133:. In the summer of 1934, the young couple was expecting its first child when a new call-in letter arrived for a new follow-up military training, which he again refused to attend. He is arrested in the midst of the “Fédé”’s summer camp, and condemned to another 18 months in prison in February 1935. He was released in January 1936 and again briefly imprisoned in 1937, 1938 and 1939. His only companions on this harsh road of conscience objection were at this stage a protestant theology student, Philippe Vernier and a protestant primary school teacher Camille Rombault. His failing health ensured his definitive exemption from military service before the start of WWII.
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497:’ memory ! A long preparation phase, a reflection were needed first, often in opposition with certain Protestant theological concepts, where Judaism was regarded as a mere preamble to Christianity, whereas there was a real spiritual problem, alongside a humanitarian situation from 1942 onwards ». For these meetings, Jacques Martin had gathered very significant documentation, first on the events on the ground which he had ample information about through the Cimade network and through other pastors operating on the ground like
418:(after a last hesitation from the institution, as the candidate is already 60!) and took a position with the Geneva state church. He is put in charge of the creation of a new parish in a newly built area of the greater Geneva. This parish is now known as the Centre Communautaire Protestant du Lignon. Having retired in 1973, he still performed pastoral tasks in Mens from 1973 to 1977, and finally took full retirement in the area of Die, still acting as a substitute pastor in case of vacancies).
541:. These trials were a wake-up call for French society and foremost for the French Protestants who not only became more visible on the national scene at this occasion but whose internal opinion was also shifted at the same time. In 1948, the French Reformed Church officially adopted the position that conscientious objection was legitimate and requested the State to grant a legal status to conscientious objectors; the
339:”. A second such meeting, in November 1942, would be organised to respond to the new situation created by the roundups of 26 August 1942 in the southern zone of France. In both of these meetings, Jacques Martin shared a very well-informed and accurate documentation which allowed pastors to prepare themselves for resistance to the anti-Semitic policy of the Vichy regime. At the same time, the Martins had joined the
392:, while Jacques Martin was both the first vice-president and the AJC bulletin's editor. While continuing with its commitments with the CIMADE, A.J.C., and Social Christians, Jacques Martin still didn't apply to become a pastor although the institutional opposition had then faded away. (Henri Roser was for instance now in charge of a parish.) He preferred to experience the position of a "committed layman".
96:(WSCF, which is casually referred to as the “Fédé”), he took part in the 1926 German gathering of the WSCF. The same year he took charge of the editing of “Cahiers de la Réconciliation » (at the time a simple information bulletin which would be taken over and developed by Henri Roser from November 1927 on). In 1927, he took part in an "international reconciliation youth camp" in
327:’s government on 3 October 1940, Jacques Martin decided jointly with Ganges’ pastor Élie Gounelle to call for a regional meeting of all Protestant pastors in the area, in order to pray and reflect on the new situation, including the apparent support apparently extended to the Vichy government by the church authorities – including, at that early stage, by the president of the
525:. At his two trials, Jacques Martin was defended by solicitor André Philip, who also defended Camille Rombault and Philippe Vernier. All these trials for draft dodging made big headlines in 1932 and 1933. André Philip used them as platforms for conscientious objectors, developing his arguments further at each trial. He called upon pastors such as Marc Boegner,
152:. As early as 1928, Martin had temporarily given up on his career in church ministry because of the staunch opposition of institutional protestantism towards his pacifist and anti-militaristic positions. In 1938, still unable to become a pastor, he accepted a position of administrative and human resources director in a silk stockings manufacturing plant in
477:, he asks : « Who does not reject Christ ? Does Christianity not bear the same responsibility than the Jews for the crucifixion of its Master ? Is our own so-called Christian civilisation not bearing more witness of a deeper and more serious rejection and blasphemy than the shouts of a versatile crowd or the calculations of a
493:, Jacques Martin and Elie Gounelle prepared their colleagues to exert solidarity towards the persecuted Jews. « We had gathered all the pastors of this area of the Cevennes to study this question. These were necessary preliminaries. Caring for the Jews didn’t happen spontaneously, not even from the
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abound, sometimes even from protestants, Jacques Martin published in August 1939 an article entitled « Pagan ... and
Christian anti-Semitism” (L’Antisémitisme païen... et chrétien). In its first part, the article gives a detailed list, country by country, of anti-Semitic persecutions in Europe,
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ideas shook French
Protestant society of that time. Jacques Martin then became a pacifist himself, and wished to contribute personally to international reconciliation, starting with France and Germany. He crisscrossed Germany walking through the 1925 summer. As a member of the French branch of the
763:
Majagira
Bulangalire, Le mouvement international de la réconciliation et le problème du pacifisme dans le protestantisme français de l'entre-deux-guerres (avec un aperçu jusqu'à 1960) . In: École pratique des hautes études, Section des sciences religieuses. Annuaire. Tome 97, 1988-1989. 1988. pp.
