747:, and the incorporeal, that which is not a body. According to Jahm, God is incorporeal, and that which is incorporeal and does not have a body is present everywhere and in everything, and that which corporeal and has a body is present in a single location and in its own body. According to Jahm, God, who is uncreated and necessarily exists, is the only incorporeal and immaterial cause. Furthermore, according to Jahm, composite incorporeal and immaterial things do not exist.
43:
578:
826:. In particular, he argued that this rejection would imply that evil figures could not be blamed for the actions that they performed. Therefore, the actions of Pharaoh and Haman could not really be imputed onto them. Not only this, but their moral character and actions would have to be placed alongside figures such as
761:
Jahm and the
Jahmiyya also argued that God was not a ''thing'', this was not to say that God does not exist, but instead that God cannot be logically predicated on anything else or be described by a reference to a set of attributes. The Jahmiyya believed that God was incomparable to anything, and so
720:Ḍirār ibn ʻAmr. However, despite his association with the Jahmiyya, he may have never met Jahm and even criticized him in one of his works. No writings from either authors have survived, and information about their views relies on short summaries produced by other authors, primarily their opponents.
754:, the Jahmis adhere to the belief that a person does not have free will and is forced into their actions. The Jahmiyya believed this because they thought that human free will would entail a limitation on God's power, and so must be rejected. On the question of the location of God, the Jahmis are
1153:
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762:
people should avoid ascribing any properties or qualities to God since this was beyond human knowledge and such claims, in fact, constitute innovation in religious matters (
2979:
4770:
1430:
879:
theology, in order to contumely suggest that they, like Jahm, denied God's attributes. In particular, this accusation was used by early
Wahhabis against
637:
3700:
3447:
1552:
2923:
867:
of having adopted doctrines of the
Jahmiyya and instead advocated for a theology based on what he considered as returning to the views of the
4491:
2072:
1562:
1544:
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4034:
758:
and say that he is everywhere and inside all things. In addition, they deny the possibility of righteous
Muslims seeing Allah in paradise.
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2017:
224:
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70:
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1862:
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1947:
1423:
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1982:
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1957:
1777:
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176:
131:
52:
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Since the advent of
Jahmiyya, this tendency has been the subject of criticism by many prominent representatives of
627:
5002:
4958:
4870:
3305:
2718:
1942:
1847:
1822:
1672:
1416:
1309:"Accused of Anthropomorphism: Ibn Taymiyya's Miḥan as Reflected in Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's al-Kāfiya al-Shāfiya"
941:"Perpetual Creativity in the Perfection of God: Ibn Taymiyya's Hadith Commentary on God's Creation of this World"
402:
25:
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and his followers, positions they say originated with Jahm. The term has also been used to pejoratively label
182:
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1967:
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751:
743:
Jahm's understating of basic physics and ontology were predicated on his distinction between the corporeal,
219:
90:
3255:
626:(d. 128/746). The Jahmiyya particularly came to be remembered for advocating for the denial or negation of
4543:
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2613:
2598:
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2032:
1937:
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1386:
809:
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114:
80:
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2095:
2052:
1802:
1712:
795:
258:
97:
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2225:
816:) entitled "The Theological Opinions of Jahm b. Ṣafwān and Their Effects on the Other Islamic Sects."
684:
in Sunni Islam and are not accepted across the spectrum of views in medieval Muslim theology, from the
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3242:
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2137:
1987:
1977:
1962:
1782:
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criticized the
Jahmiyya rejection of free will in his poetry, and his anti-Jahmi poetry was cited by
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85:
42:
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1353:
838:
The label "Jahmiyya" came to be used as an insult due to its negative connotations. For example,
661:, and to be called a Jahmi became an insult or polemic, especially with respect to proponents of
75:
4786:
3389:
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2498:
2295:
1727:
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895:, who they believed to interpret some of the attributes of God in a purely metaphorical sense.
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1308:
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3149:
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2158:
1817:
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1320:
952:
779:
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241:
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3132:
3127:
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2300:
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724:
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302:
194:
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1812:
674:
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636:) as a product of their extreme beliefs regarding affirming God's transcendentness from
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58:
1154:"The Creed Of Imam Bukhari and the Salaf Quoted in Khalq Af'al al-Ibad - Darul Tahqiq"
4996:
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662:
1399:
1387:"Jahm b. Ṣafwān (d. 128/745–6) and the 'Jahmiyya' and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (d. 200/815)"
622:
is a term used by
Islamic scholars to refer to the followers of the doctrines of
4830:
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2012:
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2007:
1932:
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1722:
1697:
1652:
1637:
1627:
1365:
Mehregan, Abbas (2017). "Tashbih (Anthropomorphism)". In Çakmak, Cenap (ed.).
