53:
559:
164:
840:
42:
550:("5 stones"). It is played with 5–7 stones. It is played between two or more players in turn. The game is played in 5 rounds. Generally for first 4 rounds four stones are thrown on the floor. First round is to pick up 4 stones one by one. Second round is to pick 2 stones at a time. Third round is to pick 3 stones together and then pick one. Fourth round is to pick all four in one go. Last round is to toss all the stones from palm and place it on the back of the palm and then catch all four by tossing to above.
155:
tossing up one stone, the jack, or bouncing a ball and picking up one or more stones or knucklebones from the table while the ball is in the air. This continues until all five stones or knucklebones have been picked up. Another throw consists of tossing up first one stone, then two, then three, and so on and catching them on the back of the hand. Different throws have received distinctive names, such as "riding the elephant", "peas in the pod", horses in the stable", and "frogs in the well".
291:
1219:
368:. They are used in games, fortune-telling, and as musical instruments. In Central Asian knucklebones, each side of the astragalus has a name (called "horse", "camel", "sheep", "goat", or "cow") and have value in divination as well as dice throwing. There are multiple kinds of games played with knucklebones, including catching thrown pieces on the back of the hand, flicking the pieces into each other on the ground like
527:
1356:
1207:
through tensies); game two is chosen by whoever "graduates" from game one first, and so on. Some options for subsequent games are "double bounces", "pigs in the pen", "over the fence", "eggs in the basket" (or "cherries in the basket"), "flying
Dutchman", "around the world", etc. Some games, such as "Jack be nimble", are short games which are not played in the onesies-to-tensies format.
434:
649:
2018:
2006:
458:("pick up pebbles"). It is played with around seven pebbles or cloth bags filled with sand or rice. The player arranges the pebbles evenly first. They throw one pebble into the air and quickly grab a pebble on the table before catching the falling pebble. If the player touches more than one pebble on the table, they forfeit their turn.
609:("children"). These vary in number but are usually eight to ten pieces. All of these actions are done only with the one hand. The game has multiple stages known by different names, each ranking up in difficulty and mechanics. The first stage picks up the smaller stones by ones, twos, threes, and so on. Other stages include
1206:
The winning player is the one to pick up the largest number of jacks, and the game can be made more challenging by playing with fifteen or twenty jacks (two sets). Regardless of the total number of jacks in play, the player who gets to the highest game wins. Game one is usually single bounce (onesies
1198:
An alternative, without a ball and without scattering all the jacks on the ground, is to throw the jacks into the air with one hand, and catch as many jacks as possible on the back of the same hand. The jacks that fall onto the ground are then the ones that the player must pick up. All the jacks that
797:
and were documented by early
European explorers. It was played by people of all ages and traditionally includes a meaningless rhythmic chant sung by the players. Like in the Philippine version, the game uses only one hand for catching the thrown stones and has multiple stages ramping up in difficulty
915:
Four pasterns were used and 35 different scores were possible in a single throw. Many of these throws received distinctive names such as: Aphrodite, Midas, Solon, and
Alexander. Among the Romans, some of the names were: Venus, King, and Vulture. The highest throw in Greece counted 40, and was called
1186:
The modern game may use a rubber ball, and the knucklebones (jacks), typically a set of ten, are made of metal or plastic. There are variants of how the players decide who goes first: it is usually through "flipping" (the set of jacks is placed in cupped hands, flipped to the back of the hands, and
1202:
The number of jacks to be picked up is pre-ordained and sequential; at first one must be picked up ("onesies"), next two ("twosies"), and so on, depending on the total number of jacks included. The number may not divide evenly, and there may be jacks left over. If the player chooses to pick up the
154:
Modern knucklebones consist of six points, or knobs, projecting from a common base and are usually made of metal or plastic. The winner is the first player to successfully complete a prescribed series of throws, which, though similar, differ widely in detail. The simplest throw consists in either
907:
bone being thrown upon a table, either from the hand or from a cup, and the values of the sides upon which they fell were counted. The pastern bone of a sheep, goat, or calf has two rounded ends upon which it cannot stand and two broad and two narrow sides, one of each pair being concave and one
688:
plays the second stage first. The second stage involves the stones that fall on the ground. These are flicked into each other and collected if they hit each other. This is done until the player fails to hit a stone, then the next player does the same thing with the remaining stones, and so on.
726:), or small pyramidal bags of sand or rice. It also involves multiple levels of difficulty, varying in the number of stones collected and tossed. It does not have a specialized stone for throwing, though the one picked for throwing is also referred to as the "mother".
