154:
20:
31:
178:. The process for acquiring land in the early years was informal. In some cases, the company simply occupied the land and their title was later recognized by the government. Sometimes they paid the local chiefs for the land. In other cases, the government declared an area to be crown land, and sold it to the company. Eventually, through various mergers, Jantzen & Thormählen created the largest plantation area in
199:
107:
269:. Canoe transport was more efficient than steam vessels. The Bells had well-established contacts along the river and were backed by British traders who were excluded from the river by the Jantzen & Thormählen monopoly. In 1892, Jantzen & Thormählen closed the factory, partly for financial reasons and partly because von Soden's successor
97:
The shift toward favoring permanent colonies was driven by two factors: a fall in the prices of
African products created a demand to bypass the local African traders and establish direct routes to the interior; and once firms such as Jantzen & Thormählen had established bases and plantations they
189:
Johannes Thormälen considered that it was inconceivable that
Cameroon could ever be developed through the work of the natives, thinking they were incapable of the organization required and too lazy. He believed that they had to be forced to work the large plantations by more civilized people. The
161:
Jantzen & Thormählen entered the plantation business in 1885, but development was slow, with more interest being shown in railways by investors. At first, the firm had to depend on imported labor for their tobacco and cocoa operations. By 1898, Jantzen & Thormählen had their headquarters in
93:
The traders were mainly interested in selling goods including guns and liquor in return for palm products, and had no interest in permanent colonization. In fact, they preferred to operate informally and without interference from German civil servants, and opposed annexation. Many felt that
African
73:
Until the later part of the 19th century, most German trade with Africa passed through
Hamburg. The Carl and Adolf Woermann Firm, established in 1837 by the Hamburg merchant Carl Woermann, entered the West African market in 1849 and came to dominate the trade of the region. Jantzen and Thormahlen
136:
and King Akwa signed a treaty in which they assigned sovereign rights, legislation and administration of their country in full to the firms of Carl
Woermann and Jantzen & Thormählen, represented by the merchants Edward Schmidt and Johann Voss. The treaty included conditions that existing
144:
over the territory of the
Cameroons. The legal grounds were that the German Emperor automatically assumed any sovereign powers that were assigned to his subjects, but later the Duala leaders were to make many complaints about violations of the treaty intent by the colonial administration.
288:. Although this failed, the firm was one of eleven merchant firms that purchased land at Yabassi between 1898 and 1900. The move was probably due to growing competition among Douala traders, who could not afford to be cut off from efficient access to the sources of goods in the interior.
137:
contracts and property rights be maintained, existing customs respected and the German administration continue to make "comey", or trading tax, payments to the kings as before. King Bell received 27,000 marks in exchange for signing the treaty, a very large sum at that time.
90:. After they established their own firm in 1875, they maintained contact with Woermann. Woermann, Jantzen & Thormählen and other German firms controlled a network of trading posts in different parts of West Africa. About half the trade with Kamerun was German-controlled.
242:. By 1892 they had built a wooden house and a corrugated iron barracks at Mundame, and were building a store house. They had made a clearing planted with palms, cocoyam, manioc, maize and rice, as well as potatoes and other European vegetables.
190:
population naturally resisted, and the army assisted in hunting for workers, Those with children were preferred. It was common for them to be fed poorly, forced to work 18-hour days and whipped if they slacked off.
129:. They were led by two "kings" representing the Bell and Akwa factions. The rival Duala groups were plagued by disputes. Their leaders sought European protection to support their authority and stabilize trade.
296:
In the early years of the 20th century, the firm expanded their production of cocoa, for which there was growing
European demand, in competition with the Liverpool firms of
234:
on the Mungo in 1889 as a trading post for palm products, ivory and rubber. They also agreed to support a trading expedition further into the interior to
906:
140:
On the basis of this treaty between the kings and the representatives of the trading firms, the next day the German Consul assumed the suzerainty of the
911:
921:
676:
94:
traders working on credit produced better results at lower cost than
European agents, who were hard to recruit and were prone to sickness.
916:
877:
760:
739:
718:
697:
655:
634:
613:
153:
206:
In 1885, it was reported that
Jantzen & Thormählen had established a company with capital of £500,000 to trade on the
133:
34:
Document in which 12 African Chiefs from
Cameroon confirm the 12 July 1884 German-Duala "Protection" Treaty between
869:
Mpundu Akwa: the case of the Prince from Cameroon ; the newly discovered speech for the defense by Dr. M. Levi
19:
304:. They made major plantings, which were later to lead to a glut on the market. Business was suspended when
61:. The firm's commercial and political influence was a major factor in the establishment of the colony of
258:
219:
30:
227:
308:
broke out in 1914, and after the war the plantations were taken over by the British colony of the
826:
788:
270:
186:, with 90,000 hectares (220,000 acres) of cocoa, coffee, and later rubber, oil palm and bananas.