839:
755:
155:
4311:
4060:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
2313:
4734:
4722:
4700:
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2209:
2002:
1997:
1807:
1772:
1667:
1662:
892:
872:
732:
705:
502:
475:
471:
392:
382:
4725:
4565:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
2087:
957:
940:
763:
632:
4919:
4886:
4741:
4626:
4618:
4407:
3850:
3812:
3743:
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1692:
728:
685:
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527:
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357:
160:
1375:
1275:
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4015:
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2710:
2383:
2197:
2129:
1519:
1324:
1123:
Muslim
Theology A study of Origins with Reference to the Church Fathers
681:
533:
492:
487:
467:
319:
282:
234:
229:
104:
2258:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
2117:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
4929:
4909:
4790:
4754:
4544:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
3938:
3841:
3778:
3657:
3500:
3454:
2934:
2321:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
2201:
2148:
1572:
1483:
813:
716:. The second figure most commonly associated with the Jahmis was the
651:
518:
287:
248:
143:
33:
875:
also adopted the term as a derogatory reference to practitioners of
1408:
4914:
4008:
3950:
3575:
3376:
3364:
2166:
2141:
2112:
1501:
888:
868:
859:
827:
522:
312:
297:
292:
214:
209:
199:
189:
119:
109:
4557:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
727:(d. 833), at the beginning of the 9th century, Jahmites acted in
2152:
2077:
717:
709:
307:
204:
124:
3000:
2243:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
1450:
1412:
802:. For example, Ahmad ibn Hanbal composed a treatise titled the
2511:
2108:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
1300:
The
Iranian Reception of Islam: The Non-Traditionalist Strands
731:, but some of them were forced to accept the teachings of the
680:
The views of Jahm and his followers are rejected by the four
1334:"Ibn Ḥanbal's Refutation of the Jahmiyya: A Textual History"
871:(the first three generations of Muslims). In later periods,
712:
and it is possibly that he did not ever leave the region of
4608:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
2147:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
982:
980:
665:, who were called Jahmiyya on account of the accusation of
4568:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
1377:
The
Emergence of Early Sufi Piety and Sunnī Scholasticism
1232:مكتبة نور مقالات الجهم بن صفوان وأثرها في الفرق الإسلامية
1135:
1133:
1131:
846:
were derogatorily labelled as Jahmis by their opponents.
2253:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
1039:
1037:
1035:
830:, since all of their actions have been predetermined.
2305:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
2268:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
1287:
Wahhābism: The History of a Militant Islamic Movement
1096:. "Наука, " Глав. ред. восточной лит-ры. p. 64.
4540:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
2138:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
1174:"Their Denial of the Attributes of Allah – Mahajjah"
4895:
4847:
4801:
4691:
4678:
4617:
4514:
4452:
4435:
4322:
4270:
4261:
4200:
4117:
4051:
4028:
3975:
3895:
3880:
3810:
3677:
3520:
3384:
3359:
3281:
3272:
3172:
3022:
3013:
2915:
2862:
2758:
2751:
2709:
2639:
2497:
2342:
2312:
2219:
2187:
2128:
2086:
1907:
1861:
1612:
1603:
1571:
1543:
1510:
1482:
1475:
4584:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
4532:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
2246:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
1015:Radical Islam and the Revival of Medieval Theology
4072:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
806:("Refutation of the heretics and the Jahmiyya").
2235:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
4399:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
2249:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
1296:"Al-Jāḥiẓ on Aṣḥāb al-Jahālāt and the Jahmiyya"
778:. Some of the most prominent critics included
2980:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
2330:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
1424:
1094:al-Jahmiyya // Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary
700:The eponymous figure behind the Jahmiyya was
600:
8:
1017:Cambridge University Press, 29.02.2012 p. 37
887:, sometimes singled out as being located in
4078:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
723:Another famous preacher of Jahmi views was
4688:
4449:
4267:
4099:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
4048:
3892:
3381:
3278:
3019:
3010:
2997:
2755:
1609:
1479:
1472:
1447:
1431:
1417:
1409:
1393:. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–80.
