758:, and the incorporeal, that which is not a body. According to Jahm, God is incorporeal, and that which is incorporeal and does not have a body is present everywhere and in everything, and that which corporeal and has a body is present in a single location and in its own body. According to Jahm, God, who is uncreated and necessarily exists, is the only incorporeal and immaterial cause. Furthermore, according to Jahm, composite incorporeal and immaterial things do not exist.
54:
589:
837:. In particular, he argued that this rejection would imply that evil figures could not be blamed for the actions that they performed. Therefore, the actions of Pharaoh and Haman could not really be imputed onto them. Not only this, but their moral character and actions would have to be placed alongside figures such as
772:
Jahm and the
Jahmiyya also argued that God was not a ''thing'', this was not to say that God does not exist, but instead that God cannot be logically predicated on anything else or be described by a reference to a set of attributes. The Jahmiyya believed that God was incomparable to anything, and so
731:Ḍirār ibn ʻAmr. However, despite his association with the Jahmiyya, he may have never met Jahm and even criticized him in one of his works. No writings from either authors have survived, and information about their views relies on short summaries produced by other authors, primarily their opponents.
765:, the Jahmis adhere to the belief that a person does not have free will and is forced into their actions. The Jahmiyya believed this because they thought that human free will would entail a limitation on God's power, and so must be rejected. On the question of the location of God, the Jahmis are
1164:
2807:
4726:
773:
people should avoid ascribing any properties or qualities to God since this was beyond human knowledge and such claims, in fact, constitute innovation in religious matters (
2990:
4781:
1441:
890:
theology, in order to contumely suggest that they, like Jahm, denied God's attributes. In particular, this accusation was used by early
Wahhabis against
648:
3711:
3458:
1563:
2934:
878:
of having adopted doctrines of the
Jahmiyya and instead advocated for a theology based on what he considered as returning to the views of the
4502:
2083:
1573:
1555:
2674:
4045:
769:
and say that he is everywhere and inside all things. In addition, they deny the possibility of righteous
Muslims seeing Allah in paradise.
2684:
2028:
235:
2883:
1112:
4385:
617:
81:
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1873:
1753:
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1958:
1434:
2701:
1993:
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2711:
1968:
1788:
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4014:
3495:
3167:
3013:
2963:
2404:
1848:
4647:
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3532:
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2058:
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187:
142:
63:
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2003:
1963:
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1615:
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Since the advent of
Jahmiyya, this tendency has been the subject of criticism by many prominent representatives of
638:
5013:
4969:
4881:
3316:
2729:
1953:
1858:
1833:
1683:
1427:
1320:"Accused of Anthropomorphism: Ibn Taymiyya's Miḥan as Reflected in Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's al-Kāfiya al-Shāfiya"
952:"Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya's Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World"
413:
36:
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2967:
4984:
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and his followers, positions they say originated with Jahm. The term has also been used to pejoratively label
193:
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1306:
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2856:
2814:
2669:
2284:
2073:
1978:
1808:
1763:
1629:
762:
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Jahm's understating of basic physics and ontology were predicated on his distinction between the corporeal,
230:
101:
3266:
637:(d. 128/746). The Jahmiyya particularly came to be remembered for advocating for the denial or negation of
4554:
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3578:
3073:
2734:
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2624:
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2289:
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1948:
1933:
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1768:
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820:
798:
125:
91:
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2106:
2063:
1813:
1723:
806:
269:
108:
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2689:
2236:
827:) entitled "The Theological Opinions of Jahm b. Ṣafwān and Their Effects on the Other Islamic Sects."
695:
in Sunni Islam and are not accepted across the spectrum of views in medieval Muslim theology, from the
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3253:
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2148:
1998:
1988:
1973:
1793:
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criticized the
Jahmiyya rejection of free will in his poetry, and his anti-Jahmi poetry was cited by
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849:
The label "Jahmiyya" came to be used as an insult due to its negative connotations. For example,
672:, and to be called a Jahmi became an insult or polemic, especially with respect to proponents of
86:
4797:
3400:
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2509:
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1738:
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1344:
1184:
906:, who they believed to interpret some of the attributes of God in a purely metaphorical sense.