1199:
are caught except one are then put to one side. The saved jack is then used instead of a ball, by throwing it into the air and trying to pick up the jacks from the ground with the same hand before catching the tossed jack again with the same hand.
202:. In contrast to dice, the astragalus is not entirely symmetric, with the broad side having a chance ~0.38 and the other side having a chance ~0.12. However, variations of the game can also be played with stones, seashells, or seeds.
1203:
leftover jacks first, one variation is to announce this by saying "horse before carriage" or "queens before kings". The playing area should be decided between the players since there is no official game rule regarding that.
1195:, or a variant thereof. To set up the game, the jacks are scattered loosely into the play area. The players in turn bounce the ball off the ground, pick up jacks, and then catch the ball before it bounces for a second time.
487:). It has five levels escalating in difficulty and mechanics. The first four levels increases the number of pebbles collected per throw, while in the last level, the players catch the pebbles on the backs of their hand.
847:
There were several methods of playing in ancient Europe. The first, and probably the primitive method, consisted in tossing up and catching the bones on the back of the hand, very much as the game is played today. In
372:, tossing another object and gathering pieces, and so on. It can be played with individual players or teams by both children and adults and are common entertainments in cultural festivals. The Mongolian
52:
1471:
597:("to tumble end-over-end"), among other names. It is very similar to modern knucklebones but is indigenous in origin. Instead of a bouncing ball, it uses a larger stone called
120:
played with a number of small objects that are thrown up, caught, and manipulated in various manners. It is ancient in origin and is found in various cultures worldwide.
1954:
2065:
920:. It was probably a combination throw, since more than four sixes could not be thrown at a single time. The lowest throw, both in Greece and Rome, was the Dog.
601:("mother") that the player tosses up into the air and must catch before it hits the ground. During the throw, the player gathers smaller stones (also seeds or
183:
Knucklebones is of ancient indeterminate origin and has probably been independently invented several times. It is found throughout various cultures worldwide.
1376:
1961:
404:(חמש אבנים, "five rocks"). Instead of jacks and a rubber ball, five small metal cubes are used. The game cube is tossed in the air rather than bounced.
676:) which are tossed in the air and then caught on the back of the hand. The stones that remain on the hand are collected by the player and are known as
377:
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46:
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much more frequently than other bones. Astragalus, being almost symmetric, has only four sides on which it may rest and is an early example of the
861:
892:, astragali were given as prizes to schoolchildren. This simple form of the game was generally only played by women and children, and was called
1572:
1371:
558:
1769:
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the player must touch a forefinger on the ground at each throw while also collecting the stones. The last stage of the game is known as
2036:
1709:
1325:
163:
2060:
2028:
900:, or hole-game, the object of which was to toss the bones into a hole in the earth. Another was the simple game of odd or even.
839:
1607:
190:
of hooved animals (also known as astragali) are found in archaeological excavations related to the period starting from 5000
912:
or "the dog", was counted as 1, the convex broad side as 3, the concave broad side as 4, and the concave narrow side as 6.
61:
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1959:[From now on the traditional game Ashyk is among elements of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine].
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or five-stones. There were several varieties of this game besides the usual toss and catch; one being called
1054:
and it is a child's game played with stone pebbles, while the throw and gamble based on position is called
1192:
641:, where the losing player is flicked on the knuckles by the player. A variant of the game does not use an
1820:
1187:
then back to cupped hands again; the player who keeps the most from falling goes first), but may be via
956:
30:"Jackrock" redirects here. For the anti-personnel device sometimes called a "jackrock" in the U.S., see
645:
stone, but players instead just throw the collected pebbles (more than one at a time in later stages).
205:
Ancient Greek tradition and historiography ascribed the invention of knucklebones to various figures.
1580:
1446:
722:
218:
143:. However, different variants of the game from various cultures use other objects, including stones,
1976:
1794:
239:
1548:
1956:Відтепер традиційна народна гра «Ашик» серед елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини України
877:
570:
35:
581:, there are two types of traditional children's games of throwing stones. The first is known as
2022:
1705:
1451:
Intangible
Cultural Heritage, United nAtions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1321:
885:
290:
1681:
1361:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1232:
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and mechanics. The names, mechanics, and number of stages varies depending on ethnic group.
