392:
259:
354:. With his position in Palestine endangered, in need of money, and encouraged by the continued instability in Fustat, al-Hasan resolved to return to Egypt. Without facing any opposition, al-Hasan made a triumphal entrance into Fustat on 28 November, accompanied by Ibn al-Furat. He was immediately recognized as the regent and co-ruler of the young emir, and took up residence in the palace. Three days later he imprisoned Ibn al-Furat and a number of his associates, and imposed fines so heavy on them that Ibn al-Furat was forced to sell some of his properties to pay them.
365:. Given the international situation at the time, this could only mean the Fatimids. Fatimid agents had for years operated more or less openly in Fustat, and had created an extensive network of contacts among the common people and the elites alike. This "intensive period of psychological and political preparation" (Thierry Bianquis) was decisive in undermining the will to resist and preparing the way for military conquest. During the crisis of 968–969, letters from civilian as well as military leaders in Fustat were sent to the Fatimid caliph
358:
his energy and resources on trying to hold the
Ikhshidid domains in Palestine and Syria. On 24 February 969 he abandoned Fustat, taking with him many provincial governors and administrative officials, as well as some of the best Ikhshidid troops under Shamul. Fustat was left in a complete power vacuum: Ibn al-Furat, who had been set free before al-Hasan's departure, formally resumed his duties, but lacked any support among the remaining notables, who, on the other hand, were unable to put forward any candidate to replace him.
277:, as emir. Ibn al-Furat, by virtue of his office, was the leader of the civilian bureaucratic faction. In alliance with the commander-in-chief Shamul, Ibn al-Furat seemed set to secure the role of regent over the under-age ruler, while as the husband of an Ikhshidid princess, he could hope to possibly place his own son, Ahmad, on the throne. Nevertheless, the new regime was unstable: Ibn al-Furat lacked a power-base outside the bureaucracy, Fatimid agents stirred up trouble among the
357:
Al-Hasan moved one step further to the throne when he married his cousin Fatima, a daughter of al-Ikhshid, on 1 January 969. In almost complete control of the regime, al-Hasan nevertheless despaired of his ability to restore order to Egypt. Instead, he chose to leave the country to its fate and focus
334:
pilgrimage to Mecca, a key demand of the religious class. This impasse led to a growing willingness to accept any solution, even a foreign intervention. The
Fatimid agents in Fustat, led by the merchant Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Nasr, worked to exploit the situation, win the support, or at least passive
318:
Abu Ja'far Muslim gathered the highest officials and military commanders in his home, and effected a reconciliation with Ibn al-Furat, by having him appear before them dressed in the formal costume of Kafur; moved by the sight, Ibn al-Furat's rivals agreed to support him. Ibn al-Furat then led the
403:
Jawhar was anxious to ensure an orderly transition of power, keep the administration running, and avoid the impression of a foreign, forcible take-over of Egypt. As a result, he kept the
Ikhshidid officials in place. Among others, Ibn al-Furat was kept in his post. He was not entirely trusted,
69:
in April 968, Ibn al-Furat was left as one of the most powerful leaders in the country. His lack of support outside the bureaucracy and his inability to restore orderly administration and security in a country plagued by years of famine and external attacks, mean that his position was weak and
78:. Ibn al-Furat remained vizier merely because no-one could agree on his replacement; faced with the impasse, the Egyptian elites, influenced by long and persistent Fatimid propaganda, began to accept and even seek the prospect of a Fatimid takeover of the country. During the
350:, an older cousin of the emir and governor of Palestine, for help. Al-Hasan was facing problems of his own: a Qarmatian army had invaded the Ikhshidid territories, defeated al-Hasan, and forced him to agree to the payment of a heavy tribute of 300,000
160:
Ibn al-Furat was known for his piety and strict moral principles, which he imposed on his relatives, and which earned him the support of the religious circles. His piety was also expressed through his cultivation of the
208:, writes, Ibn al-Furat "left behind him the reputation of a generous patron of poets and scholars but also that of an eccentric who had acquired a collection of snakes and scorpions which terrified his neighbours".
343:, while some of Ibn al-Furat's rivals were encouraged to defect to the Fatimids; most prominent among them being Ibn Killis, who provided the Fatimids with valuable information on the situation in Egypt.
1003:
426:) in favour of his rival Ibn Killis. Following the death of Ibn Killis in 991, he was again offered the post of vizier, but resigned after a few months. He died in 1001.
