607:
3,000 Tibetans armed with antique matchlock muskets defending the Guru (or Gura) Pass on the road to
Gyantse, about 15,000 feet (4,600 m) above sea level. Macdonald insisted that the Tibetans surrender their arms, a brawl broke out, the British opened fire and the Tibetans were forced to retreat leaving 600–700 dead. The British-led troops had superior discipline and greatly superior weapons including machine guns. The engagement was completely one-sided and the British themselves expressed disgust with the slaughter of their helpless opponents. About 200 Tibetan wounded were carried to makeshift hospitals. Many had been shot in the back.
518:
347:, his second in command, recommended construction of a three-foot six-inch gauge railway. They suggested that Kikuyuland would be a suitable place for whites to live, and their civilizing effect would drive out slavery, but the railway was needed to give access to the new colony. The IBEA Co did not have enough money to undertake construction before handing over the protectorate to the British government in 1895. Construction of the line began in 1895 under the direction of George Whitehouse, a young English engineer.
622:. One of the officers in the expedition thought that Macdonald was much more timid than his reputation had led him to expect, perhaps due to illness. Younghusband was so exasperated by Macdonald's cautious approach that he twice threatened to resign. However, caution may have been justified by the extremely challenging terrain and climate, with logistical problems increasing exponentially as the supply chain lengthened. According to one account, 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg) of supplies were needed daily.
537:. In this war, the British required over 450,000 men to subdue settlers of Dutch origin who were seeking to preserve their independence. The Boer forces never numbered more than 60,000. The war introduced innovations such as the field telephone, searchlights and barbed wire. Creeping artillery barrages supported infantry advances against entrenched opponents armed with rifles and machine guns, a technique later developed to the extreme during the
135:
58:
115:
591:. Originally peaceful, the project was transformed into an armed invasion when the Tibetans refused to accept the mission. In October 1903 the strength of the mission's escort was brought up to a brigade with about 2,500 British and Indian troops under Macdonald, who had been temporarily promoted from Colonel to Brigadier-General. He was instructed to avoid aggression and act in a strictly defensive role as the mission advanced into Tibet to
351:
332:, roughly following the existing caravan route. The Survey began in December 1891, and took more than a year. Macdonald encountered many difficulties in his survey of 27,000 miles of possible route for the railway including sickness, attacks by ants, bees, lions and elephants, formidable physical obstacles and hostile Africans. All these took their toll on his carriers and other followers.
626:
304:
on special duty as a balloon photographer. He served in the Hazara campaign of 1888, and also working in the Indian railway organization. Macdonald had spent seven years in service in India and was in Bombay in 1891 ready to embark for
England on leave when he was offered the job of Chief Engineer of
633:
In
Macdonald's absence, Younghusband authorized more aggressive action. He achieved some tactical successes, but the situation remained confused. On the grounds of having exceeded his authority, Younghusband was made subordinate to Macdonald, returning to New Chumbi to report to Macdonald on 10 June
606:
on 11 December 1903, and occupied Phari at the northern end of the 60-mile long Chumbi Valley on 22 December. They reached Tuna in mid-January and remained there until the end of March hoping to negotiate with the
Tibetans. On 31 March the force advanced, soon coming in contact with a force of about
382:
In 1897 Macdonald was in London when he was appointed leader of another expedition to Uganda, ostensibly to review the northern boundaries. Although Uganda had been declared a
British Protectorate the British were concerned that France or Italy would claim some of the unoccupied territory. General
458:
to sign up with the
British in 1891, but over the years they had accumulated many grievances. Macdonald spent the next seven months trying to suppress their mutiny, finally handing over responsibility for this task in May 1898 to troops that had been dispatched from India.After the mutiny was put
834:
Parish: New Machar; ED: 4; Page: 5; Line: 3; Roll: CSSCT1871_41. Source
Information: Ancestry.com. 1871 Scotland Census . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2007. Original data: Scotland. 1871 Scotland Census. Reels 1-191. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh,
1800:
548:
in China. He was then appointed
Director of Railways for the China expeditionary force. The fighting in China was the result of growing assertiveness by European powers in China over trade, religion and control of territory during the dying days of the Manchu
638:
by 24 June 1904. On 6 July a breach was made in the fortress walls and troops stormed in, forcing the
Tibetans to abandon the position. Macdonald had succeeded in his mission of clearing the road, and handed over command to Younghusband for the advance to
410:
The expedition's officers reached
Mombasa in July 1897. After moving inland to a base camp at Ngara Nyuki, in September the force was divided into three columns. Captain Herbert H. Austin would lead 300 men north to uncover the source of the
1804:
2075:
489:
Both of Macdonald's columns managed to return to Mombasa by December 1898, having completed their revised tasks, and the force was disbanded early in 1899. This was one of the last incidents in the
2140:
2070:
2015:
India and Tibet; a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904
463:, Macdonald recommended retaining a force of Indians in the country on the basis that the Sudanese troops could be useful, but only if there was an independent body of sepoys.