607:
593:
18:
1277:The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim
956:
3701:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
2240:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
1338:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1204:
1026:
986:
3924:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
1391:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
1216:
931:
21:
2924:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1401:Ibn Taymiyya and the Attributes of God
1257:
1192:
1125:Great Russel Street, London 1964 p. 62
1079:
1067:
1043:
998:
971:
804:al-Radd ʿalā al-zanādiqa wa-l-jahmiyya
708:. He lived and taught in northeastern
4492:Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order
2073:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
1245:
1139:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1055:
863:) of his time. Ibn Taymiyyah accused
7:
1009:
1007:
3712:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
650:Jahm and those associated with his
669:and denial of God's attributes by
14:
4084:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
812:wrote a lengthy dissertation (in
4102:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
2324:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
2196:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
1874:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
1358:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.4.0901
1350:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.4.0901
654:appear as prominent heretics in
576:
41:
4654:United Submitters International
3933:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
3311:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
2664:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1367:Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia
939:Hoover, J. (1 September 2004).
857:(professionals in the field of
4948:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
3961:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
2674:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
2669:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2327:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
1948:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
1389:. In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.).
1:
4375:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
2701:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
1289:. Princeton University Press.
766:) and so should be rejected.
4063:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
4004:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
3985:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
3003:Islamic schools and branches
1838:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
1743:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
3995:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
2691:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
2048:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
1983:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
1332:McLaren, Andrew G. (2020).
5019:
4751:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
4191:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
3944:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
3622:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
3106:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2362:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1993:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1953:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
1778:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
1302:. Brill. pp. 196–211.
945:Journal of Islamic Studies
630:(known as the doctrine of
4942:
3335:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
3009:
2996:
2970:
2679:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
2394:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
1848:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
1823:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
1673:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
1471:
1446:
1385:Schock, Cornelia (2016).
1307:Holtzman, Livnat (2016).
850:assigned the term to the
4364:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
3239:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
2853:The Moderation in Belief
2734:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
2472:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
2043:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
1973:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
1398:Suleiman, Farid (2024).
1294:Crone, Patricia (2016).
1274:Brown, Jonathan (2007).
640:, potentially following
276:Theology of the Ismailis
242:Theology of the Twelvers
4826:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
4217:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
4135:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
3907:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
2846:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
2804:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
2659:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
2063:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
1968:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
1958:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
1798:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
1753:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
1688:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
1092:Prozorov, S.M. (1991).
628:God's divine attributes
225:Forbidding what is evil
220:Commanding what is just
4498:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
4075:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
3568:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
3063:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
2724:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
2719:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
2654:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
2614:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
2599:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
2279:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
2274:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
2033:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1943:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
1938:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
1923:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
1793:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
1758:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
1683:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
1374:Salem, Feryal (2016).
788:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
338:Theology of the Ibadis
320:Theology of the Zaydis
4767:Wallace Fard Muhammad
3719:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
3226:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
2975:Early Muslim scholars
2783:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
2053:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
1803:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
1713:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
1285:Bunzel, Cole (2023).
796:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
183:Basic Tenets of Faith
98:Five Pillars of Islam
4413:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
4208:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
3398:Theology of Twelvers
3243:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
2790:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
2589:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1988:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
1978:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
1963:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
1783:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
1748:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
1738:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
1733:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1708:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
1229:Yasir Qadhi (2005).
1207:, p. 1552–1553.
1152:admin (2021-03-08).
958:10.1093/jis/15.3.287
844:Muhammad al-Shaybani
792:Abu Hamid al-Ghazali
59:Six Articles of Iman
4647:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
4389:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
4361:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
4159:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
3821:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
3128:Other Salafi trends
2957:Musta'li Isma'ilism
2873:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
2264:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
2028:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
1678:Zakariyya al-Ansari
704:. Jahm was born in
132:Schools of theology
4946:Other scholars of
4837:Islamic modernists
4811:Modernist Salafism
4462:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
4421:Abdullah ibn Saba'
4356:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
4241:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
4229:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
4220:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
4151:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
3473:Astarabadi (Naimi)
3203:Abdullah al-Harari
3157:Muhammad bin Dawud
3090:Syed Nazeer Husain
2825:Tabsirat al-Adilla
2739:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
2574:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
2421:Syed Nazeer Husain
2344:Salafi Theologians
2096:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
2068:Muhammad Abu Zahra
1853:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
1703:Abdul Qadir Gilani
1325:10.1111/muwo.12153
1058:, p. 196–197.