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1843:
1319:
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1356:
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963:
790:
724:
252:
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4772:
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712:
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313:
205:
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1823:
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647:) as a product of their extreme beliefs regarding affirming God's transcendentness from
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437:
388:
348:
264:
161:
69:
1165:"The Creed Of Imam Bukhari and the Salaf Quoted in Khalq Af'al al-Ibad - Darul Tahqiq"
5007:
4831:
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568:
76:
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3198:
2231:
1624:
920:
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862:
673:
1410:
1398:"Jahm b. Ṣafwān (d. 128/745–6) and the 'Jahmiyya' and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (d. 200/815)"
633:
is a term used by
Islamic scholars to refer to the followers of the doctrines of
4841:
4563:
4531:
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4040:
4005:
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3516:
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2018:
1943:
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1884:
1838:
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1733:
1708:
1663:
1648:
1638:
1376:
Mehregan, Abbas (2017). "Tashbih (Anthropomorphism)". In Çakmak, Cenap (ed.).
850:
766:
166:
4322:
4071:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
2324:
4745:
4733:
4711:
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2409:
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2220:
2013:
2008:
1818:
1783:
1678:
1673:
903:
883:
743:
716:
513:
486:
482:
403:
393:
4736:
4576:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
2098:
968:
951:
774:
643:
4930:
4897:
4752:
4637:
4629:
4418:
3861:
3823:
3754:
3677:
3660:
3491:
3478:
3311:
3257:
3039:
2487:
2278:
2111:
1703:
739:
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538:
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398:
368:
171:
1386:
1286:
4935:
4915:
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3172:
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2208:
2140:
1530:
1335:
1134:
Muslim
Theology A study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers
692:
544:
503:
498:
478:
330:
293:
245:
240:
115:
17:
2269:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
2128:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
4940:
4920:
4801:
4765:
4555:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
3949:
3852:
3789:
3668:
3511:
3465:
2945:
2332:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
2212:
2159:
1583:
1494:
824:
727:. The second figure most commonly associated with the Jahmis was the
662:
529:
298:
259:
154:
44:
886:
also adopted the term as a derogatory reference to practitioners of
1419:
4925:
4019:
3961:
3586:
3387:
3375:
2177:
2152:
2123:
1512:
899:
879:
870:
838:
533:
323:
308:
303:
225:
220:
210:
200:
130:
120:
4568:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
738:(d. 833), at the beginning of the 9th century, Jahmites acted in
2163:
2088:
728:
720:
318:
215:
135:
3011:
2254:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
1461:
1423:
813:. For example, Ahmad ibn Hanbal composed a treatise titled the
2522:
2119:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
1311:
The
Iranian Reception of Islam: The Non-Traditionalist Strands
742:, but some of them were forced to accept the teachings of the
691:
The views of Jahm and his followers are rejected by the four
1345:"Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History"
882:(the first three generations of Muslims). In later periods,
723:
and it is possibly that he did not ever leave the region of
4619:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
2158:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
993:
991:
676:, who were called Jahmiyya on account of the accusation of
4579:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
1388:
The
Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunnī Scholasticism
1243:مكتبة نور مقالات الجهم بن صفوان وأثرها في الفرق الإسلامية
1146:
1144:
1142:
857:
were derogatorily labelled as Jahmis by their opponents.
2264:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
1050:
1048:
1046:
841:, since all of their actions have been predetermined.
2316:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
2279:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
1298:
Wahhābism: The History of a Militant Islamic Movement
1107:. "Наука, " Глав. ред. восточной лит-ры. p. 64.
4551:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
2149:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
1185:"Their Denial of the Attributes of Allah – Mahajjah"
4906:
4858:
4812:
4702:
4689:
4628:
4525:
4463:
4446:
4333:
4281:
4272:
4211:
4128:
4062:
4039:
3986:
3906:
3891:
3821:
3688:
3531:
3395:
3370:
3292:
3283:
3183:
3033:
3024:
2926:
2873:
2769:
2762:
2720:
2650:
2508:
2353:
2323:
2230:
2198:
2139:
2097:
1918:
1872:
1623:
1614:
1582:
1554:
1521:
1493:
1486:
4595:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
4543:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
2257:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
1026:Radical Islam and the Revival of Medieval Theology
4083:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
817:("Refutation of the heretics and the Jahmiyya").
2246:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
4410:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
2260:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
1307:"Al-Jāḥiẓ on Aṣḥāb al-Jahālāt and the Jahmiyya"
789:. Some of the most prominent critics included
2991:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
2341:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
1435:
1105:al-Jahmiyya // Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary
711:The eponymous figure behind the Jahmiyya was
611:
8:
1028:Cambridge University Press, 29.02.2012 p. 37
898:, sometimes singled out as being located in
4089:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
734:Another famous preacher of Jahmi views was
4699:
4460:
4278:
4110:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
4059:
3903:
3392:
3289:
3030:
3021:
3008:
2766:
1620:
1490:
1483:
1458:
1442:
1428:
1420:
1404:. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–80.
