
1241:controlled by
1211:Nicolás Franco
1187:Army of Africa
1183:Chief of Staff
1150:
1147:
1100:
1097:
895:
892:
874:
873:
818:Eugenio Montes
795:
794:
774:
773:
754:
753:
729:
728:
709:traditionalist
701:
700:
675:
674:
638:
637:
632:
629:
574:
571:
550:Nicolás Franco
468:
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3:
2:
2885:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:1938 in Spain
2851:
2849:
2848:1937 in Spain
2846:
2844:
2843:1936 in Spain
2841:
2840:
2838:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2751:84-413-0437-8
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2715:84-253-2767-9
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2679:84-87863-78-7
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2634:84-321-3016-8
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2596:84-253-2498-X
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Preston, Paul
2580:
2576:
2574:84-206-9553-X
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2542:
2538:
2534:
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2465:84-7178-679-6
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2446:84-265-7048-8
2442:
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2430:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
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2386:
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2377:Crozier (1969
2373:
2370:
2357:
2350:
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2327:
2323:
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2260:Preston (1994
2256:
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2188:Jackson (2010
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2157:
2154:, p. 82)
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2117:
2116:Seidman (2011
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2104:Seidman (2011
2100:
2097:
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2092:Seidman (2011
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2069:
2064:
2061:
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2049:
2045:
2044:Ranzato (2006
2040:
2037:
2034:, p. 78)
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2010:, p. 74)
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:, p. 80)
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
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1951:
1950:Seidman (2011
1946:
1943:
1940:, p. 76)
1939:
1934:
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1930:
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1919:Seidman (2011
1915:
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1907:Crozier (1969
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1846:, p. 73)
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1821:, p. 81)
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1739:Preston (1994
1735:
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1729:, p. 72)
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1706:Ranzato (2006
1702:
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1696:, p. 75)
1695:
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1677:Redondo (1993
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1646:Crozier (1969
1642:
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1631:Preston (1994
1627:
1624:
1621:, p. 70)
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1525:Seidman (2011
1522:
1521:Pennsylvanian
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1510:, p. 78)
1509:
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1497:, p. 81)
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1479:Javier Tusell
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2702:Thomas, Hugh
2669:
2666:Suárez, Luis
2643:
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2545:. Retrieved
2532:
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2500:
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2398:
2387:Bibliography
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2355:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
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2248:Suárez (1999
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1599:February 16,
1597:. Retrieved
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1572:Suárez (1999
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1560:Suárez (1999
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1538:Suárez (1999
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713:Calvo Sotelo
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206:and General
197:
153:
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107:Headquarters
97:Jurisdiction
2547:November 8,
2507:: 187–201.
2419:October 31,
2328:: 5514–5515
2272:Payne (1987
2056:Payne (1987
1787:Payne (1987
1345:concessions
1274:. However,
862:, from the
860:Unification
856:Civil Guard
847:pornography
785:Chaired by
705:Joaquín Bau
689:José Cortés
652:during the
631:Commissions
563:rebel Spain
558:coup d'état
204:Emilio Mola
164:during the
162:rebel Spain
2837:Categories
2518:August 20,
2362:August 15,
2332:August 15,
1547:References
1448:rebel side
1417:See also:
1394:anarchists
1315:von Faupel
1247:Falangists
1139:Royal Mint
1128:currencies
971:Alfonsists
902:and later
843:censorship
836:Falangists
685:Las Palmas
573:Presidency
508:arbitrista
499:ministries
335:President
278:austerity.
210:created a
202:, General
192:See also:
170:government
2724:cite book
2688:cite book
2513:1137-0734
2404:Barcelona
1477:In fact,
1443:executive
1268:Sangroniz
646:Alfonsist
324:Beginning
299:Structure
75:Dissolved
2825:Franco I
2704:(1976).
2668:(1999).
2585:(1994).
2559:(1987).
2476:(2010).
2431:(1969).
2396:(2007).
1245:and the
1239:Movement
1061:Statutes
666:caudillo
592:Caudillo
538:Caudillo
1456:Jordana
1323:Jordana
1299:Germany
1291:Germany
1225:; that
1203:fascism
1199:liberal
1185:of the
1179:Morocco
1099:Economy
1074:Junta's
1065:decrees
1033:Granada
991:Jordana
983:fascist
949:Jordana
924:Azaña's
904:Jordana
841:Strong
621:Morocco
521:cabinet
515:was in
262:Nicolas
188:Context
178:Jordana
150:Spanish
2748:
2712:
2676:
2654:
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2612:
2593:
2571:
2543:: 1–12
2537:Huelva
2511:
2484:
2462:
2443:
2437:Madrid
2410:
2326:Burgos
1487:Dávila
1429:Burgos
1425:Franco
1307:Hitler
1287:Hitler
1191:France
1163:Dávila
1159:Franco
1136:Burgos
1132:shares
1069:orders
1018:Madrid
900:Dávila
888:bureau
872:Others
766:Burgos
693:Burgos
662:peseta
658:Franco
599:Franco
542:Dávila
528:Franco
526:Since
517:Burgos
477:Franco
314:Charge
174:Dávila
115:Burgos
53:Formed
38:Burgos
2352:(PDF)
2316:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
1466:Notes
1401:Junta
1334:HISMA
1319:Junta
1303:marks
1251:Junta
1231:Junta
1219:Junta
1215:Junta
1167:Junta
1113:Junta
1084:Junta
1045:Junta
1037:Junta
1014:Junta
1002:Junta
987:Junta
967:Junta
920:Junta
878:Junta
740:life.
733:Junta
721:Amado
644:, an
588:Junta
584:Junta
579:Junta
546:Junta
513:Junta
491:Junta
305:Junta
293:Junta
227:Junta
152:for:
2746:ISBN
2730:link
2710:ISBN
2694:link
2674:ISBN
2652:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2549:2015
2520:2015
2509:ISSN
2482:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2421:2015
2408:ISBN
2364:2016
2334:2016
1601:2014
1399:The
1380:The
1305:and
1177:and
1175:Cuba
1072:the
973:and
707:, a
625:Mola
619:and
617:Cuba
577:The
319:Name
303:The
225:The
176:and
144:The
32:The
1289:'s
1093:war
683:of
329:End
36:in
2839::
2726:}}
2722:{{
2690:}}
2686:{{
2539::
2531:.
2499:.
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2318:.
2144:^
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2000:^
1957:^
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1591:.
1462:.
1454:,
1431:,
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1603:.
1029:,
485:.
148:(
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113:(
40:,
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