171:
175:
873:
856:
756:
750:
735:
714:
693:
672:
651:
645:
630:
624:
609:
605:
The colonial contest for the Nigerian region, 1884-1900: a history of the German participation
867:
729:
687:
666:
603:
708:
266:
239:
838:
800:
223:
215:
75:
238:, in the grassfields. At first, they were supported in this enterprise by the governor
235:
183:
79:
280:
In the mid-1890s, Jantzen & Thormählen made a first attempt to start a station at
900:
297:
141:
110:
50:
808:
198:
770:
274:
262:
118:
39:
106:
626:
Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the History of the Cameroon Coast 1500-1970
647:
Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960
305:
285:
246:
211:
207:
179:
157:
Two white settlers and local children and men on the Mungo River, Christmas 1901
122:
731:
African crossroads: intersections between history and anthropology in Cameroon
167:
23:
309:
301:
35:
530:
528:
668:
Zintgraff-S Explorations in Bamenda, Adamawa and the Benue Lands 1889-1892
58:
42:) and Eduard Schmidt for Woermann Co and Johannes Voss for Thormälen Co.
281:
254:
250:
231:
87:
62:
54:
163:
126:
858:
Proceedings of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, Volume 16
202:
German explorer Eugen Zintgraff and Galega I, fon of Bali, Cameroon.
261:
route, and in part from local competition from the Bell faction of
245:
However, the enterprise failed in part because of competition from
197:
105:
83:
557:
555:
273:
had decided to support the Bells on the Mungo and focus on the
710:
Cameroon's tycoon: Max Esser's expedition and its consequences
230:, Jantzen & Thormählen decided to establish a factory at
380:
378:
846:
Pollack, Wilhelm; Marcus, Eli; Westhoff, Friedrich (1886).
534:
503:
501:
468:
456:
341:
339:
707:
Esser, Max; Chilver, E. M.; Röschenthaler, Ute (2001).
519:
117:
Trade with the interior of Cameroon was handled by the
889:
Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches
432:
326:
324:
850:(in German). Münster: Plattdeutsches Fastnachtspiel.
57:that was established to exploit the resources of
444:
420:
86:, and Wilhelm Jantzen was the Woermann agent in
855:Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (1885).
218:tried to create a caravan route from the upper
82:. Johannes Thormählen was the firm’s agent in
585:
573:
561:
408:
277:as a route for direct trade to the interior.
8:
813:House Flags of German Shipping Companies (j)
644:Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999).
384:
369:
507:
357:
166:, in the Victoria District, and lands in
848:King Bell oder die Münsteraner in Afrika
686:Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2003).
345:
152:
29:
18:
749:Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1975).
546:
535:Esser, Chilver & Röschenthaler 2001
492:
480:
469:Esser, Chilver & Röschenthaler 2001
457:Esser, Chilver & Röschenthaler 2001
396:
330:
320:
125:in the area now covered by the city of
834:
824:
796:
786:
113:showing Duala settlements around 1850
7:
728:Fowler, Ian; Zeitlyn, David (1996).
433:Pollack, Marcus & Westhoff 1886
891:. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag.
14:
907:Agriculture companies of Cameroon
866:von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa (2002).
752:Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960
912:Palm oil production in Cameroon
689:Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765-1914
650:. Cambridge University Press.
98:required military protection.
1:
922:Defunct companies of Germany
671:. African Books Collective.
121:settled at the mouth of the
38:and King Akwa (kings of the
520:Royal Philosophical Society
210:, a major tributary of the
26:of Jantzen & Thormählen
938:
917:Companies based in Hamburg
887:Washausen, Helmut (1968).
809:"Jantzen & Thormählen"
602:Akinwumi, Olayemi (2002).
771:"Jantzen & Thormälen"
574:Austen & Derrick 1999
562:Austen & Derrick 1999
409:Fowler & Zeitlyn 1996
74:were initially agents of
47:Jantzen & Thormählen
665:Chilver, E. M. (2010).
623:Ardener, Edwin (2003).
385:Gann & Duignan 1975
370:Gann & Duignan 1975
872:. LIT Verlag Münster.
608:. LIT Verlag Münster.
445:von Joeden-Forgey 2002
421:von Joeden-Forgey 2002
203:
158:
114:
43:
27:
201:
156:
134:King Ndumbé Lobé Bell
109:
102:Annexation of Kamerun
33:
22:
214:. When the explorer
586:Clarence-Smith 2003
228:Bamenda grassfields
734:. Berghahn Books.
713:. Berghahn Books.
629:. Berghahn Books.
271:Eugen von Zimmerer
204:
159:
115:
44:
28:
678:978-9956-616-71-8
596:Reference sources
483:, pp. xviii.
132:On 12 July 1884,
929:
892:
883:
862:
851:
842:
836:
832:
830:
822:
820:
819:
804:
798:
794:
792:
784:
782:
781:
766:
745:
724:
703:
682:
661:
640:
619:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
550:
544:
538:
532:
523:
517:
511:
505:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
334:
328:
267:Ndumbe Lobe Bell
240:Julius von Soden
937:
936:
932:
931:
930:
928:
927:
926:
897:
896:
895:
886:
880:
865:
854:
845:
833:
823:
817:
815:
807:
795:
785:
779:
777:
769:
763:
755:. CUP Archive.