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and who therefore were immediately "in
Resistance", according to Jacques Martin's own words in 1938: "I remain more than ever non-violent. But I do not harbour any confusion between non-violence and non-resistance. Non-violence means placing resistance on another level than the test of military
726:
The
Pomeyrol theses were a text written on 16 and 17 September 1941 by twelve members of the Reformed Church of France (ERF), in order to provide theological support for resistance to Nazism, against the spirit of collaboration and defeatism, by calling for spiritual resistance. The text took
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internees, sheltering fleeing Jews and routing them towards safe caches or appropriate underground escape routes, forging identity cards and ration tickets for the hidden Jews. They also hid
Jacques’ brother-in-law, pastor André Trocmé when he had to go underground in their family house in
680:
Jean-Paul Cahn, Françoise
Knopper, Anne-Marie Saint-Gille, De la Guerre juste à la paix juste: Aspects confessionnels de la construction de la paix dans l'espace franco-allemand (XVIe-XXe siècle), Collection Histoire et civilisations, Presses Universitaires Septentrion, 2008, 313 pages,
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in 1927-1928 - out of care for his father who had just been shaken by the loss of two sons. However, in
December 1930, he returned his military papers, specifying that, as a Christian, he could not bear arms. In 1932, he refused to take part in a training session of the
421:
He died in Die on 23 July 2001. His wife had died 5 years earlier on 30 September 1996. They had had six children: André (1934-1934), Violaine (born 1937), Daniel (born 1937), Amy-Christiane (1939-1945), Jean-Marc (born 1941) et Ariane (born 1950).
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After the war, Jacques Martin was back in touch with the « Social
Christians », a mainly protestant movement seeking to join together evangelism and care for the poorer classes of society; after meeting with Élie Gounelle at
364:’s prison. Strangely, the local Resistance managed to negotiate his release in exchange for a flock of 1,000 sheep. He was freed three days before the liberation of his area. During the war years he became friends with historian
716:
Autobiographical text by
Jacques Martin, read during the Valleraugue seminar in 1984, quoted by Philippe Joutard, Jacques Poujol & Patrick Cabanel (dir.), CĂ©vennes, terre de refuge, 4e Ă©d., 2006 , pp.
381:“ (a Parisian think tank), he prepared the relaunching of the movement and of its magazine, the “Revue du Christianisme Social”. He also organised the 25th Christian Social Congress in Paris.
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Probably unique among pacifists, Jacques Martin was "one of the very few" who rejected the "hopes of a nebulous French-German reconciliation" stemming from the
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and he was consequently arrested, tried and condemned to 12 months in prison on 11 October 1932. On 23 janvier 1934, Jacques Martin married Jacqueline Élié in
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Page on Jacques Martin on the "Anonymes, Justes et Persécutés durant la période Nazie dans les communes de France" website, last accessed on 12 September 2016
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Patrick Cabanel, Le pasteur Jacques Martin, de l’objection de conscience à la résistance spirituelle à l’antisémitisme, in Archives Juives, 2007/1 (Vol. 40)
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Jacques Martin turned each of his trials into a platform to advertise for conscience objection. His defence counsel was solicitor and socialist MP
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while the second part deals with the Christians’ attitude and sometimes responsibility. Referring to the traditional Christian accusation of
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Letter from Jacques Martin to his father-in-law, 26 October 1938, Violaine Kichenin-Martin Archives, quoted by Patrick Cabanel, op.cit.
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on his visit in Lyon. Finally he felt the need to "bind the sheaf" and was ordained on 9 January 1966 by the
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With a few of his fellow Protestant theology students, Jacques Martin was a pionnier of
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had done before them. The meeting took place on the premises of the newly established
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forces. This resistance is necessary… »." In a context where justifications of
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Article by Jacques Martin in Revue du Christianisme Social, August 1939, p. 128.
