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Jablonski diagram

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176: 232: 34: 20: 415: 358: 191:, the photon energy is converted and increases the molecule's internal energy level. Likewise, when an excited molecule releases energy, it can do so in the form of a photon. Depending on the energy of the photon, this could correspond to a change in vibrational, electronic, or rotational 23:
A Jablonski diagram showing the excitation of molecule A to its singlet excited state (A*) followed by intersystem crossing to the triplet state (A) that relaxes to the ground state by phosphorescence. It was used to describe absorption and emission of light by
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Radiative transitions involve either the absorption or emission of a photon. As mentioned above, these transitions are denoted with solid arrows with their tails at the initial energy level and their tips at the final energy level.
213:(IC), which occurs when a vibrational state of an electronically excited state can couple to a vibrational state of a lower electronic state. The molecule could then subsequently relax further through vibrational relaxation. 162:
by straight arrows. The vibrational ground states of each electronic state are indicated with thick lines, the higher vibrational states with thinner lines. The diagram is named after the Polish physicist
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Nonradiative transitions arise through several different mechanisms, all differently labeled in the diagram. Relaxation of the excited state to its lowest vibrational level is called
399: 456: 188: 392: 236: 206:. This process involves the dissipation of energy from the molecule to its surroundings, and thus it cannot occur for isolated molecules. 51: 295: 224:, intersystem crossing is much more important than in molecules that exhibit only small spin-orbit coupling. ISC can be followed by 117: 273:“Jablonski Diagram.” 2006. In IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminoloy, 3rd ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 495: 98: 449: 385: 210: 70: 55: 203: 77: 249: 500: 480: 442: 343: 164: 84: 150:, and also the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by 44: 175: 151: 66: 338: 485: 306:
Jabłoński, Aleksander "Efficiency of Anti-Stokes Fluorescence in Dyes" Nature 1933, volume 131, pp. 839-840.
490: 195:. The changes between these levels are called "transitions" and are plotted on the Jablonski diagram. 217: 155: 221: 220:(ISC); this is a transition to a state with a different spin multiplicity. In molecules with large 143: 91: 475: 365: 291: 159: 426: 369: 307: 254: 139: 225: 179:
Jablonski diagram including vibrational levels for absorbance, non-radiative decay, and
231: 469: 422: 192: 180: 131: 33: 19: 274: 147: 414: 311: 357: 174: 27: 326:, Tenth Edition (2020), pp 457-458, W.H. Freeman and Co. 290:, 8th edition (2006), page 494, Oxford University Press. 344:
Consequences of Light Absorption – The Jablonski Diagram
430: 373: 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 339:Florida State University: Jablonski diagram primer 16:Diagram of the electronic states of a molecule 450: 393: 8: 209:A second type of nonradiative transition is 457: 443: 400: 386: 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 230: 18: 275:https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.J03360 266: 158:are indicated by squiggly arrows and 7: 411: 409: 354: 352: 56:adding citations to reliable sources 429:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 372:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 138:is a diagram that illustrates the 14: 237:Förster resonance energy transfer 235:A Jablonski diagram representing 413: 356: 32: 167:who first proposed it in 1933. 43:needs additional citations for 324:Quantitative Chemical Analysis 1: 286:P., Atkins, P., de Paula, J. 517: 408: 351: 322:Harris, D. C. Lucy, C. A. 288:Atkins' Physical Chemistry 156:Nonradiative transitions 496:Molecular physics stubs 250:Franck–Condon principle 425:-related article is a 368:–related article is a 240: 204:vibrational relaxation 184: 25: 234: 178: 160:radiative transitions 22: 218:intersystem crossing 165:Aleksander JabĹ‚oĹ„ski 52:improve this article 222:spin-orbit coupling 211:internal conversion 67:"Jablonski diagram" 501:Spectroscopy stubs 241: 185: 144:vibrational levels 26: 481:Molecular physics 438: 437: 381: 380: 366:molecular physics 152:spin multiplicity 140:electronic states 136:Jablonski diagram 128: 127: 120: 102: 508: 459: 452: 445: 417: 410: 402: 395: 388: 360: 353: 327: 320: 314: 312:10.1038/131839b0 304: 298: 284: 278: 271: 255:Grotrian diagram 216:A third type is 189:absorbs a photon 187:When a molecule 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 516: 515: 511: 510: 509: 507: 506: 505: 466: 465: 464: 463: 407: 406: 349: 335: 330: 321: 317: 305: 301: 285: 281: 272: 268: 264: 246: 226:phosphorescence 173: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 514: 512: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 486:Photochemistry 483: 478: 468: 467: 462: 461: 454: 447: 439: 436: 435: 418: 405: 404: 397: 390: 382: 379: 378: 361: 347: 346: 341: 334: 333:External links 331: 329: 328: 315: 299: 279: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 252: 245: 242: 172: 169: 142:and often the 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 513: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 471: 460: 455: 453: 448: 446: 441: 440: 434: 432: 428: 424: 419: 416: 412: 403: 398: 396: 391: 389: 384: 383: 377: 375: 371: 367: 362: 359: 355: 350: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 325: 319: 316: 313: 309: 303: 300: 297: 296:0-7167-8759-8 293: 289: 283: 280: 276: 270: 267: 261: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243: 238: 233: 229: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 207: 205: 200: 196: 194: 193:energy levels 190: 182: 177: 170: 168: 166: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130:In molecular 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: â€“  68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 24:fluorescents. 21: 491:Spectroscopy 431:expanding it 423:spectroscopy 420: 374:expanding it 363: 348: 323: 318: 302: 287: 282: 269: 215: 208: 201: 197: 186: 181:fluorescence 135: 132:spectroscopy 129: 114: 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 257:(for atoms) 171:Transitions 470:Categories 262:References 78:newspapers 108:July 2023 476:Diagrams 244:See also 148:molecule 92:scholar 294:  239:(FRET) 94:  87:  80:  73:  65:  421:This 364:This 146:of a 99:JSTOR 85:books 427:stub 370:stub 292:ISBN 134:, a 71:news 308:doi 54:by 472:: 228:. 154:. 458:e 451:t 444:v 433:. 401:e 394:t 387:v 376:. 310:: 277:. 183:. 121:) 115:( 110:) 106:( 96:· 89:· 82:· 75:· 48:.

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verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"Jablonski diagram"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message
spectroscopy
electronic states
vibrational levels
molecule
spin multiplicity
Nonradiative transitions
radiative transitions
Aleksander Jabłoński

fluorescence
absorbs a photon
energy levels
vibrational relaxation
internal conversion
intersystem crossing
spin-orbit coupling
phosphorescence

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