157:, and their son Muzahim, originally held as a hostage in the Ikhshidid court, had become a senior commander in the Ikhshidid army and also married an Ikhshidid princess.
296:
Ibn al-Furat was quickly confronted with his inability to impose his authority: the military chiefs withheld the revenue due to the central treasury from their fiefs (
124:) and had gone on to become one of the two major factions within the Abbasid administrative elite in the first decades of the 10th century. Ibn al-Furat's father was
147:
Ibn al-Furat himself became tied to the
Ikhshidid dynasty by his marriage to an Ikhshidid princess, while his sister had married the one-time Abbasid generalissimo (
273:
After Kafur's death in April 968, the various factions initially agreed on a pact to share power under the nominal rule of al-Ikhshid's eleven-year-old grandson,
796:(1972). "La prise de pouvoir par les Fatimides en Égypte (357‑363/968‑974)" [The Seizure of Power by the Fatimids in Egypt (357–363/968–974)].
993:
217:
302:), and were soon emulated by the regional fiscal officials. To find money, the vizier was thus forced to impose fines on other high officials, 4,500
335:
acceptance, of the elites and the common people alike. Dissension was sown among the elites in order to prevent any rapprochement between the
878:
408:
in
September 971, Jawhar had him placed under constant surveillance, and to avoid a defection, gave him a residence in the new capital of
225:
361:
Faced with this impasse, the
Egyptian elites were left only "with the choice of seeking outside intervention", in the words of historian
330:
Nevertheless, the situation remained difficult: financial problems persisted, and Ibn al-Furat remained unable to restore the overland
314:
rioted, and on 29 August 968, the mutinous troops sacked his own palace, forcing Ibn al-Furat to go into hiding. A few days later, the
347:
71:
17:
983:
899:
833:
405:
236:
846:
The Rise of the
Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
46:. A highly educated man renowned for his strict piety and knowledge of traditions about the early Islamic times, he served as
854:
74:
in
November 968, but released and restored to his office when Hasan suddenly abandoned Egypt in February 969 and returned to
274:
250:, the strongman who, after having long served as the power being the throne, became emir in his own right from 966 to 968.
179:, and purchased a plot of land in the latter city where he intended to be buried. This in turn gave him the backing of the
1008:
141:
998:
430:
383:
arrived in Egypt in June 969, all Ibn al-Furat could do was to supervise the negotiations for surrender with Jawhar.
934:
327:, the grandmother of the young emir, thus implicitly disavowing any designs of placing his own son on the throne.
310:, and 10,000 dinars on the Christian Ibrahim ibn Marwan, secretary of al-Ikhshid's sons. Left unpaid, the Turkish
366:
90:
79:
391:
988:
187:, a close personal friend. He was also esteemed for his deep knowledge about traditions concerning the Prophet
258:
82:
in June 969, Ibn al-Furat offered no resistance and merely supervised negotiations with the
Fatimid general
921:
434:
154:
978:
307:
184:
125:
89:
Jawhar kept Ibn al-Furat in office as head of the administration, but he was dismissed after Caliph
973:
70:
constantly challenged by other factions, especially the military. He was deposed and imprisoned by
66:
870:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
396:
324:
75:
362:
952:
909:
895:
874:
850:
829:
805:
247:
205:
129:
106:
59:
821:
944:
817:
793:
380:
262:
Gold dinar in the name of the last Ikhshidid ruler, Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad, minted in 968/9 in
83:
864:
376:) in Ifriqiya, where preparations for a new invasion of Egypt were already in full swing.
27:
102:
101:
Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat was born in 921, the scion of a bureaucratic dynasty, the
39:
929:
925:
137:
114:
55:
967:
948:
917:
415:
Ja'far continued in office for under Jawhar, but was dismissed by the Fatimid caliph
320:
267:
149:
43:
913:
201:
416:
889:
868:
844:
290:
281:
in Syria, the army was divided into mutually antagonistic factions (chiefly the
216:
Ibn al-Furat became vizier in 946, succeeding his father's old political rival,
351:
303:
51:
956:
809:
221:
204:, came from Baghdad to consult with him. As the historian of the vizierate,
197:
289:, recruited by Kafur), and the treasury was empty due to a series of low
188:
58:
from 946 until the end of the dynasty in 969, and continued serving the
278:
128:(died 938), who had held several posts in the fiscal ministries of the
110:
193:
176:
163:
133:
47:
409:
390:
263:
257:
172:
105:, that had occupied senior posts in the fiscal bureaucracy of the
826:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
331:
298:
168:
38:, like his father before him, was a member of the bureaucratic
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
849:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL.
828:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119.
660:
658:
609:
607:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
346:
Amidst this chaos, some in the ruling circles turned to
136:
for a few months in 932 and in 937, before retiring to
546:
544:
689:
687:
685:
220:. Ibn al-Furat held the post continuously under the
822:"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"
323:, before going to pay his respects to the widow of
1004:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
8:
444:) in 1014/5, but executed after a few days.
433:was appointed vizier by the Fatimid caliph
167:: every year he sent gifts of money to the
935:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
183:in Egypt, and especially of their leader,
24:Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Fadl ibn al-Furat
943:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 767–768.
293:that had caused an unprecedented famine.
753:
741:
717:
705:
676:
664:
649:
637:
625:
613:
598:
586:
562:
470:
777:
574:
511:
482:
452:
254:Crisis of the Ikhshidid regime, 968–969
218:Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali al-Madhara'i
765:
729:
550:
523:
7:
873:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
693:
535:
395:Gold dinar of al-Mu'izz, minted in
285:, recruited by al-Ikhshid, and the
31:
891:State and Society in Fatimid Egypt
72:al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj
14:
32:أبو الفضل جعفر بن الفضل بن الفرات
994:Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate
949:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0322
439:
421:
371:
241:
230:
119:
18:Al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat
1:
404:however: when the Qarmatians
142:Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid
379:When the Fatimid army under
824:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
412:, then under construction.
275:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali
34:; 921 - 1001), also called
1025:
113:since the reign of Caliph
15:
93:arrived in Egypt in 973.
80:Fatimid conquest of Egypt
984:10th-century Arab people
348:al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah
16:Not to be confused with
843:Brett, Michael (2001).
200:of the time, the Iraqi
65:Following the death of
798:Annales islamologiques
400:
367:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
270:
191:, so that the leading
91:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
394:
261:
140:, ruled since 935 by
1009:10th-century regents
888:Lev, Yaacov (1991).
768:, pp. 306, 332.
732:, pp. 300, 303.
246:), as well as under
132:, and had served as
126:al-Fadl ibn al-Furat
97:Family and character
999:Ikhshidid officials
720:, pp. 118–119.
589:, pp. 117–118.
577:, pp. 315–316.
526:, pp. 218–219.
514:, pp. 767–768.
628:, pp. 59, 62.
565:, pp. 58, 62.
401:
387:Under the Fatimids
325:Ali ibn al-Ikhshid
271:
155:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
894:. Leiden: Brill.
880:978-0-582-40525-7
818:Bianquis, Thierry
794:Bianquis, Thierry
744:, pp. 80–81.
708:, pp. 65–66.
652:, pp. 63–64.
640:, pp. 62–63.
601:, pp. 61–62.
538:, pp. 12–13.
308:Ya'qub ibn Killis
248:Abu al-Misk Kafur
206:Dominique Sourdel
185:Abu Ja'far Muslim
130:Abbasid Caliphate
107:Abbasid Caliphate
60:Fatimid Caliphate
1016:
960:
905:
884:
860:
839:
813:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
680:
674:
668:
662:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
486:
480:
474:
468:
443:
441:
425:
423:
375:
373:
245:
243:
234:
232:
123:
121:
67:Abu'l-Misk Kafur
33:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
964:
963:
908:
902:
887:
881:
863:
857:
842:
836:
816:
792:
789:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
712:
704:
700:
692:
683:
675:
671:
663:
656:
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:
605:
597:
593:
585:
581:
573:
569:
561:
557:
549:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
510:
489:
481:
477:
469:
454:
450:
442: 996–1021
438:
420:
389:
370:
256:
240:
229:
214:
118:
99:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
966:
965:
962:
961:
914:"Ibn al-Furāt"
906:
900:
885:
879:
861:
855:
840:
834:
814:
788:
785:
783:
782:
780:, p. 327.
770:
758:
746:
734:
722:
710:
698:
681:
669:
654:
642:
630:
618:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
553:, p. 298.
540:
528:
516:
487:
485:, p. 768.