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In 1948, he participated in the creation of the French branch of the
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La Désobéissance civile et nous; à l'école de Gandhi et Luther King
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in France ; in 1923, he was the first editor of the review of
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In spite of his pacifist convictions, Jacques Martin performed
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in Paris. From 1930 to 1932 he was the secretary of the WSCF.
450:» both to pastor Jacques Martin and to his wife Jacqueline.
657:, 156 pages, pp. 78 Ă 99, last accessed 10 September 2016
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and all victims of enemy repression."! On 22 June 1998,
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Page on Jacques Martin on the website of French pastors
608:"Page on Jacques Martin on the Yad Vashem France site"
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where his father was teaching. His grandfather was a
403:, then from 1950 to 1966 he ran another bookshop in
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in 1929, where he got in touch with German pacifist
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Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
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533:and leading intellectuals such as Marc Sangnier,
545:will wait until 1965 to take the same position.
779:. Groupe Fides Inc, (Canada), 2013, p. 25.
509:Forerunner of conscientious objection in France
481:lost in its clericalism and its pride? ».
459:Clear-sightedness over Nazism and anti-Semitism
75:minister. From 1923 to 1927, he studied at the
1446:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
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140:, who called upon leading intellectuals like
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519:Mouvement international de la réconciliation
386:International Council of Christians and Jews
67:Jacques Martin was born on 24 June 1906 in
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523:International Fellowship of Reconciliation
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1399:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
489:With their two pastoral meeting held in
395:From 1947 to 1950, he ran a bookshop in
1749:French Calvinist and Reformed ministers
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649:, publisher : Les Belles lettres,
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100:, Switzerland, studied one semester in
77:Protestant Faculty of Theology in Paris
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485:Preparation for anti-Nazi resistance
1769:French Righteous Among the Nations
1700:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
1597:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
885:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
446:awarded the recognition of «
399:where he also taught Latin at the
94:World Student Christian Federation
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1744:People from Sainte-Colombe, RhĂ´ne
1192:International Day of Non-Violence
850:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
434:in tribute to his fight "to help
368:who had sought refuge in Ganges.
1602:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
521:(MIR), the French branch of the
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148:and upon representatives of the
975:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
436:Compulsory Work Service dodgers
430:After WWII, he was awarded the
329:Protestant Federation of France
79:. There he became friends with
1774:French conscientious objectors
895:List of pacifist organisations
410:On 29 March 1966, he welcomed
87:, whose militant pacifist and
42:earned him the recognition of
1:
321:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
1301:World Peace Bell Association
1202:Dialogue Among Civilizations
905:New Socialist Party of Japan
890:Iraq War resisters in Canada
855:Coalition of Women for Peace
727:particular exception of the
1469:The whole world is watching
1237:Peace & Love (festival)
1187:Imagine Piano Peace Project
448:Righteous Among the Nations
372:Lay and clerical ministries
106:Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze
48:Righteous Among the Nations
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1754:French Christian pacifists
1592:2011 intervention in Libya
1212:List of places named Peace
1197:International Day of Peace
915:Peace and conflict studies
835:Anti-nuclear organizations
343:in close cooperation with
150:French Human Rights League
1764:French anti-war activists
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1227:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
1222:Mother's Day Proclamation
1172:Dances of Universal Peace
985:The Women's Peace Crusade
319:In the wake of the first
63:Youth and formative years
38:and to the protection of
19:(1906–2001) was a French
1488:Violence begets violence
1421:Non-aggression principle
1291:The Non-Violence Project
1271:Promoting Enduring Peace
1254:Promoting Enduring Peace
910:Pacifist Socialist Party
729:anti-semitic legislation
438:, les réfractaires, les
1582:Military action in Iran
1217:Monuments and memorials
1167:Concert Yutel for Peace
970:React, Include, Recycle
900:List of peace activists
865:Conscientious objectors
555:List of peace activists
454:Contribution and legacy
108:. In 1930, he welcomed
25:conscientious objectors
1503:Opposition to specific
1458:Swords to ploughshares
1452:Soldiers are murderers
845:Anti-war organizations
543:French Catholic Church
416:French Reformed Church
412:Martin Luther King Jr.
