492:
568:. This had four links forming the triangle, with the two upper vertices mounted to the locomotive frame (through a short swinging link) and to the jackshaft crankpin. The lower apex of the triangle contained a short triangular link, which linked the sides of the triangle to the wheel crankpin. By tilting this link, the suspension movement was absorbed. This linkage ran well at speed and as it was composed entirely of pivoting joints with no sliding, there was no lost motion. It was however complex, heavy and unbalanced.
288:
478:
41:. In general, each drive axle on a locomotive is free to move about one inch (2.5 cm) vertically relative to the frame, with the locomotive weight carried on springs. This means that if the engine, motor or transmission is rigidly attached to the locomotive frame, it cannot be rigidly connected to the axle. This problem can be solved by mounting the jackshaft on unsprung bearings and using side-rods or (in some early examples) chain drives.
200:
395:
539:
436:
54:
359:
17:
529:
516:
coupling rod between those axles was 'triangular', with an additional bearing mounted on its top edge, taking the thrust of the jackshaft drive rod. Unlike most connecting rods, this allows it to be mounted in the same plane as the coupling rod bearings. This reduces the overhung lengths of the crankpins and their bending loads.
426:
451:
of 1908 had paired motors, each with a jackshaft. A triangular rod was carried between these, rotating in synchrony and so always horizontal. This carried a sliding crankpin journal for the centre axle, and bearings for the long coupling rods to the unevenly-spaced pairs of drivers ahead and behind.
226:
mounted on individual axles, but the majority, especially for AC powered locomotives, had only one or two large diameter motors. These large diameter motors were larger than most driving wheels and so were mounted well above the level of the driving axles. The motor or motors drove the jackshaft or
519:
This arrangement is simple and robust, but does not give a perfect geometry and so is known for its creaking noises and rough running, particularly if the rod bearings become worn. For the Swiss locomotives: well-maintained, powerful locomotives running at slow speeds over steep gradients, this was
36:
is an intermediate shaft used to transfer power from a powered shaft such as the output shaft of an engine or motor to driven shafts such as the drive axles of a locomotive. As applied to railroad locomotives in the 19th and 20th centuries, jackshafts were typically in line with the drive axles of
443:
Vertical sliding bearings in hornblocks would allow movement, but these must be designed carefully or else the force exerted through the rods would be wasted in simply sliding this bearing back and forth. Such sliding joints must be arranged to allow suspension travel, but so that the rod force is
515:
These locomotives were articulated, with one large traction motor on each of the two bogies at each end. The jackshaft was thus placed above and between the driving wheels. To maximise the length of its drive rod and reduce its angulation, this was connected near to the furthest driven axle. The
90:
was not used by the designers of these machines. Instead, they referred to what would later be called a jackshaft as "a separate axle, about three feet forward of the front axle, and carrying cranks coupled by connecting rods to cranks on the two road axles." In his 1837 patent for what became
378:
The simplest arrangement is to use long coupling rods, running horizontally. A large vertical movement at the wheel end gives rise to only a small horizontal movement at the jackshaft drive. For a diesel-mechanical locomotive this can be compensated for by horizontally compliant mounting of the
44:
Jackshafts were first used in early steam locomotives, although the designers did not yet call them by that name. In the early 20th century, large numbers of jackshaft-driven electric locomotives were built for heavy mainline service. Jackshaft drives were also used in many early gasoline and
163:
locomotive design with vertical side rods between the crankshaft and rear axle. Here, the motivation was to get the cylinders and piston rods up away from dust and dirt on an engine with diminutive drive wheels. One such Fowler locomotive survives, a very small narrow-gauge
318:
to the driving wheels. The first
Baldwin internal-combustion locomotives used an 0-4-0 configuration and weighed from 3.5 to 9 tons, but by 1919, a 25-ton 0-6-0 configuration was available. These locomotives saw extensive service on the narrow gauge
128:
from 1836, where the crankshaft was directly between the driving axles. Both of these examples used vertical cylinders, with the crankshaft in the plane of the driving axles. The former used a geared drive to the first driving axle, the latter used
305:
first began building internal combustion locomotives in the first decades of the 20th century, they used a 2-speed transmission from the gasoline engine to a jackshaft. Baldwin's early internal combustion locomotive patents covered the use of both
85:
delivered in 1833, used a jackshaft, as did all the later
Grasshopper and Crab locomotives. These locomotives used step-up gearing to achieve a reasonable running speed using small diameter driving wheels. It is notable that the term
469:. As these had only a single traction motor at each end, the triangular frame was also carried by a blind, unpowered, jackshaft. It was slightly inclined, as the motor jackshaft was above the wheel axis.