762:
317:
117:
2040:
2033:
1689:. Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, & Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
948:
843:"The Knucklebone Player", a Roman statue of a girl playing knucklebones from around 150 AD
825:. Among Samoans and Fijians, they used around fifty to one hundred flat circular seeds of
794:
774:
1898:
802:
754:
562:
1218:
888:, with the last two being engaged in playing a game of tali. According to an epigram of
349:
195:
136:
124:
1499:
209:, in a written fragment of one of his works, ascribed the game to the mythical figure
2049:
1367:
1362:
960:
790:
782:
365:
341:
325:
252:
1924:
672:(meaning "flick"). It uses a large number of small stones, shells, or seeds (called
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1224:
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849:
827:
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357:
333:
1652:
813:("workmen"). Sets of these stones were created by hand and kept for the games. In
720:. Like the name implies, it only uses five pieces, usually stones, seeds (usually
304:
Knucklebones in
Central Asian cultures use the astragalus of sheep or goat or the
1743:
1428:
903:
The second, probably derivative, form of the game was one of pure chance, with a
578:
499:
444:
255:, originated this game and indeed almost all other games, with the exception of
187:
1940:
1630:
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998:
543:
503:
214:
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172:
128:
1380:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 883–884.
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The two forms of the game are present, the throw and catch version is called
229:
for a companion and golden jacks with which to play. On the other hand, both
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2017:
2005:
1306:. London: Charles Griffin & Co., 1962. rpt New York; Dover, 1998. p 2.
809:, and around four to fifteen identical but unmarked rounded stones called
17:
1020:
693:
256:
144:
1304:
Games, Gods and
Gambling: A history of probability and statistical ideas
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217:. According to a still more ancient tradition, Zeus, perceiving that
1429:"The History of Herodotus, parallel English/Greek: Book 1: Clio: 90"
873:
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491:
462:
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261:
244:
234:
162:
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51:
40:
668:
The other game of throwing stones in the
Philippines is known as
271:
contain allusions to games similar in character to knucklebones.
1008:: tiqolla, iguntern, ishban, oughayn, oukarn, ibran, or iqoushan
1005:
662:
412:
226:
199:
148:
113:
1770:"Siklot: Reinvention of a Traditional Game for EFL Classrooms"
213:, who supposedly taught it to his Greek countrymen during the
34:. For type of urinary tract stone resembling a toy jack, see
1926:
A propósito del salacenco amastarrika / por Luis
Michelena
45:
A collection of jacks within the permanent collection of
198:. Knucklebones are believed to be an early precursor of
1825:
Roots, National
Heritage Board, Government of Singapore
1868:
1866:
1030:
In southern
Algeria: issiwa, tikwaten or ikwa (in the
982:, and goes by a wide variety of names in the various
483:. It involves five or more small pebbles called 공깃돌 (
378:
List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
974:Versions of the game are popular among children of
2034:Another statistical analysis of knucklebone throws
994:: imadqan, imzreqfan, ibnathin, izla, or tibolatin
415:, there is a similar game called "ye qol do qol".
247:as its inventor, while Herodotus relates that the
1631:"Otedama – A Fading Japanese Juggling Tradition"
1320:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 110–113.
733:, the game is called by various names including
518:(よせ玉), which is similar to modern knucklebones.
237:ascribe a foreign origin to the game. Plato, in
805:, the game uses a marked throwing stone called
657:seeds used in traditional knucklebone games in
1728:Historical Data of the Municipality of Nasugbu
821:("chieftain"). The smaller stones were called
793:. It was very common among the natives of the
1062:and is played with a single cow knucklebone.
1052:kapichua, payana, payanga, payanca, or payaya
8:
1472:"Intangible Cultural Heritage in Tajikistan"
123:The name "knucklebones" is derived from the
251:, during a period of famine in the days of
171:depicting people playing knucklebones from
2029:Statistical analysis of knucklebone throws
1962:Ministry of Culture and Information Policy
1525:"I was really never that good at kugelach"
1174:In Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Uruguay:
817:, each player has a throwing stone called
1702:The Filipino Child: Images & Insights
1549:"یک قل دو قل – ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد"
514:(投げ玉), which is similar to juggling; and
1941:"Las tabas. Un juego con mucha historia"
1675:
1673:
1402:. Wellington, New Zealand: A.R. Shearer.
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1577:Chinese Historical and Cultural Project
1415:Probability Theory: A Historical Sketch
1270:
1065:Of the first type this game is called:
908:convex. The convex narrow side, called
498:) and originated from China during the
1878:Elliott Avedon Virtual Museum of Games
1391:
1389:
1387:
47:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
7:
2066:Physical activity and dexterity toys
955:is a game of the second type. Among
127:version of the game, which uses the
1748:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
1725:Nasugbu Elementary School Faculty.