618:
604:
29:
1288:The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim
967:
3712:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
2251:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
1349:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1215:
1037:
997:
3935:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
1402:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
1227:
942:
32:
2935:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1412:Ibn Taymiyya and the Attributes of God
1268:
1203:
1136:Great Russel Street, London 1964 p. 62
1090:
1078:
1054:
1009:
982:
815:al-Radd ʿalā al-zanādiqa wa-l-jahmiyya
719:. He lived and taught in northeastern
4503:Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order
2084:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
1256:
1150:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1066:
874:) of his time. Ibn Taymiyyah accused
7:
1020:
1018:
3723:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
661:Jahm and those associated with his
680:and denial of God's attributes by
25:
4095:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
823:wrote a lengthy dissertation (in
4113:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
2335:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
2207:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
1885:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
1369:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.4.0901
1361:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.4.0901
665:appear as prominent heretics in
587:
52:
4665:United Submitters International
3944:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
3322:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
2675:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1378:Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia
950:Hoover, J. (1 September 2004).
868:(professionals in the field of
4959:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
3972:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
2685:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
2680:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2338:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
1959:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
1400:. In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.).
1:
4386:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
2712:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
1300:. Princeton University Press.
777:) and so should be rejected.
4074:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
4015:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
3996:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
3014:Islamic schools and branches
1849:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
1754:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
4006:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
2702:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
2059:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
1994:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
1343:McLaren, Andrew G. (2020).
5030:
4762:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
4202:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
3955:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
3633:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
3117:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2373:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2004:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1964:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
1789:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
1313:. Brill. pp. 196–211.
956:Journal of Islamic Studies
641:(known as the doctrine of
4953:
3346:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
3020:
3007:
2981:
2690:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
2405:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
1859:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
1834:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
1684:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
1482:
1457:
1396:Schock, Cornelia (2016).
1318:Holtzman, Livnat (2016).
861:assigned the term to the
4375:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
3250:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
2864:The Moderation in Belief
2745:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
2483:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
2054:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
1984:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
1409:Suleiman, Farid (2024).
1305:Crone, Patricia (2016).
1285:Brown, Jonathan (2007).
651:, potentially following
287:Theology of the Ismailis
253:Theology of the Twelvers
4837:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
4228:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
4146:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
3918:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
2857:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
2815:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
2670:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
2074:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
1979:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
1969:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
1809:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
1764:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
1699:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
1103:Prozorov, S.M. (1991).
639:God's divine attributes
236:Forbidding what is evil
231:Commanding what is just
4509:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
4086:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
3579:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
3074:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
2735:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
2730:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
2665:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
2625:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
2610:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
2290:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
2285:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
2044:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1954:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
1949:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
1934:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
1804:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
1769:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
1694:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
1385:Salem, Feryal (2016).
799:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
349:Theology of the Ibadis
331:Theology of the Zaydis
4778:Wallace Fard Muhammad
3730:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
3237:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
2986:Early Muslim scholars
2794:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
2064:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
1814:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
1724:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
1296:Bunzel, Cole (2023).
807:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
194:Basic Tenets of Faith
109:Five Pillars of Islam
4424:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
4219:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
3409:Theology of Twelvers
3254:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
2801:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
2600:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1999:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
1989:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
1974:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
1794:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
1759:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
1749:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
1744:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1719:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
1240:Yasir Qadhi (2005).
1218:, p. 1552–1553.
1163:admin (2021-03-08).
969:10.1093/jis/15.3.287
855:Muhammad al-Shaybani
803:Abu Hamid al-Ghazali
70:Six Articles of Iman
4658:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
4400:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
4372:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
4170:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
3832:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
3139:Other Salafi trends
2968:Musta'li Isma'ilism
2884:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
2275:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
2039:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
1689:Zakariyya al-Ansari
715:. Jahm was born in
143:Schools of theology
4957:Other scholars of
4848:Islamic modernists
4822:Modernist Salafism
4473:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
4432:Abdullah ibn Saba'
4367:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
4252:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
4240:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
4231:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
4162:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
3484:Astarabadi (Naimi)
3214:Abdullah al-Harari
3168:Muhammad bin Dawud
3101:Syed Nazeer Husain
2836:Tabsirat al-Adilla
2750:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
2585:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
2432:Syed Nazeer Husain
2355:Salafi Theologians
2107:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
2079:Muhammad Abu Zahra
1864:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
1714:Abdul Qadir Gilani
1336:10.1111/muwo.12153
1069:, p. 196–197.