155:
class of engines. Like the
Grasshopper locomotives before them, the crank shafts on these engines were geared to the driven shafts. In his 1843 patent, Winas referred to the crankshaft as a
370:
A difficulty with coupling rod drive from a jackshaft is the need to allow for vertical suspension movement of the axles. Several mechanical arrangements have been used to allow this.
1002:
133:
for this linkage. In the latter case, the reason inferred for using a crankshaft distinct from the driven axles was "to take the shocks of working away from the power shaft."
565:
191:
with the turbine above the drive axle, or a combination of a quill drive with a gearbox suspended horizontally between a locomotive driving axle and the turbine shaft.
110:
which, in turn, turns the driver. Some steam locomotives have had designs intermediate between these extremes, with crankshafts distinct from the driving axle.
911:
453:
61:
Crab. The crankshaft is directly below the cab at the front of the engine, geared to the jackshaft, which is coupled to the driving axles by side rods.
219:. A general survey of electric locomotive design from 1915 shows 15 distinct jackshaft-drive arrangements out of 24 distinct locomotive designs.
554:
or
Bianchi linkages. These were in the form of an inverted triangle, reaching down from the high-mounted motor jackshaft to the wheel axle line.
574:
The only one of these linkages with a widespread or long service life was the symmetrical, and better-balanced, Bianchi linkage, used in Italy.
1026:
481:
946:
999:
391:
casing is also narrow enough to mount between the frames, allowing it to be mounted low down and level with the driving axles.
119:
28:. Each set of 6 driving wheels is driven by a jackshaft between the driving wheels, gear-driven by a pair of traction motors.
187:, of Italy, was granted several US patents on variations of this idea. Alternatives to jackshaft drives included use of a
279:
Continuing development of electric motors made them smaller, and by World War II, most new and made jackshafts obsolete.
915:
343:
244:
366:
4wDM diesel-mechanical. Note how the jackshaft coupling rods take the longer path to the far axle, reducing angulation.
149:
66:
58:
571:
The KandĂł linkage was similar in compensation, but the upper vertices were carried by a pair of motor jackshafts.
1021:
495:
273:
413:
of 1925 did use it, with two motors geared to a single jackshaft with short rods between two driving axles of a
380:
302:
236:
175:
did not understand the need for reduction gearing or sprung suspensions. Once these problems were understood,
172:
399:
347:
136:
Several locomotives have been built with horizontal cylinders driving a crankshaft directly above the rear
491:
269:
240:
115:
70:
25:
21:
331:
292:
140:, with a common spring supporting both the shaft and axle so that they could move vertically together.
124:
551:
409:
This arrangement is common for slow speed diesel shunters, but not usually for main line speeds. The
363:
387:, but the relatively lightweight gearbox can be mounted at one end, beyond the coupled wheelbase. A
287:
477:
265:
212:
842:
885:
1000:
http://www.rutlandherald.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041031/NEWS/410310333/1031/FEATURES02
702:
942:
829:
689:
335:
207:. The jackshafts, and the large electric motors that made them necessary, are clearly visible.
184:
661:
607:
594:
69:
was a pioneer in the use of jackshaft driven locomotives. While the drive axle of the first
898:
456:
339:
247:
was dominant. The early surveys of electric locomotive designs cited here all use the term
843:
Electric
Traction: A Treatise on the Application of Electric Power to Tramways and Railways
414:
1006:
635:
384:
320:
648:
520:
an acceptable design. It did not however make many inroads into fast passenger services.
989:
448:
429:
223:
159:
In 1880, the Fowler Steam Plough Works of Leeds
England received a patent on a similar
660:
J. Snowden Bell, Chapter IV: The Eight-Wheel
Connected Freight Engines -- Type 0-8-0,
1015:
180:
111:
199:
463:
394:
137:
103:
606:
J. Snowden Bell, Chapter I: The "Grasshopper" and "Crab" Engines -- type 0-4-0,
538:
388:
324:
311:
188:
179:
emerged as one alternative for linking the output gearbox of the turbine to the
141:
96:
871:
815:
800:
785:
770:
755:
740:
547:
435:
78:
53:
856:
725:
546:
Some of the more complicated linkages used for express locomotives were the
358:
315:
216:
176:
107:
74:
33:
994:
675:
664:
Sinclair, New York, 1912; pages 55-86, see particularly Fig. 22 on page 57.
16:
621:
334:
diesel (pictured) is a more recent example. Jackshafts were used on some
561:
532:
307:
295:
232:
228:
130:
38:
262:
258:
204:
243:
pioneered a variety of jackshaft designs, while in the United States,
99:
referred to his jackshaft as "a pinion wheel shaft", or "third axle."
528:
832:, McGraw Hill, 1915; pages 579-587, figures 48-71 on pages 584-586.