2055:
1447:
Carrington, Michael. Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet, Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003), PP 81–109.
2145:
460:
212:
208:
557:. The European colonial powers cooperated in military action to suppress the uprising and imposed harsh indemnities and conditions. From China, Macdonald was posted to
614:
to check communications and arrangements for supply, earning the nickname "Retiring Mac". There may have been tensions between MacDonald as military leader, backed by
1996:
619:
466:
By the end of May 1898, Macdonald decided he did not have enough people or supplies to reach his original objective of Fashoda. Instead, his column would aim for
370:. He accordingly withdrew all the Sudanese troops from the west of the country. In 1894 he was chief Staff Officer of an expedition to the neighboring kingdom of
2060:
2135:
533:, where he was responsible for introducing most of the new sections of balloon observers, which made a significant contribution to British progress in the
2150:
312:". He accepted, and continued to England to find out what would be involved. In November 1891 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
1982:
With Macdonald in Uganda: a narrative account of the Uganda mutiny and Macdonald expedition in the Uganda Protectorate and the territories to the north
2130:
2050:
1801:"WITH MACDONALD IN UGANDA A Narrative Account of the Uganda Mutiny and Macdonald Expedition in the Uganda Protectorate and Territories to the North"
224:
2125:
2040:
423:, arriving there before the French. A third column would supply the first two. However these plans were thrown into disarray when the escort of
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The advance continued, reaching the original destination of Gyantse on 12 April 1904. Macdonald then took half the force back 150 miles to
321:
482:
state of South Sudan, where he was given a friendly reception by the Lotuko chief Lomoro Xujang. Macdonald saw a resemblance between the
362:
living to the north of the lake. In May 1893 Macdonald was appointed Acting British Commissioner of the Uganda Protectorate by General
655:
Macdonald was the general officer commanding in Mauritius from 1900 until he retired from active service in 1912. On 22 July 1908 the
216:
2155:
2110:
2080:
407:, south of Khartoum on the Nile, and would get there well before Kitchener. Macdonald's instructions were to reach Fashoda first.
544:
Macdonald left in August 1900 to take up the command of the fourth Balloon section with the British imperial troops fighting the
290:
2095:
2065:
583:
in the lands bordering India. As a demonstration of strength, the British determined to send a diplomatic and trade mission to
718:
158:
273:
in the Madras Presidency, India, the son of Surgeon-Major James Macdonald (1828–1906) of Aberdeen and Margaret Helen Leslie
2100:
2090:
1911:
Expedition from Uganda to Abyssinia (1898): the diary of Lieutenant R.G.T. Bright with annotations and introductory text
529:
in 1891, and gave an account of his African Expedition to the society at a meeting in June 1899. He was next posted to
2115:
2105:
788:
674:
258:
180:
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914:
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As a lieutenant, on 15 May 1885 Macdonald was appointed to the corps of Bengal Sappers and Miners, Torpedo service,
2085:
526:
517:
44:
40:
2120:
1703:
354:
British East Africa 1895–1896. The Nile runs northwest from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert, then north into Sudan
336:
553:, aggravated by poverty due to harvest failures. A widespread popular uprising led to a siege of Europeans in
450:
whom Kitchener was now preparing to attack, and retreated south to Lake Albert. Emin was "rescued" in 1888 by
493:, in which almost the entire continent was brought under European rule. He was appointed a Companion of the
282:
470:, further south on the Nile, while Austin's column would pursue its original objective of exploring around
656:
396:
286:
192:
2014:
2004:
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While conducting the survey, Macdonald had been favorably impressed by the intelligent and sophisticated
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363:
57:
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and the Lotuko, and for this reason later recommended incorporation of the Lotuko lands into Uganda.