894:Muslims living in
693:schools of thought
569:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
97:The Last Judgement
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4949:
4948:
4758:Muhammad Jaunpuri
4685:
4684:
4611:Sumāma ibn Ashras
4442:
4441:
4293:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
4268:
4267:
4138:Gaylān ibn Marwān
4035:
4034:
3887:
3886:
3550:Abdallah al-Aftah
3366:
3365:
3279:
3278:
3263:Necmettin Erbakan
3105:Siddiq Hasan Khan
3069:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2977:
2976:
2917:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
2911:Tashih al-I'tiqad
2822:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
2758:
2757:
2740:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
2707:Idris Imad al-Din
2660:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
2635:Ruhollah Khomeini
2615:Zurarah ibn A'yan
2590:Sharif al-Murtaza
2578:Muhammad al-Mahdi
2563:Muhammad al-Jawad
2543:Muhammad al-Baqir
2444:Siddiq Hasan Khan
2420:Rabee al-Madkhali
2069:Murtada al-Zabidi
1844:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
1610:
1609:
1040:, p. 566n27.
761:In the matter of
663:theological creed
628:
627:
16:(Redirected from
5021:
5014:Islamic branches
4700:
4461:
4279:
4255:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
4237:Awn ibn Abdullāh
4224:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
4194:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
4060:
3904:
3873:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
3842:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
3811:Khashabiyya Shia
3747:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
3705:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
3488:Imadaddin Nasimi
3393:
3290:
3161:Salafi Modernism
3064:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
3031:
3022:
3009:
2905:Awail Al Maqalat
2787:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
2767:
2697:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
2652:Isma'ili Shi'ism
2640:Wilayat al-faqih
2620:Hisham ibn Hakam
2605:Allamah Al-Hilli
1829:Muhammad Mayyara
1621:
1491:
1484:
1459:
1451:Islamic theology
1444:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1405:
1392:
1381:
1372:
1339:
1324:The Muslim World
1314:
1301:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1206:, p. 56–58.
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1153:, p. 29–30.
1148:
1137:
1132:Morris S. Seale
1130:
1119:
1118:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1001:
1000:, p. 40–41.
995:
986:
980:
974:
973:
971:
947:
880:Salaf as-Salihin
791:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
725:Greater Khorasan
620:
613:
606:
594:Islam portal
592:
591:
590:
56:
47:
41:
40:
30:
21:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4989:
4945:
4902:
4873:Ahmed Raza Khan
4854:
4808:
4798:Fethullah Gülen
4773:Nation of Islam
4694:
4691:
4681:
4624:
4601:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
4529:
4521:
4454:
4450:
4438:
4359:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
4329:
4264:
4249:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
4207:
4124:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4031:
3982:
3895:
3883:
3817:
3691:
3684:
3652:Hassan-i Sabbah
3535:
3527:
3399:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3362:
3327:Hasan al-Utrush
3275:
3241:Ahmed Raza Khan
3187:
3179:
3086:Dawud al-Zahiri
3037:
3016:
2995:
2973:
2922:
2869:
2829:Kitab al-Tawhid
2754:
2716:
2646:
2573:Hasan al-Askari
2548:Ja'far al-Sadiq
2510:Twelver Shi'ism
2504:
2476:Salafi Jihadism
2471:Osama bin Laden
2454:Safar Al-Hawali
2415:Saleh Al-Fawzan
2349:
2319:
2312:Sahib ibn Abbad
2307:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
2272:Ja'far ibn Harb
2237:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
2234:
2226:
2194:
2155:ī (Muqātilīyya)
2135:
2093:
2049:Shah Abdul Aziz
1922:
1914:
1868:
1854:Ahmad al-Dardir
1739:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
1627:
1606:
1578:
1550:
1517:
1478:
1477:
1453:
1448:
1408:
1395:
1384:
1375:
1342:
1317:
1304:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
989:
981:
977:
949:
948:
944:
939:
934:
916:Jahm bin Safwan
912:
847:
845:Derogatory term
783:
752:
736:Bishr al-Marisi
713:Jahm ibn Safwan
709:
635:Jahm bin Safwan
624:
588:
586:
584:
582:
579:
554:Sulaymani Bohra
523:
492:
463:
447:
429:
420:
419:
418:
409:Nation of Islam
363:
353:
352:
345:
335:
334:
328:
284:
250:
190:
180:
179:
178:
140:
106:
66:
43:
42:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4879:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:Muhammad Abduh
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:Rashad Khalifa
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4653:Muhammad Iqbal
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4506:
4499:Bektashi Order
4492:
4483:
4469:
4467:
4458:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4348:Abu al-Khattab
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4306:Abū Hulmān al-
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:Amr ibn Murrah
4259:
4258:Ahmad ibn Hārb
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:Salm ibn Sālem
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:Sāleh ibn Umar
4173:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:Gassān al-Kūfī
4149:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4003:
4001:Jābir ibn Zayd
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:Tawussite Shia
3866:
3865:
3864:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3724:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3671:
3658:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3572:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3481:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3405:
3403:
3390:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:Imams of Yemen
3336:
3334:Yahya ibn Umar
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3247:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2949:
2942:Kitab al-Majmu
2938:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2780:Asas al-Taqdis
2775:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2630:Ja'far Sobhani
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Husayn ibn Ali
2530:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2466:Salman al-Ouda
2463:
2462:
2461:
2459:Sahwa movement
2451:
2449:Zubair Ali Zai
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Al-Zamakhshari
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2156:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Ahmad Sirhindi
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1895:Malik ibn Anas
1892:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Al-Shahrastani
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1355:(4): 901–926.