798:
Fredrik
Ljungström, Turbine-Driven Locomotive and Similar Vehicle,
425:
537:
527:
490:
476:
434:
424:
393:
357:
286:
198:
165:
160:
145:
106:. In a jackshaft-driven steam locomotive, the crankshaft turns a
52:
15:
828:
Albert S. Richey and
William C. Greenough, Electric Locomotives,
102:
In a conventional steam locomotive, the crankshaft is one of the
410:
402:
701:
Roberf F. McKillop and John
Browning, John Fowler Locomotives,
593:
General Construction, Baldwin Gasoline Industrial Locomotives
705:, Light Railway Research Society of Australia, 29 Feb. 2000.
118:
tested on the B&O in 1831 was in this class, as was the
662:
The Early Motive Power of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
608:
The Early Motive Power of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
148:
locomotives starting in 1842, launching what became the
45:
diesel locomotives that used mechanical transmissions.
462:
Conceptually similar linkages were used for the Swiss
937:
Hollingsworth, Brian; Cook, Arthur (2000). "E550 E".
638:, June 10, 1881; page 432, with a large illustration.
990:
http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/machines/centro.htm
723:
Johann Stumpf, Locomotive with Steam-Turbine Drive,
869:Archibald H. Ehle, Internal-Combustion Locomotive,
231:, and then the jackshaft turned the wheels through
973:
961:
841:A. T. Dover, Chapter XVII: Electric Locomotives,
897:War Activities of the Baldwin Locomotive Works,
854:Archibald Ehle, Internal-Combustion Locomotive,
634:Links in the History of the Locomotive, No. XI,
649:Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers
738:Joel B. Dumas, Steam Turbine for Locomotives,
557:The Ganz form was used on the Hungarian-built
222:Some early locomotives used small diameter DC
768:Giuseppe Belluzzo, Steam Turbine Locomotive,
753:Giuseppe Belluzzo, Steam Turbine Locomotive,
589:
587:
452:A similar arrangement was used for the Swiss
8:
647:Joseph Tomlinson, Address by the President,
508:classes used the Winterthur diagonal rod or
845:, MacMillan, New York, 1917; pages 355-409.
813:Frank L Alben, Steam-Turbine Locomotive,
714:Australian Sugar Heritage Centre, , 2010.
995:http://www.australiansteam.com/sugar.htm
444:always at right angles to the slideway.
783:Giuseppe Belluzzo, Turbine Locomotive,
619:Ross Winans, Locomotive Steam-Engines,
583:
688:402, Alfred Greig and William Beadon,
692:, No. 2770 (July 20, 1880); page 167.
383:is carried over the drive wheels for
37:locomotives and connected to them by
7:
690:The Commissioners of Patents Journal
342:locomotives but were seldom used on
14:
884:Internal Combustion Locomotives,
272:and its narrow-gauge cousin, the
651:, Vol. 41 (1890); pages 181-202.
899:Baldwin Locomotive Works Record
886:Baldwin Locomotive Works Record
595:Baldwin Locomotive Works Record
454:Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway
283:Internal combustion locomotives
120:Stockton and Darlington Railway
542:Bianchi linkage, used in Italy
1:
1027:Mechanical power transmission
912:"12031 1960s Springs Branch"
888:, No. 95 (1919); pages 3-33.
439:SBB Ce 6-8 with slotted rods
227:jackshafts through gears or
901:, No. 93, 1919; pages 3-21.
564:locomotives for the French
67:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1043:
597:, No. 74, 1913; pages 7-9.
974:Modern Locomotives (2000)
962:Modern Locomotives (2000)
830:Electric Railway Handbook
512:(German) design instead.
346:. One exception was the
274:Rhaetian Railway Ge 6/6 I
173:steam turbine locomotives
875:, granted Feb. 27, 1912.
819:, granted June 10, 1943.
804:, granted June 14, 1927.
774:, granted Apr. 17, 1928.
679:, granted July 28, 1843.
673:Ross Winas, Locomotive,
625:, granted July 29, 1837.
473:Winterthur diagonal rods
447:The ten-coupled Italian
379:transmission. The heavy
215:were also equipped with
860:, granted Mar. 1, 1910.
789:, granted Nov. 8, 1932.
759:, granted Aug. 9, 1927.
744:, granted Dec. 5, 1911.
729:, granted May 28, 1907.
524:Ganz and KandĂł linkages
348:British Rail Class D3/7
268:, as well as the Swiss
73:was directly driven by
543:
535:
501:
488:
440:
432:
406:
367:
298:
270:Class Ce 6/8 Crocodile
208:
203:The running gear of a
95:class of locomotives,
71:Grasshopper locomotive
62:
29:
26:Swiss Federal Railways
872:U.S. patent 1,018,889
816:U.S. patent 2,386,186
801:U.S. patent 1,632,707
786:U.S. patent 1,887,178
771:U.S. patent 1,666,590
756:U.S. patent 1,638,079
741:U.S. patent 1,010,878
559:Les Belles Hongroises
541:
531:
494:
480:
438:
428:
397:
361:
332:British Rail Class 03
293:British Rail Class 03
290:
257:Examples include the
202:
157:fifth shaft, or axle.