1700:De la Torre, Visitacion R. (1992).
1629:Henderson, Ed; Magoo, Poof (1991).
684:("pigs"). The player with the most
1529:Abandon All Hope Ye Who Enter Here
1004:In southern Morocco, particularly
25:
1744:"*sintak pull, jerk at something"
1742:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
1447:"Mongolian knuckle-bone shooting"
396:school-age children, is known as
27:Dexterity game of ancient origins
2016:
2004:
1704:. Tower Book House. p. 68.
1354:
1318:Sports and Games of the Ancients
1217:
1001:: tibikkas, thisb'iyin, or isgur
1795:"Batu Seremban Game Directions"
1683:A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan
1399:Games and Pastimes of the Maori
112:, among many other names, is a
1608:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1504:World Ethnosport Confederation
862:National Archaeological Museum
221:longed for his playmates upon
1:
1768:Brazil, Marco (29 May 2010).
856:: a painting excavated from
510:. It is played in two ways:
1850:Malaysian Traditional Games
1821:"Traditional Kampong Games"
1573:"Traditional Chinese Games"
712:(literally "five stones"),
2092:
1230:
1156:In Argentina and Uruguay:
860:, currently housed in the
494:, the game is called お手玉 (
422:
283:
29:
1923:Mitxelena, Koldo (1964).
1479:ICHCAP e-Knowledge Center
454:, the game is called 抓石子
243:, names the Egyptian god
1955:
1259:List of children's games
1153:In Costa Rica: “jackses”
923:The game is also called
868:, depicts the goddesses
502:. It uses small bags of
57:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
2061:Games of physical skill
1680:Wolff, John U. (1972).
1413:Maistrov, L.E. (1967).
1377:Encyclopædia Britannica
392:A variation, played by
65:(detail) – Knucklebones
1981:www.sahara-culture.com
1417:. Academic Press, Inc.
1193:eeny, meeny, miny, moe
1163:From the second type:
1019:), or ilqafen (in the
844:
665:
574:
535:
447:
301:
180:
66:
49:
1874:"Hawaiian Jackstones"
1657:ActivityVillage.co.uk
1316:Craig, Steve (2002).
842:
708:, the game is called
651:
561:
546:, the game is called
529:
436:
293:
166:
55:
44:
2025:at Wikimedia Commons
2013:at Wikimedia Commons
1433:www.sacred-texts.com
1396:Best, Edson (1976).
723:Adenanthera pavonina
376:is inscribed in the
312:. They are known as
997:In central Morocco/
2039:2017-12-26 at the
1583:on 4 December 2020
1553:fa.m.wikipedia.org
1171:(game of the bone)
1097:Jogo das Pedrinhas
1023:region, including
845:
666:
633:. For example, in
575:
571:Gottfried Lindauer
542:, particularly in
536:
534:playing astragaloi
448:
302:
181:
67:
50:
36:jackstone calculus
2021:Media related to
2009:Media related to
1943:. 6 October 2017.
565:children playing
465:it is called 공기 (
16:(Redirected from
2083:
2076:Historical games
2071:Traditional toys
2056:Children's games
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175:(c. 8th century
72:, also known as
62:Children's Games
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2011:Knucklebones
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
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1799:Wee Folk Art
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1581:the original
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1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1279:"jackstones"
1273:
1239:Game studies
1225:Games portal
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1983:(in French)
1908:16 November
1883:16 November
1855:17 November
1830:17 November
1805:17 November
1779:16 November
1753:17 November
1662:17 November
1614:17 November
1587:17 November
1509:17 November
1484:17 November
1456:17 November
1288:16 November
1182:Modern game
1167:In Brazil:
1091:In Brazil:
1069:In Mexico:
1011:In eastern
937:boxtarikuan
933:bostariketa
925:amastarrika
894:penta litha
779:lafo litupa
635:kuhit-kuhit
611:kuhit-kuhit
589:("to shake/
579:Philippines
554:Austronesia
504:azuki beans
500:Nara Period
445:South Korea
388:Middle East
259:. Both the
225:, gave him
188:talus bones
2050:Categories
1987:2023-10-11
1558:2020-06-19
1534:2023-10-11
1302:FN David.
1265:References
1133:Aleija Mão
1093:Pipoquinha
999:High Atlas
986:dialects.