127:military reserve force
116:Conscientious objector
1505:wars or their aspects
1426:Nonviolent resistance
1276:Show of Peace Concert
1041:Anti-nuclear movement
397:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
69:Sainte-Colombe, RhĂ´ne
1587:Sri Lankan Civil War
1481:Turn the other cheek
1296:University for Peace
1207:List of peace prizes
349:Gurs internment camp
34:. His commitment to
1759:Calvinist pacifists
1629:Nuclear disarmament
1612:in Russian Far East
1369:Department of Peace
1354:Counter-recruitment
1349:Conflict resolution
1339:Central Park be-ins
1327:Slogans and tactics
1306:Japanese Peace Bell
1096:Non-interventionism
1091:Modern-war pacifism
1029:Christian anarchism
529:, André Trocmé and
390:Henri-Irénée Marrou
23:, one of the first
1523:American Civil War
1415:Make love, not war
1389:Economic sanctions
1344:Civil disobedience
1177:Festival for Peace
1150:Media and cultural
1136:Testimony of peace
1056:Christian pacifism
741:Pomeyrol Community
737:Barmen Declaration
203:Seven Laws of Noah
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1624:Military taxation
1494:War tax resisters
1061:Deterrence theory
840:Anti-war movement
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170:Among the Nations
54:on 23 July 2001.
36:French Resistance
27:in France, and a
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1548:list of protests
1409:Lesson of Munich
1364:Demilitarisation
1242:Peace journalism
1036:Anti-imperialism
1019:Anarcho-pacifism
955:Peace psychology
935:Peace conference
930:Peace commission
875:Culture of Peace
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360:and detained in
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687:9782757400388
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655:9782251694238
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614:on 2018-10-05
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535:Jean Guehenno
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470:anti-Semitism
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188:The Holocaust
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146:Marc Sangnier
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1538:World War II
1394:Flower power
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1086:Isolationism
960:Peace treaty
776:
775:Guy Durand,
771:
749:RhĂ´ne valley
733:Vichy regime
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703:
694:
662:
616:. Retrieved
612:the original
539:Julien Benda
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426:Distinctions
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409:
394:
383:
379:Musée Social
375:
333:Marc Boegner
318:
138:André Philip
135:
119:
81:André Trocmé
66:
16:
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1739:2001 deaths
1734:1906 births
1685:Switzerland
1670:Netherlands
1543:Vietnam War
1533:World War I
1404:Human Be-In
1141:World peace
1106:Nonviolence
1071:Finvenkismo
1051:Appeasement
965:Peaceworker
499:Henri Manen
366:Jules Isaac
362:Montpellier
85:Henri Roser
1728:Categories
1650:Costa Rica
1436:Peace walk
1248:Peace News
1126:Satyagraha
1111:Pacificism
1101:Nonkilling
1015:Anarchism
1004:Ideologies
920:Peace camp
618:2017-01-11
561:References
527:Henri Nick
444:Yad Vashem
440:maquisards
251:Lithuanian
217:By country
208:Yad Vashem
44:Yad Vashem
29:Protestant
1638:Countries
1619:Landmines
1607:in Russia
1565:Criticism
1374:Desertion
860:Code Pink
764:491-493.
745:Beaucaire
735:, as the
495:camisards
479:sanhedrin
331:, pastor
281:Ukrainian
256:Norwegian
246:Hungarian
168:Righteous
160:War years
98:Vaumarcus
73:methodist
58:Biography
1713:Category
1570:Protests
1560:Iraq War
1463:Teach-in
1116:Pacifism
817:Anti-war
717:239-240.
549:See also
515:pacifism
271:Romanian
231:Croatian
226:Austrian
21:pacifist
1655:Germany
1286:Symbols
1232:Museums
743:, near
689:, p.168
276:Serbian
1660:Israel
1645:Canada
1384:Die-in
1334:Bed-in
1081:Hippie
1011:Ahimsa
685:
653:
491:Ganges
358:Milice
341:CIMADE
261:Polish
241:German
110:Gandhi
102:Berlin
46:as a "
32:pastor
1680:Sudan
1675:Spain
1665:Japan
1281:Songs
1266:Plays
1182:Films
1162:Books
1121:Peace
980:Unity
354:DrĂ´me
337:Bible
236:Czech
819:and
683:ISBN
651:ISBN
537:and
405:Lyon
265:list
131:Alès
1157:Art
323:by
144:or
52:Die
1730::
1517:US
1515:;
1513:UK
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263:(
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