883:Muslims living in
682:schools of thought
558:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
86:The Last Judgement
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4938:
4937:
4747:Muhammad Jaunpuri
4674:
4673:
4600:Sumāma ibn Ashras
4431:
4430:
4282:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
4257:
4256:
4127:Gaylān ibn Marwān
4024:
4023:
3876:
3875:
3539:Abdallah al-Aftah
3355:
3354:
3268:
3267:
3252:Necmettin Erbakan
3094:Siddiq Hasan Khan
3058:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2966:
2965:
2906:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
2900:Tashih al-I'tiqad
2811:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
2747:
2746:
2729:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
2696:Idris Imad al-Din
2649:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
2624:Ruhollah Khomeini
2604:Zurarah ibn A'yan
2579:Sharif al-Murtaza
2567:Muhammad al-Mahdi
2552:Muhammad al-Jawad
2532:Muhammad al-Baqir
2433:Siddiq Hasan Khan
2409:Rabee al-Madkhali
2058:Murtada al-Zabidi
1833:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
1599:
1598:
1029:, p. 566n27.
750:In the matter of
652:theological creed
617:
616:
5010:
5003:Islamic branches
4689:
4450:
4268:
4244:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
4226:Awn ibn Abdullāh
4213:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
4183:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
4049:
3893:
3862:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
3831:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
3800:Khashabiyya Shia
3736:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
3694:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
3477:Imadaddin Nasimi
3382:
3279:
3150:Salafi Modernism
3053:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
3020:
3011:
2998:
2894:Awail Al Maqalat
2776:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
2756:
2686:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
2641:Isma'ili Shi'ism
2629:Wilayat al-faqih
2609:Hisham ibn Hakam
2594:Allamah Al-Hilli
1818:Muhammad Mayyara
1610:
1480:
1473:
1448:
1440:Islamic theology
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1381:
1370:
1361:
1328:
1313:The Muslim World
1303:
1290:
1281:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:, p. 56–58.
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1142:, p. 29–30.
1137:
1126:
1121:Morris S. Seale
1119:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
989:, p. 40–41.
984:
975:
969:
963:
962:
960:
936:
869:Salaf as-Salihin
780:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
714:Greater Khorasan
609:
602:
595:
583:Islam portal
581:
580:
579:
45:
36:
30:
29:
19:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5007:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4978:
4934:
4891:
4862:Ahmed Raza Khan
4843:
4797:
4787:Fethullah Gülen
4762:Nation of Islam
4683:
4680:
4670:
4613:
4590:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
4518:
4510:
4443:
4439:
4427:
4348:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
4318:
4253:
4238:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
4196:
4113:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4020:
3971:
3884:
3872:
3806:
3680:
3673:
3641:Hassan-i Sabbah
3524:
3516:
3388:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3351:
3316:Hasan al-Utrush
3264:
3230:Ahmed Raza Khan
3176:
3168:
3075:Dawud al-Zahiri
3026:
3005:
2984:
2962:
2911:
2858:
2818:Kitab al-Tawhid
2743:
2705:
2635:
2562:Hasan al-Askari
2537:Ja'far al-Sadiq
2499:Twelver Shi'ism
2493:
2465:Salafi Jihadism
2460:Osama bin Laden
2443:Safar Al-Hawali
2404:Saleh Al-Fawzan
2338:
2308:
2301:Sahib ibn Abbad
2296:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
2261:Ja'far ibn Harb
2226:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
2223:
2215:
2183:
2144:ī (Muqātilīyya)
2124:
2082:
2038:Shah Abdul Aziz
1911:
1903:
1857:
1843:Ahmad al-Dardir
1728:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
1616:
1595:
1567:
1539:
1506:
1467:
1466:
1442:
1437:
1397:
1384:
1373:
1364:
1331:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
978:
970:
966:
938:
937:
933:
928:
923:
905:Jahm bin Safwan
901:
836:
834:Derogatory term
772:
741:
725:Bishr al-Marisi
702:Jahm ibn Safwan
698:
624:Jahm bin Safwan
613:
577:
575:
573:
571:
568:
543:Sulaymani Bohra
512:
481:
452:
436:
418:
409:
408:
407:
398:Nation of Islam
352:
342:
341:
334:
324:
323:
317:
273:
239:
179:
169:
168:
167:
129:
95:
55:
32:
31:
23:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5016:
5014:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4868:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4816:Muhammad Abduh
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4659:Rashad Khalifa
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4642:Muhammad Iqbal
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4526:
4524:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4495:
4488:Bektashi Order
4481:
4472:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4337:Abu al-Khattab
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4295:Abū Hulmān al-
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4250:Amr ibn Murrah
4248:
4247:Ahmad ibn Hārb
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4235:Salm ibn Sālem
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:Sāleh ibn Umar
4162:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:Gassān al-Kūfī
4138:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3992:
3990:Jābir ibn Zayd
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:Tawussite Shia
3855:
3854:
3853:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3713:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3660:
3647:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3561:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3470:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3394:
3392:
3379:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:Imams of Yemen
3325:
3323:Yahya ibn Umar
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3236:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3195:
3184:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2938:
2931:Kitab al-Majmu
2927:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2769:Asas al-Taqdis
2764:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2619:Ja'far Sobhani
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Husayn ibn Ali
2519:
2514:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2455:Salman al-Ouda
2452:
2451:
2450:
2448:Sahwa movement
2440:
2438:Zubair Ali Zai
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Al-Zamakhshari
2283:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Ahmad Sirhindi
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1884:Malik ibn Anas
1881:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Al-Shahrastani
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1382:
1371:
1362:
1344:(4): 901–926.