957:Bulgarians
801:Among the
753:among the
615:agad-silid
544:Tamil Nadu
522:South Asia
485:gonggitdol
473:jjagebatgi
364:among the
340:among the
332:among the
324:among the
318:Mongolians
294:Mongolian
215:Trojan War
173:Carchemish
129:astragalus
106:jackstones
98:fivestones
82:astragaloi
18:Jackstones
1977:"Khmissa"
1147:In Cuba:
1141:In Peru:
1041:: khmissa
984:Tamazight
929:bostarika
918:Euripides
775:Tahitians
771:timo timo
763:Hawaiians
731:Polynesia
706:Singapore
698:Indonesia
605:) called
456:zhuāshízi
419:East Asia
384:in 2014.
354:bujulbozi
306:calcaneus
275:By region
253:King Atys
231:Herodotus
223:Mount Ida
211:Palamedes
207:Sophocles
169:orthostat
145:seashells
118:dexterity
2037:Archived
1211:See also
1083:matatena
1079:pinyexes
1034:dialect)
1027:dialect)
945:amaxarri
941:uztarika
886:Hileaera
811:kai mahi
759:kimokimo
718:serembat
714:selambut
694:Malaysia
595:balinsay
548:anju kal
516:yosedama
512:nagedama
471:), also
398:kugelach
265:and the
257:draughts
240:Phaedrus
219:Ganymede
86:singular
1365::
1249:Mancala
1101:Belisca
1087:chibcha
1071:paxaque
1046:America
1017:Kabylie
1013:Algeria
992:Morocco
976:Amazigh
961:Gagauzs
905:pastern
858:Pompeii
791:Fijians
783:Samoans
751:tutukai
643:ina-ina
603:cowries
599:ina-ina
593:"), or
577:In the
573:, 1907)
506:called
496:otedama
429:Otedama
394:Israeli
370:marbles
268:Odyssey
249:Lydians
159:History
139:) of a
32:caltrop
1708:
1603:"공기놀이"
1359:
1324:
1254:Shagai
1189:ip dip
1158:payana
1149:yaquis
1137:Nécara
1129:Chocos
1125:Telhos
1121:Arriós
1113:Onente
1075:pinaco
1039:Sahara
1032:Tuareg
1025:Chaoui
949:Basque
882:Aglaia
878:Phoebe
870:Latona
866:Naples
835:Europe
823:pohaku
815:Hawaii
789:among
785:; and
781:among
773:among
761:among
747:ti kai
735:kōruru
704:, and
702:Brunei
670:siklot
629:, and
623:sibara
591:winnow
587:sintak
567:kōruru
468:gonggi
440:gonggi
425:Gonggi
409:Turkey
382:UNESCO
374:shagai
362:gacuha
360:; and
356:among
348:among
316:among
314:shagai
310:wolves
300:pieces
297:shagai
286:Shagai
2023:Jacks
1899:"hai"
1687:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1191:, or
1143:yaces
1021:Aurès
965:ashyk
953:tabas
943:, or
910:chios
898:tropa
874:Niobe
819:aliʻi
803:Māori
755:Māori
716:, or
682:baboy
674:sigay
659:Samoa
631:lukob
563:Māori
540:India
532:Nepal
508:ojami
492:Japan
479:, or
477:salgu
463:Korea
452:China
346:ashyk
330:kajik
322:chükö
262:Iliad
245:Thoth
235:Plato
149:seeds
141:sheep
135:, or
133:ankle
110:jinks
108:, or
102:jacks
78:snobs
1910:2020
1885:2020
1857:2020
1832:2020
1807:2020
1781:2020
1755:2020
1706:ISBN
1664:2020
1641:(4).
1616:2020
1589:2020
1511:2020
1486:2020
1458:2020
1322:ISBN
1290:2020
1176:taba
1117:Bato
1060:taba
1006:Sous
959:and
916:the
884:and
854:tali
787:lavo
767:timo
749:and
739:ruru
686:biik
678:biik
663:Fiji
661:and
639:pipi
607:anak
583:kuru
427:and
413:Iran
411:and
338:asyk
233:and
227:Eros
200:dice
186:The
137:hock
114:game
94:dibs
90:tali
1374:".
1058:or
947:in
864:of
807:hai
769:or
729:In
692:In
538:In
490:In
461:In
450:In
407:In
400:or
380:by
308:of
192:BCE
177:BCE
167:An
116:of
2052::
1979:.
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1876:.
1865:^
1848:.
1823:.
1797:.
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1672:^
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1386:^
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1131:,
1127:,
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59:–
1990:.
1929:.
1912:.
1887:.
1859:.
1834:.
1809:.
1783:.
1757:.
1714:.
1666:.
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1488:.
1460:.
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569:(
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20:)
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