451:
344:
350:
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conferred an honorary decree in the Faculty of Law on Macdonald. Macdonald died on 27 June 1927 in
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808:"James Ronald Leslie Macdonald, 8 Feb 1862; citing reference v 43 p 18, FHL microfilm 521852"
1587:
1421:
768:
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686:
455:
419:. The second column, under Macdonald, would go northwest to the Nile and then downstream to
1160:
778:
773:
545:
538:
534:
309:
294:
254:
250:
176:
172:
17:
1869:
A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800–1915
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229:(8 February 1862 – 27 June 1927) was a British engineer, explorer, military officer and
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was the best path for the line, followed by the easiest gradient to be found over the
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635:
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483:
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424:
329:
306:
278:
238:
200:
78:
1932:
Kings of disaster: dualism, centralism, and the scapegoat king in southeastern Sudan
501:
list on 1 January 1900 (the order was gazetted on 16 January 1900), and invested by
569:
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530:
416:
140:
1980:
1409:
1537:
1389:
807:
707:
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471:
467:
270:
242:
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168:
94:
625:
1783:
647:(Knight Commander of the Indian Empire) decoration for his services in Tibet.
634:
1904. The reinforced escort advanced again, reaching the powerful fortress of
618:, and the younger and more junior Younghusband as political leader, backed by
611:
439:
412:
277:
Collie (1841-1876); his younger sister was the Egyptologist and archaeologist
187:
70:
1890:
The Victorians at war, 1815–1914: an encyclopedia of British military history
1764:
Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia
1425:
558:
435:
679:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
644:
454:. With nowhere else to go, the Nubians had accepted the offer of Captain
388:
301:
1599:
749:
698:
592:
554:
420:
404:
400:
371:
367:
325:
98:
1578:
Gregory, J. W. (November 1927). "Major-General Sir J.R.L. Macdonald".
934:
932:
1953:
Lhasa and Its Mysteries: With a Record of the Expedition of 1903–1904
1497:
Vertical margins: mountaineering and the landscapes of neoimperialism
1454:
The waters of the Nile: hydropolitics and the Joglei Canal, 1900–1988
1048:
1046:
603:
237:, he was a balloon observer as a young man, surveyed for railways in
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690:
873:
871:
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863:
640:
624:
584:
568:
516:
447:
428:
1842:"Africa: Surveying and fighting in that country in recent years"
1743:
Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920
1702:
Macdonald, James Ronald Leslie; Pringle, John Wallace (1892).
850:
848:
846:
844:
335:
The survey's findings confirmed that the caravan route to the
2076:
British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet
599:. 10,000 unskilled laborers were attached to the expedition.
579:
In 1903 the British were suspicious of the intentions of the
459:
down under the leadership of the Protectorate consul-general
374:, now in northern Uganda. Later he was posted back to India.
27:
British engineer, explorer, military officer and cartographer
1719:
Maina, Ephalina; Oboka, Wycliffe; Makong'o, Julius (2004).
915:"Second Meeting, 23rd November, 1891. Election of Fellows"
709:
Soldiering and surveying in British East Africa, 1891–1894
366:
with directions to stay away from the internal affairs of
1268:
1266:
474:. On the route to Lado Macdonald's column passed through
1359:
1193:
1191:
1063:
1061:
324:(IBEA Co) commission was to survey a railway route from
2003:
William John Ottley (Brevet-Major 34th Sikh Pioneers):
1307:
1305:
521:
British artillery during Boer War – 4.7 inch field guns
1092:
1090:
1088:
1052:
1033:
1031:
938:
328:
on the Indian Ocean to Port Florence on the shores of
877:
1149:. No. 36027. London. 1 January 1900. p. 9.