1340:
1330:(3): 561–587.
1315:
1302:
1293:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:, p. 104.
1261:
1259:, p. 364.
1249:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1176:
1155:
1138:
1120:
1113:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1057:, p. 299.
1042:
1030:
1014:
1002:
987:
985:, p. 100.
975:
962:(3): 287–329.
941:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
911:
908:
896:eastern Arabia
846:
843:
831:Ibn al-Mubarak
782:
779:
763:predestination
751:
748:
708:
705:
626:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
597:
596:
581:
580:
578:
577:
571:
566:
564:Hebtiahs Bohra
561:
556:
551:
542:
536:
526:
524:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
495:
493:
491:
490:
475:Ja'fari school
471:
469:
464:
462:
461:
459:Shafi'i school
456:
450:
448:
446:
445:
440:
438:Hanbali school
434:
431:
422:
421:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
364:
361:Other variants
359:
358:
355:
354:
346:
341:
340:
337:
336:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
159:
158:
157:
146:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
105:
104:
102:Predestination
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
27:Islamic heresy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5026:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4908:Other beliefs
4905:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:Hilmi Tunahan
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Muhammad Asad
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:Sabbatai Zevi
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:Ali al-Aswarī
4591:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4449:
4445:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:Muʿāmmarīyya
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3879:Waqifite Shia
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:Ishaq al-Turk
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:Hamdan Qarmat
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:Safavid Islam
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3443:Sheikh Haydar
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3035:Ahl al-Hadith
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2722:Zaydi Shi'ism
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Musa al-Kazim
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Ali al-Sajjad
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Hasan ibn Ali
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2499:Post-Salafism
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Ibn Taymiyyah
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2344:Mustadrakīyya
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Amr ibn Ubayd
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:Mehregan 2017
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:5-02-016941-2
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1093:, p. 55.
1092:
1087:
1084:
1081:, p. 56.
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Holtzman 2016
1034:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:, p. 95.