1329:
1319:(3): 561–587.
1304:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:, p. 104.
1250:
1248:, p. 364.
1238:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1165:
1144:
1127:
1109:
1102:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1046:, p. 299.
1031:
1019:
1003:
991:
976:
974:, p. 100.
964:
951:(3): 287–329.
930:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
900:
897:
885:eastern Arabia
835:
832:
820:Ibn al-Mubarak
771:
768:
752:predestination
740:
737:
697:
694:
615:
614:
612:
611:
604:
597:
589:
586:
585:
570:
569:
567:
566:
560:
555:
553:Hebtiahs Bohra
550:
545:
540:
531:
525:
515:
513:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
482:
480:
479:
464:Ja'fari school
460:
458:
453:
451:
450:
448:Shafi'i school
445:
439:
437:
435:
434:
429:
427:Hanbali school
423:
420:
411:
410:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
353:
350:Other variants
348:
347:
344:
343:
335:
330:
329:
326:
325:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
245:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
186:
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
148:
147:
146:
135:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
94:
93:
91:Predestination
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
38:
37:
16:Islamic heresy
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5015:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4897:Other beliefs
4894:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:Hilmi Tunahan
4869:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Muhammad Asad
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4731:Sabbatai Zevi
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:Ali al-Aswarī
4580:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4438:
4434:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:Muʿāmmarīyya
4352:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3868:Waqifite Shia
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3793:Ishaq al-Turk
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:Hamdan Qarmat
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:Safavid Islam
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:Sheikh Haydar
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3024:Ahl al-Hadith
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:Zaydi Shi'ism
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Musa al-Kazim
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Ali al-Sajjad
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Hasan ibn Ali
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2488:Post-Salafism
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Ibn Taymiyyah
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2333:Mustadrakīyya
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Amr ibn Ubayd
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:Mehregan 2017
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:5-02-016941-2
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1082:, p. 55.
1081:
1076:
1073:
1070:, p. 56.
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Holtzman 2016
1023:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:, p. 95.
1000:
995:
992:
988:
987:Suleiman 2024
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
965:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
925:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:Ibn Taymiyyah
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
767:
765:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
686:Ahl al-Hadith
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:heresiography
657:
653:
648:
646:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
590:
588:
587:
584:
574:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
538:Dawoodi Bohra
535:
532:
529:
526:
524:
520:
517:
516:
514:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
461:
459:
457:
456:Hanafi school
454:
449:
446:
444:
443:Maliki school
441:
440:
438:
433:
432:Zahiri school
430:
428:
425:
424:
422:
421:
419:
417:
413:
412:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
346:
345:
340:
339:
333:
328:
327:
322:
321:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
244:
243:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
178:
173:
172:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:Ahl al-Hadith
137:
136:
134:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
60:
54:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
35:
27:
20:
4880:Other orders
4785: /
4778:Nur movement
4749: /
4706:Mirza Ghulam
4637:Tolu-e-Islam
4506:Galibi Order
4504: /
4484:Balım Sultan
4479:Babai revolt
4470:Qalandariyya
4468: /
4370:Mufaḍḍaliyya
4279:Jawārībīyya
4232:Umar ibn Zar
4201:Other Murjīs
3930:Bayhasīyyah
3847:Nuqta-yi Ula
3663:Pir Sadardin
3656: /
3570: /
3566: /
3483: /
3475: /
3462: /
3442: /
3438: /
3434: /
3291:Zayd ibn Ali
3241: /
3228: /
3179:Ilm al-Kalam
3092: /
3085:Ahl-i Hadith
2953:Umm al-kitab
2951:
2940:
2929:
2922:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2844:
2839:Fihi Ma Fihi
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2507:Twelve Imams
2426:Ahl-i Hadith
2357:Ibnul Qayyim
2237:(Nazzāmīyya)
1718:Ibn al-Jawzi
1658:Al-Taftazani
1633:Al-Baqillani
1400:
1390:
1376:
1366:
1341:
1337:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1276:
1253:
1241:
1231:
1224:
1217:McLaren 2020
1212:
1200:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1147:
1122:
1093:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1022:
1014:
994:
967:
948:
944:
934:
876:
858:
855:Mutakallimun
854:
848:Ibn Taymiyya
837:
818:
808:
803:
773:
760:
749:
742:
722:
699:
696:Main figures
679:
675:Mu'tazilites
671:Ibn Taymiyya
649:
645:Neoplatonist
642:late antique
631:
619:
618:
572:
415:
414:
403:Unaffiliated
362:
336:
318:
274:
240:
181:
130:
96:
57:
4831:Rashid Rida
4679:Independent
4664:Edip Yüksel
4627:Ahle Qur'an
4578:Nazzāmīyya
4575:Ikhshīdiyya
4562:Huzaylīyya
4553:Bahshamiyya
4529:Mā’marīyya
4521:Rationalism
4466:Malamatiyya
4386:Mānsūrīyya
4332:Khaṭṭābiyya
4263:Mu'shabbiha
4223:Sābit Kutna
4156:Sawbānīyya
4140:Gassānīyya
4124:Gaylānīyya
4118:Other sects
3913:Sa'labīyyah
3910:Maymunīyyah
3887:Arbitration
3769:Khurramites
3733:Sam‘ānīyya
3506:Bābā Rexheb
3436:Shah Ismail
3256:Millî Görüş
3174:Ahl ar-Ra'y
3116:Al-Uthaymin
3037:Kullabiyya
3015:Sunni Islam
2916:Independent
2760:Sunni books
2584:Shaykh Tusi
2557:Ali al-Hadi
2547:Ali al-Rida
2484:Yasir Qadhi
2389:Al-Uthaymin
2379:Rashid Rida
2374:Al-Shawkani
2270:(Jāhizīyya)
2255:(Jubbāīyya)
2159:Jawālikīyya
2013:Ali al-Qari
1928:Al-Sarakhsi
1914:Al-Maturidi
1788:Al-Sha'rani
1768:Ibn Khaldun
1643:Al-Qushayri
1605:Theologians
1586:Metaphysics
1492:Eschatology
1459:Theologians
1369:. ABC-CLIO.
1258:Bunzel 2023
1193:Schock 2016
1080:Schock 2016
1068:Schock 2016
1044:Bunzel 2023
1013:Daniel Lav
999:Bunzel 2023
972:Bunzel 2023
810:Yasir Qadhi
784:Ibn Qutayba
776:Sunni Islam
690:Mutazilites
563:Qutbi Bohra
548:Alavi Bohra
151:Ahl al-Ra'y
4875:Süleymancı
4783:Said Nursî
4742:Mahdavīyya
4693:Messianism
4597:Sumamīyya
4587:Hābītīyya
4475:Baba Ishak
4417:Saba'īyya
4404:Mukhāmmīsa
4395:Mughīrīyya
4382:Ghurābīyya
4344:Bāzīghiyya
4312:Bārāq Bābā
4291:Hulmānīyya
4188:Ziyādīyya
4180:Ubaydīyya
4172:Shamrīyya
4164:Sālehīyya
4148:Tūmanīyya
4132:Yūnusīyya
4093:Sauwāqīyya
4069:Hakāiqīyya
4053:Karrāmīyya
4043:Hanafiyyah
3897:Kharijites
3835:Nuktawiyya
3786:al-Muqanna
3764:Muḥammirah
3752:Abu Muslim
3748:Rezāmīyya
3723:Hārithīyya
3715:Janāhiyya
3705:Hashimiyya
3679:Kaysanites
3626:Badakhshan
3559:Qarmatians
3546:Batiniyyah
3526:Isma'ilism
3497:Demir Bābā
3492:Baktāshism
3485:Bektashism
3464:ibn Nusayr
3460:al-Khaṣībī
3444:Kul Nesîmî
3440:Pir Sultan
3345:Khalafiyya
3340:Dukayniyya
3274:Shia Islam
3216:Maturidism
3138:Madkhalism
3041:Ibn Kullab
2864:Shia books
2414:Madkhalism
2314:Najjārīyya
2204:al-Qībtī (
2178:Karramiyya
2174:Ibn Karram
2130:Mu'jassimā
2018:Al-Maydani
2008:Ali Qushji
1933:Al-Bazdawi
1909:Maturidism
1894:Al-Shafi'i
1763:Al-Baydawi
1723:Qadi Ayyad
1698:Ibn Tumart
1653:Al-Ghazali
1638:Al-Juwayni
1628:Al-Bayhaqi
1619:al-Ash'ari
1591:Philosophy
1512:Philosophy
1268:References
1246:Brown 2007
1179:2024-07-23
1159:2024-07-23
1140:Salem 2016
1056:Crone 2016
921:References
840:Abu Hanifa
824:al-Bukhari
756:pantheists
647:currents.