434:
The Nubian troops had been the Egyptian garrison of
395:
on 2 September 1898. However, a French column under
2141:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
2071:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
1371:
186:
164:
154:
146:
126:
108:
84:
64:
34:
1761:Meyer, Karl Ernest; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2006).
1494:
1475:The birth of military aviation: Britain, 1903–1914
1184:. No. 36079. London. 2 March 1900. p. 6.
305:"the proposed railway survey from Mombasa to the
2010:. Publisher: Smith, Elder & Co. London, 1906
854:
442:. In 1885 they were threatened by the forces of
1221:
1209:
438:in the south of Sudan under the leadership of
919:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society
889:
561:as general officer commanding later in 1900.
8:
1995:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1335:
962:
2056:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School
1985:. Edward Arnold, London. pp. xiv+314.
1610:Imperial warriors: Britain and the Gurkhas
1586:(5). Royal Geographical Society: 509–511.
56:
31:
2146:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
901:
712:. Dawsons of Pall Mall. pp. xvi+333.
343:and down to Lake Victoria. Macdonald and
269:Macdonald was born on 8 February 1862 in
1979:Austin, Herbert Henry 1868–1937 (1903).
1272:
974:
950:
349:
249:, commanded balloon sections during the
1823:Red strangers: the white tribe of Kenya
1560:The rulers of British Africa, 1870–1914
1557:Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1978).
1347:
1296:
1257:
1245:
1132:
1108:
1067:
799:
706:Macdonald, James Ronald Leslie (1897).
663:, Hampshire, England at the age of 65.
1988:
1820:Nicholls, Christine Stephanie (2005).
1673:The India office and Burma office list
1652:A biographical dictionary of the Sudan
1197:
1022:
1323:
1311:
1284:
1233:
1096:
1079:
1037:
1010:
986:
812:India, Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947
719:"Journeys to the North of Uganda. I."
525:Macdonald had become a fellow of the
7:
2061:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
1120:
431:deserted and fled to Lake Victoria.
322:Imperial British East Africa Company
2136:Companions of the Order of the Bath
2017:. Publisher: J. Murray London, 1910
1784:"Uganda: Bicycle Tour Travel Guide"
1522:"Sir James Ronald Leslie Macdonald"
1501:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p.
1746:. University of California Press.
387:was advancing up the Nile towards
25:
2151:People from the Madras Presidency
2013:Sir Francis Edward Younghusband:
998:
204:Sir James Ronald Leslie Macdonald
2131:British people in colonial India
2051:Military personnel from Aberdeen
1536:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2003).
939:Maina, Oboka & Makong'o 2004
399:was striking across Africa from
391:, which he would capture at the
133:
113:
1704:"Uganda Railway Survey Diaries"
1169:. 16 January 1900. p. 285.
717:MacDonald, James R. L. (1899).
415:, thought to be connected with
2126:Deputy lieutenants of Aberdeen
2041:19th-century British explorers
675:"East central African customs"
1:
2007:ith mounted infantry in Tibet
1950:Waddell, Laurence A. (2007).
1722:History and Government Form 2
1684:The kingdom of Toro in Uganda
1649:Hill, Richard Leslie (1967).
2046:19th-century Scottish people
1799:Naval & Military Press.
1786:. International Bicycle Fund
1478:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1457:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
1420:(2483): 294. 1 August 1908.
1360:British Medical Journal 1908
855:Macdonald & Pringle 1892
1908:Sharf, Frederic A. (2005).
1872:. East African Publishers.
1740:Metcalf, Thomas R. (2008).
1725:. East African Publishers.
1451:Collins, Robert O. (1996).
789:British Expedition to Tibet
478:country in what is now the
259:British expedition to Tibet
2172:
1631:The making of modern Tibet
1053:Naval & Military Press
527:Royal Geographical Society
18:James Macdonald (engineer)
1887:Raugh, Harold E. (2004).