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:Suleiman 2024
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
936:
931:
927:
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919:
917:
914:
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905:
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867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
811:Ibn Taymiyyah
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
778:
776:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
749:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
697:Ahl al-Hadith
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:heresiography
668:
664:
659:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
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598:
595:
585:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Dawoodi Bohra
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
528:
527:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
494:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
472:
470:
468:
467:Hanafi school
465:
460:
457:
455:
454:Maliki school
452:
451:
449:
444:
443:Zahiri school
441:
439:
436:
435:
433:
432:
430:
428:
424:
423:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
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257:
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247:
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239:
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229:
227:
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222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
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196:
195:
189:
184:
183:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:Ahl al-Hadith
148:
147:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
65:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
46:
38:
31:
19:
4891:Other orders
4796: /
4789:Nur movement
4760: /
4717:Mirza Ghulam
4648:Tolu-e-Islam
4517:Galibi Order
4515: /
4495:Balım Sultan
4490:Babai revolt
4481:Qalandariyya
4479: /
4381:Mufaḍḍaliyya
4290:Jawārībīyya
4243:Umar ibn Zar
4212:Other Murjīs
3941:Bayhasīyyah
3858:Nuqta-yi Ula
3674:Pir Sadardin
3667: /
3581: /
3577: /
3494: /
3486: /
3473: /
3453: /
3449: /
3445: /
3302:Zayd ibn Ali
3252: /
3239: /
3190:Ilm al-Kalam
3103: /
3096:Ahl-i Hadith
2964:Umm al-kitab
2962:
2951:
2940:
2933:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2862:
2855:
2850:Fihi Ma Fihi
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2518:Twelve Imams
2437:Ahl-i Hadith
2368:Ibnul Qayyim
2248:(Nazzāmīyya)
1729:Ibn al-Jawzi
1669:Al-Taftazani
1644:Al-Baqillani
1411:
1401:
1387:
1377:
1352:
1348:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1287:
1264:
1252:
1242:
1235:
1228:McLaren 2020
1223:
1211:
1199:
1188:. Retrieved
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1158:
1133:
1104:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1033:
1025:
1005:
978:
959:
955:
945:
887:
869:
866:Mutakallimun
865:
859:Ibn Taymiyya
848:
829:
819:
814:
784:
771:
760:
753:
733:
710:
707:Main figures
690:
686:Mu'tazilites
682:Ibn Taymiyya
660:
656:Neoplatonist
653:late antique
642:
630:
629:
583:
426:
425:
414:Unaffiliated
373:
347:
329:
285:
251:
192:
141:
107:
68:
4842:Rashid Rida
4690:Independent
4675:Edip Yüksel
4638:Ahle Qur'an
4589:Nazzāmīyya
4586:Ikhshīdiyya
4573:Huzaylīyya
4564:Bahshamiyya
4540:Mā’marīyya
4532:Rationalism
4477:Malamatiyya
4397:Mānsūrīyya
4343:Khaṭṭābiyya
4274:Mu'shabbiha
4234:Sābit Kutna
4167:Sawbānīyya
4151:Gassānīyya
4135:Gaylānīyya
4129:Other sects
3924:Sa'labīyyah
3921:Maymunīyyah
3898:Arbitration
3780:Khurramites
3744:Sam‘ānīyya
3517:Bābā Rexheb
3447:Shah Ismail
3267:Millî Görüş
3185:Ahl ar-Ra'y
3127:Al-Uthaymin
3048:Kullabiyya
3026:Sunni Islam
2927:Independent
2771:Sunni books
2595:Shaykh Tusi
2568:Ali al-Hadi
2558:Ali al-Rida
2495:Yasir Qadhi
2400:Al-Uthaymin
2390:Rashid Rida
2385:Al-Shawkani
2281:(Jāhizīyya)
2266:(Jubbāīyya)
2170:Jawālikīyya
2024:Ali al-Qari
1939:Al-Sarakhsi
1925:Al-Maturidi
1799:Al-Sha'rani
1779:Ibn Khaldun
1654:Al-Qushayri
1616:Theologians
1597:Metaphysics
1503:Eschatology
1470:Theologians
1380:. ABC-CLIO.
1269:Bunzel 2023
1204:Schock 2016
1091:Schock 2016
1079:Schock 2016
1055:Bunzel 2023
1024:Daniel Lav
1010:Bunzel 2023
983:Bunzel 2023
821:Yasir Qadhi
795:Ibn Qutayba
787:Sunni Islam
701:Mutazilites
574:Qutbi Bohra
559:Alavi Bohra
162:Ahl al-Ra'y
4886:Süleymancı
4794:Said Nursî
4753:Mahdavīyya
4704:Messianism
4608:Sumamīyya
4598:Hābītīyya
4486:Baba Ishak
4428:Saba'īyya
4415:Mukhāmmīsa
4406:Mughīrīyya
4393:Ghurābīyya
4355:Bāzīghiyya
4323:Bārāq Bābā
4302:Hulmānīyya
4199:Ziyādīyya
4191:Ubaydīyya
4183:Shamrīyya
4175:Sālehīyya
4159:Tūmanīyya
4143:Yūnusīyya
4104:Sauwāqīyya
4080:Hakāiqīyya
4064:Karrāmīyya
4054:Hanafiyyah
3908:Kharijites
3846:Nuktawiyya
3797:al-Muqanna
3775:Muḥammirah
3763:Abu Muslim
3759:Rezāmīyya
3734:Hārithīyya
3726:Janāhiyya
3716:Hashimiyya
3690:Kaysanites
3637:Badakhshan
3570:Qarmatians
3557:Batiniyyah
3537:Isma'ilism
3508:Demir Bābā
3503:Baktāshism
3496:Bektashism
3475:ibn Nusayr
3471:al-Khaṣībī
3455:Kul Nesîmî
3451:Pir Sultan
3356:Khalafiyya
3351:Dukayniyya
3285:Shia Islam
3227:Maturidism
3149:Madkhalism
3052:Ibn Kullab
2875:Shia books
2425:Madkhalism
2325:Najjārīyya
2215:al-Qībtī (
2189:Karramiyya
2185:Ibn Karram
2141:Mu'jassimā
2029:Al-Maydani
2019:Ali Qushji
1944:Al-Bazdawi
1920:Maturidism
1905:Al-Shafi'i
1774:Al-Baydawi
1734:Qadi Ayyad
1709:Ibn Tumart
1664:Al-Ghazali
1649:Al-Juwayni
1639:Al-Bayhaqi
1630:al-Ash'ari
1602:Philosophy
1523:Philosophy
1279:References
1257:Brown 2007
1190:2024-07-23
1170:2024-07-23
1151:Salem 2016
1067:Crone 2016
932:References
851:Abu Hanifa
835:al-Bukhari
767:pantheists
658:currents.