416:Including:
368:Mujassimah
76:Holy books
4803:Modernism
4735:Sabbatean
4723:Kabbalist
4701:Ahmadiyya
4632:Kala Kato
4605:Kā‘bīyya
4536:Bishriyya
4516:Muʿtazila
4444:al-Juhani
4437:Qadariyah
4307:Kalandars
4287:Hāshwīyya
4175:Abū Shamr
4108:Zarībīyya
4105:Wāhidīyya
4096:Sūramīyya
4090:Razīnīyya
4066:Dhīmmīyya
4035:Hasan ibn
4009:Wahbiyyah
3956:Abu Qurra
3882:Muhakkima
3826:Hurufiyya
3813:Mahdiists
3728:Riyāhīyya
3709:Hārbīyya
3650:Aga Khans
3645:Assassins
3608:Sulaymani
3572:ad-Darazi
3510:Hārābātīs
3427:Qizilbash
3420:Shaykhism
3296:Jarudiyya
3207:Al-Ahbash
3188:Ash'arism
3121:Al-Albani
3101:Wahhabism
2946:Ahmadiyya
2887:Al-Khisal
2797:Al-Irshad
2752:Key books
2399:Al-Albani
2367:Wahhabism
2221:Mu'tazila
2210:Qadariyah
2088:Mu'attila
2003:Ibn Kemal
1998:Khidr Bey
1878:Hanafiyah
1813:Al-Bahūtī
1808:Ibn Ashir
1773:Ibn Arafa
1668:Ibn Furak
1663:Al-Maziri
1614:Ash'arism
1581:Cosmology
1558:Cosmology
1553:Astronomy
1525:Education
926:Citations
910:Mu'tazila
893:Abu Dhabi
770:Criticism
733:Asharites
706:Samarkand
663:Ash'arism
503:Qizilbash
393:Ahmadiyya
388:Quraniyya
383:Qadariyya
378:Mu'tazila
332:Muhakkima
4997:Category
4920:Tawakkul
4887:Tawassul
4849:Taṣawwuf
4771:doctrine
4619:Quranism
4408:Namiriya
4037:Muḥāmmad
4030:Murji'ah
3744:Rawendis
3667:Satpanth
3588:Musta'li
3583:Fatimids
3481:Hurufism
3468:Alawites
3373:Sects in
3365:Mahdiist
3301:Batriyya
3247:Deobandi
3198:Shafi'is
3133:Jihadism
3080:Salafism
3048:Hanbalis
3029:Atharism
2942:Malfūzāt
2880:Al-Amali
2477:Hazimism
2189:Murji'ah
2113:Jahmīyya
2101:Mu'jbira
1693:Ibn Aqil
1404:. Brill.
1380:. Brill.
1280:. Brill.