1628:Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996).
1520:Encyclopædia Britannica.
1493:Ellis, Reuben J. (2001).
878:Geographical Journal 1927
673:Macdonald, James (1893).
55:
2156:Writers from Rajahmundry
2111:Royal Engineers officers
2081:Scottish civil engineers
1687:. Taylor & Francis.
1681:Ingham, Kenneth (1975).
1426:10.1136/bmj.2.2483.294-a
722:The Geographical Journal
293:and was gazetted to the
289:. He passed through the
1929:Simonse, Simon (1992).
1414:British Medical Journal
1372:Encyclopædia Britannica
1336:Meyer & Brysac 2006
963:Gann & Duignan 1978
629:The Gyantse Dzong today
283:Aberdeen Grammar School
2096:Scottish cartographers
2066:19th century in Uganda
1539:The Boer War 1899–1902
657:University of Aberdeen
630:
602:The British army left
576:
522:
446:, the self-proclaimed
397:Jean-Baptiste Marchand
355:
291:Royal Military Academy
287:University of Aberdeen
193:University of Aberdeen
1914:. Tsehai Publishers.
1670:India Office (1888).
1542:. Osprey Publishing.
1472:Driver, Hugh (1997).
1394:. Osprey Publishing.
628:
572:
520:
499:1900 New Year Honours
364:Gerald Herbert Portal
353:
281:. He was educated at
147:Years of service
2101:Scottish geographers
1866:Okoth, Assa (2006).
1807:on 26 September 2011
1607:Gould, Tony (1999).
1580:Geographical Journal
1388:Bodin, Lynn (1979).
1145:"New Year Honours".
589:Francis Younghusband
574:Francis Younghusband
452:Henry Morton Stanley
345:John Wallace Pringle
2091:British balloonists
1391:The Boxer Rebellion
1222:Fremont-Barnes 2003
1210:Fremont-Barnes 2003
764:Scramble for Africa
734:1899GeogJ..14..129M
491:Scramble for Africa
103:United Kingdom
36:Sir James Macdonald
2116:Scottish surveyors
2106:Scottish explorers
1850:The New York Times
1826:. Timewell Press.
1180:"Court Circular".
1166:The London Gazette
631:
577:
523:
393:Battle of Omdurman
356:
181:Tibetan expedition
2086:Scottish aviators
1963:978-1-60206-724-0
1942:978-90-04-09560-1
1921:978-1-59907-007-0
1900:978-1-57607-925-6
1879:978-9966-25-357-6
1833:978-1-85725-206-4
1774:978-0-465-04576-1
1753:978-0-520-25805-1
1732:978-9966-25-333-0
1694:978-0-416-80210-8
1662:978-0-7146-1037-5
1641:978-1-56324-714-9
1620:978-1-86207-365-4
1570:978-0-85664-771-0
1549:978-1-84176-396-5
1512:978-0-299-17004-2
1485:978-0-86193-234-4
1464:978-1-55876-099-8
1401:978-0-85045-335-5
1350:, pp. 265ff.
1299:, pp. 154ff.
1260:, pp. 58–59.
1248:, pp. 55–56.
953:, pp. 17–18.
890:India Office 1888
616:Herbert Kitchener
595:and occupied the
509:on 1 March 1900.
495:Order of the Bath
480:Eastern Equatoria
385:Herbert Kitchener
337:Great Rift Valley
247:upper Nile region
235:Madras Presidency
228:
198:
197:
75:Madras Presidency
16:(Redirected from
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2121:Scottish knights
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1803:. Archived from
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643:. He received a
565:Tibet expedition
461:George Wilson CB
456:Frederick Lugard
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1853:. 24 April 1897
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1767:. Basic Books.
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1634:. M.E. Sharpe.
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1450:
1438:
1436:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:, pp. 298.
1334:
1330:
1326:, pp. 169.
1322:
1318:
1314:, pp. 322.
1310:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:, pp. 321.