427:Including:
379:Mujassimah
87:Holy books
4814:Modernism
4746:Sabbatean
4734:Kabbalist
4712:Ahmadiyya
4643:Kala Kato
4616:Kā‘bīyya
4547:Bishriyya
4527:Muʿtazila
4455:al-Juhani
4448:Qadariyah
4318:Kalandars
4298:Hāshwīyya
4186:Abū Shamr
4119:Zarībīyya
4116:Wāhidīyya
4107:Sūramīyya
4101:Razīnīyya
4077:Dhīmmīyya
4046:Hasan ibn
4020:Wahbiyyah
3967:Abu Qurra
3893:Muhakkima
3837:Hurufiyya
3824:Mahdiists
3739:Riyāhīyya
3720:Hārbīyya
3661:Aga Khans
3656:Assassins
3619:Sulaymani
3583:ad-Darazi
3521:Hārābātīs
3438:Qizilbash
3431:Shaykhism
3307:Jarudiyya
3218:Al-Ahbash
3199:Ash'arism
3132:Al-Albani
3112:Wahhabism
2957:Ahmadiyya
2898:Al-Khisal
2808:Al-Irshad
2763:Key books
2410:Al-Albani
2378:Wahhabism
2232:Mu'tazila
2221:Qadariyah
2099:Mu'attila
2014:Ibn Kemal
2009:Khidr Bey
1889:Hanafiyah
1824:Al-Bahūtī
1819:Ibn Ashir
1784:Ibn Arafa
1679:Ibn Furak
1674:Al-Maziri
1625:Ash'arism
1592:Cosmology
1569:Cosmology
1564:Astronomy
1536:Education
937:Citations
921:Mu'tazila
904:Abu Dhabi
781:Criticism
744:Asharites
717:Samarkand
674:Ash'arism
514:Qizilbash
404:Ahmadiyya
399:Quraniyya
394:Qadariyya
389:Mu'tazila
343:Muhakkima
5008:Category
4931:Tawakkul
4898:Tawassul
4860:Taṣawwuf
4782:doctrine
4630:Quranism
4419:Namiriya
4048:Muḥāmmad
4041:Murji'ah
3755:Rawendis
3678:Satpanth
3599:Musta'li
3594:Fatimids
3492:Hurufism
3479:Alawites
3384:Sects in
3376:Mahdiist
3312:Batriyya
3258:Deobandi
3209:Shafi'is
3144:Jihadism
3091:Salafism
3059:Hanbalis
3040:Atharism
2953:Malfūzāt
2891:Al-Amali
2488:Hazimism
2200:Murji'ah
2124:Jahmīyya
2112:Mu'jbira
1704:Ibn Aqil
1415:. Brill.
1391:. Brill.
1291:. Brill.