915:Murji'ah
899:See also
873:Wahhabis
865:Ash'aris
729:Nehavend
667:fatalism
620:Jahmiyya
528:Satpanth
498:Bektashi
358:Jabriyya
259:Prophecy
161:Maturidi
71:Prophets
26:a series
24:Part of
4969:Shafi'i
4959:Hanbali
4925:Tewafuq
4905:Sadaqah
4866:Barelvi
4857:Ṭarīqah
4711:Qadiani
4684:beliefs
4454:Alevism
4301:Dimashq
4087:Nūnīyya
4081:Maʿīyya
4041:ibn al-
4016:Azzabas
3977:Ibadism
3965:Nukkari
3919:Azariqa
3904:Ajardi
3851:Bábīyya
3757:Sunpadh
3689:Mukhtār
3654:Nizaris
3629:Alevism
3603:Dawoodi
3593:Tayyibi
3555:Sevener
3534:Fathite
3408:Akhbari
3403:Ja'fari
3390:Twelver
3369:Shi'ite
3306:Imamate
3283:Zaydism
3234:Barelvi
3221:Hanafis
3193:Malikis
3162:Maqrizi
3111:Ibn Baz
3070:Zahiris
2832:Masnavi
2384:Ibn Baz
2198:Dimashq
1898:Shafi‘i
1828:'Illish
1563:Physics
1545:Science
852:Ash'ari
739:Beliefs
688:to the
534:Mustali
476:Shaykhi
472:Akhbari
283:Walayah
269:Qiyamah
235:Tabarra
230:Tawalla
156:Ash'ari
105:Shahada
4974:Zahiri
4964:Maliki
4954:Hanafi
4930:Thawab
4910:Sunnah
4835:Other
4791:Hizmet
4755:Zikris
4726:Dönmes
4716:Lahori
4682:Muslim
4502:Rifa`i
4442:Ma'bad
4324:Tajsīm
4272:Tamsīl
3999:Ifrani
3939:Najdat
3842:Shayki
3811:Other
3779:Mazyar
3658:Khojas
3636:Nizari
3615:Hafizi
3576:Druzes
3557:
3501:Alians
3455:Ghulat
2935:Alawis
2202:Nabati
2167:Abdals
2149:Juzjan
1888:Maliki
1573:Sufism
1497:Ethics
1484:Aqidah
1476:Fields
1455:Fields
1356:
1100:
881:Maliki
814:Arabic
764:Bid'ah
745:bodies
638:limits
633:taʿṭīl
519:Nizari
508:Ishiki
288:Tawhid
264:Imamah
254:Adalah
249:Tawhid
144:Athari
81:Angels
34:Aqidah
4915:Taqwa
4299:ī ad-
4297:Fāris
3951:Sufri
3774:Babak
3598:Alavi
3564:Hamza
3522:Imami
3413:Usuli
3386:Imami
3377:Islam
3361:Imami
3143:Sahwa
2206:Murjī
2200:ī an-
2151:ī al-
2142:Balkh
1866:Sunni
1863:Early
1535:Peace
1530:Logic
1502:Kalam
1463:Books
1354:JSTOR
889:Dubai
877:Kalam
860:Kalam
828:Moses
718:Kufan
656:Sunni
523:Khoja
493:Alevi
488:Alawi
468:Usuli
373:Murji
363:Jahmi
313:Jihad
298:Zakat
293:Salah
215:Jihad
210:Khums
200:Zakat
190:Salah
177:Shi'a
120:Zakat
110:Salah
53:Sunni
3681:Shia
2078:Rumi
1520:‘Aql
1098:ISBN
891:and
842:and
798:and
710:Iran
308:Hajj
303:Sawm
205:Hajj
195:Sawm
125:Hajj
115:Sawm
4769:'s
3997:al-
3963:al-
2955:of
2944:of
2933:of
2512:Ali
2164:Rum
2153:Kūf
2140:al-
1346:doi
1342:140
1321:doi
1317:106
953:doi
677:.
66:God
28:on
4999::
4873:–
4864:–
4789:–
4753:–
4733:–
4500:–
4486:–
4477:–
4464:–
3849:–
3833:–
3703:–
3665:–
3652:–
3643:–
3624:–
3574:–
3553:–
3508:–
3499:–
3479:–
3466:–
3446:–
3254:–
3245:–
3232:–
3205:–
2155:ī
1352:.
1340:.
1336:.
1315:.
1311:.
1298:.
1130:^
1112:^
1034:^
1006:^
979:^
949:15
947:.
943:.
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
735:.
692:.
474:,
470:,
4950::
4523:)
4519:(
4494:)
4490:(
4446:)
4440:(
4303:ī
4045:)
4033:(
3889:)
3885:(
3181:)
3177:(
3031:)
3027:(
2228:)
2224:(
2212:)
2208:-
2180:)
2176:(
1916:)
1912:(
1900:)
1896:(
1890:)
1886:(
1880:)
1876:(
1621:)
1617:(
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
1360:.
1348::
1327:.
1323::
1235:.
1219:.
1182:.
1162:.
1106:.
961:.
955::
608:e
601:t
594:v
565:)
536:(
530:)
521:(
478:)
466:(
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