475:
451:
449:
446:
424: 953–975
388:
385:
374: 953–975
255:
252:
244: 961–966
233: 946–961
213:
210:
122: 892–902
98:
95:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1021:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
931:
927:
923:
922:Ménage, V. L.
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
901:90-04-09344-3
897:
893:
892:
886:
882:
876:
872:
871:
866:
865:Kennedy, Hugh
862:
858:
852:
848:
847:
841:
837:
835:0-521-47137-0
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:(in French).
799:
795:
791:
790:
786:
779:
774:
771:
767:
762:
759:
756:, p. 84.
755:
754:Bianquis 1972
750:
747:
743:
742:Bianquis 1972
738:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
718:Bianquis 1998
714:
711:
707:
706:Bianquis 1972
702:
699:
696:, p. 14.
695:
690:
688:
686:
682:
679:, p. 65.
678:
677:Bianquis 1972
673:
670:
667:, p. 64.
666:
665:Bianquis 1972
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:Bianquis 1972
646:
643:
639:
638:Bianquis 1972
634:
631:
627:
626:Bianquis 1972
622:
619:
616:, p. 62.
615:
614:Bianquis 1972
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:Bianquis 1972
595:
592:
588:
587:Bianquis 1998
583:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
563:Bianquis 1972
559:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
473:, p. 58.
472:
471:Bianquis 1972
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
453:
447:
445:
436:
432:
427:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:invaded Egypt
398:
393:
386:
384:
382:
377:
368:
364:
359:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:Friday prayer
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
265:
260:
253:
251:
249:
238:
227:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
196:
195:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
150:amir al-umara
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
94:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
19:
989:Banu'l-Furat
940:
933:
890:
869:
845:
825:
801:
797:
778:Kennedy 2004
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
672:
645:
633:
621:
594:
582:
575:Kennedy 2004
570:
558:
531:
519:
512:Sourdel 1971
483:Sourdel 1971
478:
428:
414:
402:
397:al-Mansuriya
378:
360:
356:
345:
340:
336:
329:
315:
311:
297:
295:
286:
282:
272:
215:
202:al-Daraqutni
192:
180:
171:families of
162:
159:
148:
146:
103:Banu'l-Furat
100:
88:
64:
62:after that.
42:family from
40:Banu'l-Furat
35:
23:
22:
979:1001 deaths
939:Volume III:
930:Schacht, J.
926:Pellat, Ch.
910:Sourdel, D.
431:Abu'l-Abbas
352:gold dinars
337:Ikhshidiyya
304:gold dinars
291:Nile floods
283:Ikhshidiyya
115:al-Mu'tadid
36:Ibn Hinzaba
974:921 births
968:Categories
856:9004117415
804:: 49–108.
766:Brett 2001
730:Brett 2001
551:Brett 2001
524:Brett 2001
448:References
363:Yaacov Lev
52:Ikhshidids
957:495469525
918:Lewis, B.
810:0570-1716
417:al-Mu'izz
341:Kafuriyya
287:Kafuriyya
268:Palestine
222:Ikhshidid
76:Palestine
932:(eds.).
912:(1971).
867:(2004).
820:(1998).
694:Lev 1991
536:Lev 1991
435:al-Hakim
429:His son
399:in 954/5
339:and the
189:Muhammad
787:Sources
312:ghilman
279:Bedouin
198:scholar
111:Baghdad
50:of the
955:
941:H–Iram
928:&
898:
877:
853:
832:
808:
381:Jawhar
316:sharif
235:) and
226:Unujur
224:emirs
212:Career
194:hadith
181:ashraf
177:Medina
164:ashraf
134:vizier
84:Jawhar
48:vizier
28:Arabic
916:. In
410:Cairo
264:Ramla
173:Mecca
138:Egypt
56:Egypt
953:OCLC
896:ISBN
875:ISBN
851:ISBN
830:ISBN
806:ISSN
332:Hajj
299:iqta
175:and
169:Alid
44:Iraq
945:doi
306:on
237:Ali
109:at
54:of
970::
951:.
937:.
924:;
920:;
802:XI
684:^
657:^
606:^
543:^
490:^
455:^
440:r.
422:r.
372:r.
266:,
242:r.
231:r.
153:)
144:.
120:r.
86:.
30::
959:.
947::
904:.
883:.
859:.
838:.
812:.
437:(
419:(
369:(
239:(
228:(
117:(
26:(
20:.
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