926:Murji'ah
910:See also
884:Wahhabis
876:Ash'aris
740:Nehavend
678:fatalism
631:Jahmiyya
539:Satpanth
509:Bektashi
369:Jabriyya
270:Prophecy
172:Maturidi
82:Prophets
37:a series
35:Part of
4980:Shafi'i
4970:Hanbali
4936:Tewafuq
4916:Sadaqah
4877:Barelvi
4868:Ṭarīqah
4722:Qadiani
4695:beliefs
4465:Alevism
4312:Dimashq
4098:Nūnīyya
4092:Maʿīyya
4052:ibn al-
4027:Azzabas
3988:Ibadism
3976:Nukkari
3930:Azariqa
3915:Ajardi
3862:Bábīyya
3768:Sunpadh
3700:Mukhtār
3665:Nizaris
3640:Alevism
3614:Dawoodi
3604:Tayyibi
3566:Sevener
3545:Fathite
3419:Akhbari
3414:Ja'fari
3401:Twelver
3380:Shi'ite
3317:Imamate
3294:Zaydism
3245:Barelvi
3232:Hanafis
3204:Malikis
3173:Maqrizi
3122:Ibn Baz
3081:Zahiris
2843:Masnavi
2395:Ibn Baz
2209:Dimashq
1909:Shafi‘i
1839:'Illish
1574:Physics
1556:Science
863:Ash'ari
750:Beliefs
699:to the
545:Mustali
487:Shaykhi
483:Akhbari
294:Walayah
280:Qiyamah
246:Tabarra
241:Tawalla
167:Ash'ari
116:Shahada
18:Jahmite
4985:Zahiri
4975:Maliki
4965:Hanafi
4941:Thawab
4921:Sunnah
4846:Other
4802:Hizmet
4766:Zikris
4737:Dönmes
4727:Lahori
4693:Muslim
4513:Rifa`i
4453:Ma'bad
4335:Tajsīm
4283:Tamsīl
4010:Ifrani
3950:Najdat
3853:Shayki
3822:Other
3790:Mazyar
3669:Khojas
3647:Nizari
3626:Hafizi
3587:Druzes
3568:
3512:Alians
3466:Ghulat
2946:Alawis
2213:Nabati
2178:Abdals
2160:Juzjan
1899:Maliki
1584:Sufism
1508:Ethics
1495:Aqidah
1487:Fields
1466:Fields
1367:
1111:
892:Maliki
825:Arabic
775:Bid'ah
756:bodies
649:limits
644:taʿṭīl
530:Nizari
519:Ishiki
299:Tawhid
275:Imamah
265:Adalah
260:Tawhid
155:Athari
92:Angels
45:Aqidah
4926:Taqwa
4310:ī ad-
4308:Fāris
3962:Sufri
3785:Babak
3609:Alavi
3575:Hamza
3533:Imami
3424:Usuli
3397:Imami
3388:Islam
3372:Imami
3154:Sahwa
2217:Murjī
2211:ī an-
2162:ī al-
2153:Balkh
1877:Sunni
1874:Early
1546:Peace
1541:Logic
1513:Kalam
1474:Books
1365:JSTOR
900:Dubai
888:Kalam
871:Kalam
839:Moses
729:Kufan
667:Sunni
534:Khoja
504:Alevi
499:Alawi
479:Usuli
384:Murji
374:Jahmi
324:Jihad
309:Zakat
304:Salah
226:Jihad
221:Khums
211:Zakat
201:Salah
188:Shi'a
131:Zakat
121:Salah
64:Sunni
3692:Shia
2089:Rumi
1531:‘Aql
1109:ISBN
902:and
853:and
809:and
721:Iran
319:Hajj
314:Sawm
216:Hajj
206:Sawm
136:Hajj
126:Sawm
4780:'s
4008:al-
3974:al-
2966:of
2955:of
2944:of
2523:Ali
2175:Rum
2164:Kūf
2151:al-
1357:doi
1353:140
1332:doi
1328:106
964:doi
688:.
77:God
39:on
5010::
4884:–
4875:–
4800:–
4764:–
4744:–
4511:–
4497:–
4488:–
4475:–
3860:–
3844:–
3714:–
3676:–
3663:–
3654:–
3635:–
3585:–
3564:–
3519:–
3510:–
3490:–
3477:–
3457:–
3265:–
3256:–
3243:–
3216:–
2166:ī
1363:.
1351:.
1347:.
1326:.
1322:.
1309:.
1141:^
1123:^
1045:^
1017:^
990:^
960:15
958:.
954:.
805:,
801:,
797:,
793:,
746:.
703:.
485:,
481:,
4961::
4534:)
4530:(
4505:)
4501:(
4457:)
4451:(
4314:ī
4056:)
4044:(
3900:)
3896:(
3192:)
3188:(
3042:)
3038:(
2239:)
2235:(
2223:)
2219:-
2191:)
2187:(
1927:)
1923:(
1911:)
1907:(
1901:)
1897:(
1891:)
1887:(
1632:)
1628:(
1443:e
1436:t
1429:v
1371:.
1359::
1338:.
1334::
1246:.
1230:.
1193:.
1173:.
1117:.
972:.
966::
619:e
612:t
605:v
576:)
547:(
541:)
532:(
489:)
477:(
20:)
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