748:
742:
727:
721:
706:
700:
685:
679:
664:
658:
643:
637:
622:
616:
601:
598:
592:
584:
580:
576:, pp. 115.
572:
568:
564:, pp. 114.
560:
553:
545:
541:
537:, pp. 134.
533:
526:
522:, pp. 167.
518:
514:
506:
499:
495:, pp. 152.
491:
487:
479:
475:
467:
463:
455:
451:
443:
439:
431:
427:
419:
415:
407:
403:
395:
391:
387:, pp. 223.
383:
376:
368:
364:
356:
352:
344:
337:
329:
322:
318:
294:
265:traders led by
224:Adamawa Plateau
216:Eugen Zintgraff
196:
151:
104:
76:Adolph Woermann
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
935:
933:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
899:
898:
894:
893:
884:
878:
863:
861:. The Society.
852:
843:
805:
775:Global Players
767:
761:
746:
740:
725:
719:
704:
698:
683:
677:
662:
656:
641:
635:
620:
614:
597:
594:
593:
591:
590:
588:, pp. 86.
578:
566:
551:
549:, pp. 44.
539:
524:
512:
508:Global Players
497:
485:
473:
461:
449:
447:, pp. 60.
437:
425:
423:, pp. 59.
413:
411:, pp. 66.
401:
399:, pp. xv.
389:
374:
372:, pp. 61.
362:
360:, pp. 68.
358:Washausen 1968
350:
348:, pp. 51.
335:
319:
317:
314:
293:
290:
195:
194:Interior trade
192:
184:Mount Cameroon
150:
147:
103:
100:
80:Woermann-Linie
70:
67:
53:firm based in
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
934:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
890:
885:
881:
879:3-8258-7354-4
875:
871:
870:
864:
860:
859:
853:
849:
844:
840:
828:
814:
810:
806:
802:
790:
776:
772:
768:
764:
762:0-521-08641-8
758:
754:
753:
747:
743:
741:1-57181-859-6
737:
733:
732:
726:
722:
720:1-57181-988-6
716:
712:
711:
705:
701:
699:0-203-46186-X
695:
692:. Routledge.
691:
690:
684:
680:
674:
670:
669:
663:
659:
657:0-521-56664-9
653:
649:
648:
642:
638:
636:1-57181-044-7
632:
628:
627:
621:
617:
615:3-8258-6197-X
611:
607:
606:
600:
599:
595:
587:
582:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
471:, pp. 9.
470:
465:
462:
459:, pp. 8.
458:
453:
450:
446:
441:
438:
434:
429:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
405:
402:
398:
393:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
363:
359:
354:
351:
347:
346:Akinwumi 2002
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:traders from
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
200:
193:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
148:
146:
143:
142:German Empire
138:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
112:
111:Wouri estuary
108:
101:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:Coastal trade
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
25:
21:
888:
868:
857:
847:
816:. Retrieved
812:
778:. Retrieved
774:
751:
730:
709:
688:
667:
646:
625:
604:
581:
569:
547:Chilver 2010
542:
515:
493:Ardener 2003
488:
481:Ardener 2003
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
397:Chilver 2010
392:
365:
353:
295:
279:
275:Sanaga River
257:, using the
244:
205:
188:
160:
139:
131:
119:Duala people
116:
96:
92:
72:
46:
45:
40:Duala people
835:|work=
797:|work=
331:House Flags
306:World War I
292:Later years
286:Wouri River
259:Cross River
220:Mungo River
212:Niger River
208:Benue River
180:West Africa
172:Isongo Udje
149:Plantations
123:Wouri River
16:German firm
901:Categories
818:2011-02-24
780:2011-02-24
316:References
176:Mokundange
168:Debundscha
24:House flag
837:ignored (
827:cite book
799:ignored (
789:cite book
310:Cameroons
302:Ambas Bay
298:John Holt
284:, on the
65:in 1884.
36:King Bell
226:via the
59:Cameroon
282:Yabassi
255:Nigeria
251:Calabar
232:Mundame
222:to the
182:around
88:Liberia
63:Kamerun
55:Hamburg
876:
759:
738:
717:
696:
675:
654:
633:
612:
164:Bimbia
127:Douala
51:German
49:was a
263:Duala
84:Gabon
874:ISBN
839:help
801:help
757:ISBN
736:ISBN
715:ISBN
694:ISBN
673:ISBN
652:ISBN
631:ISBN
610:ISBN
300:and
247:Efik
236:Bali
174:and
253:in
78:'s
903::
831::
829:}}
825:{{
811:.
793::
791:}}
787:{{
773:.
554:^
527:^
500:^
377:^
338:^
323:^
312:.
170:,
882:.
841:)
821:.
803:)
783:.
765:.
744:.
723:.
702:.
681:.
660:.
639:.
618:.
510:.
435:.
333:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