144:designed a series of
56:
19:
703:Sugar Cane Transport
510:Schrägstangenantrieb
374:Long horizontal rods
266:electric locomotives
213:electric locomotives
195:Electric locomotives
857:U.S. patent 951,062
726:U.S. patent 855,436
354:Suspension movement
171:Early designers of
1005:2007-09-27 at the
941:. pp. 32–33.
939:Modern Locomotives
918:on October 7, 2011
544:
536:
504:Most of the Swiss
502:
489:
441:
433:
407:
368:
299:
209:
63:
59:Baltimore and Ohio
30:
976:, pp. 50–51.
964:, pp. 34–35.
676:U.S. patent 3,201
400:Statens Järnvägar
336:diesel-mechanical
185:Giuseppe Belluzzo
114:'s first B&O
49:Steam locomotives
1034:
1022:Locomotive parts
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
952:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
914:. Archived from
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
874:
867:
861:
859:
852:
846:
839:
833:
826:
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665:
658:
652:
645:
639:
632:
626:
624:
617:
611:
604:
598:
591:
344:diesel-electrics
340:diesel-hydraulic
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1012:
1011:
1007:Wayback Machine
986:
981:
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956:
949:
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921:
919:
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709:
700:
696:
687:
683:
674:
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668:
659:
655:
646:
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633:
629:
622:U.S. patent 308
620:
618:
614:
605:
601:
592:
585:
580:
526:
475:
459:1-E-1 of 1912.
423:
385:adhesive weight
376:
356:
321:trench railways
285:
224:traction motors
197:
51:
12:
11:
5:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
997:
992:
985:
984:External links
982:
979:
978:
966:
954:
947:
929:
903:
890:
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862:
847:
834:
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707:
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640:
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579:
576:
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522:
474:
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422:
419:
375:
372:
355:
352:
284:
281:
235:. In Europe,
196:
193:
181:driving wheels
50:
47:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1039:
1028:
1025:
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948:0-86288-351-2
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468:
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418:
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411:Swedish D-lok
404:
401:
396:
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373:
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241:Brown, Boveri
238:
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194:
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147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
112:Phineas Davis
109:
105:
104:driving axles
100:
98:
94:
91:known as the
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
55:
48:
46:
42:
40:
35:
27:
23:
18:
969:
957:
938:
932:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
906:
893:
880:
865:
850:
837:
824:
809:
794:
779:
764:
749:
734:
719:
710:
697:
684:
669:
656:
643:
636:The Engineer
630:
615:
602:
573:
570:
558:
556:
545:
518:
514:
509:
505:
503:
498:
485:
484:Indian WCG1
466:
461:
446:
442:
421:Slotted rods
408:
377:
369:
329:
314:to link the
300:
278:
256:
252:
248:
245:Westinghouse
221:
210:
170:
156:
152:
138:driving axle
135:
123:
101:
92:
87:
82:
64:
43:
31:
496:RhB Ge 6/6
482:Swiss-built
389:final drive
325:World War I
312:chain drive
253:jack-shaft.
211:Many early
189:quill drive
142:Ross Winans
116:Grasshopper
97:Ross Winans
1016:Categories
610:; page 19.
578:References
467:crocodiles
217:jackshafts
177:jackshafts
153:Mud Digger
79:crankshaft
75:spur gears
506:crocodile
499:Crocodile
486:Crocodile
316:jackshaft
308:side rods
249:jackshaft
233:side rods
229:side rods
131:side rods
108:jackshaft
88:jackshaft
77:from the
39:side rods
34:jackshaft
22:Crocodile
1003:Archived
562:2BB2 400
533:2BB2 400
417:layout.
403:Du class
398:Swedish
237:Oerlikon
83:Traveler
922:July 5,
303:Baldwin
296:shunter
259:PRR DD1
205:PRR DD1
150:B&O
24:of the
945:
464:Ce 6/8
457:Be 5/7
381:engine
364:Fowler
362:Small
81:, the
552:KandĂł
415:1-C-1
405:1-C-1
301:When
166:0-4-2
161:0-4-0
146:0-8-0
125:Swift
943:ISBN
924:2009
548:Ganz
449:E550
430:E550
338:and
330:The
310:and
261:and
239:and
93:crab
65:The
323:of
263:FF1
251:or
183:.
168:T.
122:'s
1018::
586:^
566:PO
550:,
350:.
327:.
291:A
276:.
57:A
32:A
20:A
951:.
926:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