1283:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:, pp. 1ff.
1232:
1228:
1224:, pp. 8–9.
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:, pp. 177.
1196:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:, pp. 216.
1119:
1115:
1111:, pp. 212.
1107:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:, pp. 188.
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
965:, pp. 326.
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
930:
913:
912:
908:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
861:
853:
842:
832:
831:
827:
817:
815:
806:
805:
801:
797:
779:Boxer Rebellion
774:Second Boer War
760:
742:10.2307/1774333
716:
705:
691:10.2307/2842114
672:
669:
653:
567:
546:Boxer Rebellion
539:First World War
535:Second Boer War
515:
380:
378:Nile expedition
318:
295:Royal Engineers
267:
255:Boxer Rebellion
251:Second Boer War
245:, explored the
207:
179:
177:Boxer Rebellion
175:
173:Second Boer War
171:
134:
132:
114:
112:
93:
89:
69:
68:8 February 1862
51:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2001:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1863:
1838:
1832:
1817:
1796:
1782:Mozer, David.
1779:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1699:
1693:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1575:
1569:
1554:
1548:
1533:
1517:
1511:
1490:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1448:
1445:
1406:
1400:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1275:, pp. 56.
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1152:
1137:
1135:, pp. 83.
1125:
1113:
1101:
1099:, pp. 17.
1084:
1082:, pp. 16.
1072:
1070:, pp. 59.
1057:
1042:
1040:, pp. 13.
1027:
1025:, pp. 77.
1015:
1003:
991:
989:, pp. 69.
979:
977:, pp. 18.
967:
955:
943:
941:, pp. 78.
928:
906:
894:
882:
859:
840:
825:
814:. Familysearch
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
786:
784:The Great Game
781:
776:
771:
766:
759:
756:
755:
754:
728:(2): 129–148.
714:
703:
668:
665:
652:
649:
587:under Colonel
581:Russian Empire
566:
563:
514:
511:
507:Windsor Castle
503:Queen Victoria
444:Muhammad Ahmad
379:
376:
360:Baganda people
341:Mau Escarpment
317:
316:Uganda railway
314:
266:
263:
261:in 1903–1904.
233:. Born in the
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
130:
124:
123:
110:
106:
105:
92:(aged 65)
86:
82:
81:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
39:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2168:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:. Routledge.
1654:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:. Routledge.
1562:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:Grunfeld 1996
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:, pp. 7.
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
975:Nicholls 2005
971:
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
951:Nicholls 2005
947:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
916:
910:
907:
903:
902:NY Times 1897
898:
895:
891:
886:
883:
879:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
836:
829:
826:
813:
809:
803:
800:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
715:
711:
710:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
670:
666:
664:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
637:
636:Gyantse Dzong
627:
623:
621:
620:George Curzon
617:
613:
608:
605:
600:
598:
597:Chumbi valley
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
571:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
519:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:Maasai people
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
330:Lake Victoria
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
308:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Nora Griffith
276:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:British India
236:
232:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
201:Major General
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
159:Major general
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
131:
125:
122:
121:Great Britain
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
87:
83:
80:
79:British India
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
33:
30:
19:
2006:
1981:
1952:
1931:
1910:
1893:. ABC-CLIO.
1889:
1868:
1855:. Retrieved
1848:
1822:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1788:. Retrieved
1763:
1742:
1721:
1708:. Retrieved
1683:
1672:
1651:
1630:
1609:
1583:
1579:
1559:
1538:
1525:. Retrieved
1496:
1474:
1453:
1437:. Retrieved
1417:
1413:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1348:Waddell 2007
1343:
1331:
1319:
1297:Waddell 2007
1292:
1280:
1258:Waddell 2007
1253:
1246:Waddell 2007
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1181:
1175:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1133:Simonse 1992
1128:
1116:
1109:Metcalf 2008
1104:
1075:
1068:Collins 1996
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
925:: 731. 1891.
922:
918:
909:
897:
885:
833:
828:
816:. Retrieved
811:
802:
725:
721:
708:
682:
678:
667:Bibliography
654:
632:
609:
601:
578:
551:Qing Dynasty
543:
531:South Africa
524:
497:(CB) in the
488:
465:
433:
427:troops from
417:Lake Rudolph
409:
381:
357:
334:
319:
299:
274:
268:
265:Early career
257:and led the
231:cartographer
203:
199:
165:Battles/wars
141:British Army
90:(1927-06-27)
88:27 June 1927
29:
2036:1927 deaths
2031:1862 births
1198:Driver 1997
1161:"No. 27154"
1023:Ingham 1975
661:Bournemouth
472:Lake Rudolf
271:Rajahmundry
243:East Africa
169:Mahdist War
95:Bournemouth
2025:Categories
1956:. Cosimo.
1410:"Aberdeen"
1324:Gould 1999
1312:Raugh 2004
1285:Raugh 2004
1234:Bodin 1979
1097:Sharf 2005
1080:Sharf 2005
1038:Sharf 2005
1011:Okoth 2006
987:Ellis 2001
818:27 January
795:References
685:: 99–122.
651:Later life
612:New Chumbi
440:Emin Pasha
413:Juba River
188:Alma mater
109:Allegiance
71:Rajamundry
1991:cite book
1935:. BRILL.
1434:220216594
1182:The Times
1147:The Times
1121:Hill 1967
559:Mauritius
513:Interlude
436:Equatoria
297:in 1882.
150:1882–1912
835:Scotland
758:See also
645:K.C.I.E.
389:Khartoum
307:Victoria
302:Calcutta
285:and the
127:Service/
1710:11 July
1706:. Janus
1600:1783519
1381:Sources
750:1774333
730:Bibcode
699:2842114
593:Gyantse
555:Beijing
421:Fashoda
405:Fashoda
401:Senegal
372:Bunyoro
368:Buganda
326:Mombasa
99:England
1960:
1939:
1918:
1897:
1876:
1857:8 July
1830:
1811:8 July
1790:8 July
1771:
1750:
1729:
1691:
1659:
1638:
1617:
1598:
1567:
1546:
1527:8 July
1509:
1482:
1461:
1439:8 July
1432:
1398:
748:
697:
604:Sikkim
476:Lotuko
425:Nubian
310:Nyanza
138:
129:branch
118:
1845:(PDF)
1596:JSTOR
1430:S2CID
999:Mozer
746:JSTOR
695:JSTOR
641:Lhasa
585:Tibet
448:Mahdi
429:Sudan
223:
219:
215:
211:
1997:link
1958:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1859:2011
1828:ISBN
1813:2011
1792:2011
1769:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1712:2011
1689:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1529:2011
1507:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1441:2011
1396:ISBN
820:2013
468:Lado
320:The
253:and
241:and
225:FRGS
213:KCIE
209:KCSI
155:Rank
85:Died
65:Born
45:KCIE
41:KCSI
1588:doi
1422:doi
738:doi
687:doi
505:at
403:to
275:née
2027::
1993:}}
1989:{{
1847:.
1594:.
1584:70
1582:.
1505:.
1503:69
1428:.
1416:.
1412:.
1304:^
1265:^
1190:^
1163:.
1087:^
1060:^
1045:^
1030:^
931:^
923:13
921:.
917:.
862:^
843:^
810:.
744:.
736:.
726:14
724:.
693:.
683:22
681:.
677:.
541:.
221:DL
217:CB
101:,
97:,
77:,
73:,
49:CB
47:,
43:,
2005:W
1999:)
1966:.
1945:.
1924:.
1903:.
1882:.
1861:.
1836:.
1815:.
1794:.
1777:.
1756:.
1735:.
1714:.
1697:.
1676:.
1665:.
1644:.
1623:.
1602:.
1590::
1573:.
1552:.
1531:.
1515:.
1488:.
1467:.
1443:.
1424::
1418:2
1404:.
1374:.
1362:.
1055:.
1001:.
904:.
892:.
880:.
857:.
837:.
822:.
752:.
740::
732::
701:.
689::
20:)
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