407:), has no empirical grounding in actual human needs, and is inadequate to achieve basic nutrition and health. Hickel argues that US$ 7.40 per day is required for nutrition and health. Many other economists agree with Hickel that it would be more useful to use a higher daily income to define the poverty threshold, with some recommending $ 15 per day. As a consequence of population growth, the absolute number of people living under this threshold has increased from 3.2 billion in 1981 to 4.2 billion in 2015, according to World Bank data. Hickel states that the vast majority of gains against poverty have been achieved by China and East Asian countries that were not subjected to structural adjustment schemes. Elsewhere, increases in income among the poor have been very small, and mostly inadequate to lift people out of his definition of poverty. However, all scholars and intellectuals, including Hickel, agree that the incomes of the poorest people in the world have increased since 1981. Nevertheless, Sullivan and Hickel argue that poverty persists under contemporary global capitalism (in spite of it being highly productive) because masses of working people are cut off from common land and resources, have no ownership or control over the
363:
Sullivan estimate 50 million excess deaths when considering India's 1880s average death rate as normal mortality. When estimating excess mortality over
England’s 16th and 17th-century average death rate, they calculate 165 million excess deaths in India between 1880 and 1920, which they state is "larger than the combined number of deaths that occurred during all famines in the Soviet Union, Maoist China, North Korea, Pol Pot's Cambodia, and Mengistu's Ethiopia". They conclude that human welfare only really began to increase in the 20th century, and note that this development coincided with "the rise of
2203:
459:), which Hickel says obscure the fact that absolute inequality has worsened considerably over the past decades: the real per capita income gap between the Global North and Global South has quadrupled since 1960, and the incomes of the richest one percent have increased by one hundred times more than the incomes of the poorest 60% of humanity over the period 1980 to 2016. Hickel has argued that absolute metrics are the appropriate measure for assessing inequality trends in the world economy.
2176:
506:" have little empirical validity. They point to evidence showing that it is not feasible for high-income nations to achieve absolute reductions in resource use, or to reduce emissions to zero fast enough stay within the carbon budget for 2 °C if they continue to pursue GDP growth at historical rates. Hickel and his colleagues argue that high-income nations need to scale down excess energy and resource use (i.e., "
463:
that go in the opposite direction, including external debt service, tax evasion by multinational companies, patent licensing fees and other outflows resulting from structural features of neoliberal globalisation. Moreover, Hickel argues that poor countries suffer significant losses due to international trade and finance rules (such as under structural adjustment programmes, free trade agreements, and the
146:
25:
362:
and the shoehorning of regions into the capitalist world system starting in the "long 16th century" that created "periods of severe social and economic dislocation" which resulted in wages crashing to subsistence levels and surging premature mortality. In India, for the years 1880 to 1920, Hickel and
378:
that pre-colonial societies were not poor. He argues that precolonial agricultural societies in Africa and India were "quite content" with a "subsistence lifestyle" and that it was colonialism that made them worse off.. He argues that the dominant narrative of "progress" in international development
462:
According to Hickel, the focus on aid as a tool for international development depoliticises poverty and misleads people into believing that rich countries are benevolent toward poorer countries. In reality, he says, financial flows from rich countries to poor countries are outstripped by flows
514:
and to reverse ecological breakdown. He has argued that high-income nations do not need economic growth in order to achieve social goals; they can reduce excess resource and energy use while at the same time improving human well-being, by distributing income more fairly, expanding universal
494:
in excess of the planetary boundary (350 ppm). His analysis asserted that the US was responsible for 40%, the EU was responsible for 29%, the most industrialized countries were responsible for 90%, and the Global North as a group was responsible for 92%. He has also argued that high-income
467:
framework) which depress their potential export revenues and prevent them from using protective tariffs, subsidies, and capital controls as tools for national economic development. According to Hickel, global poverty is ultimately an artefact of these structural imbalances. Focusing on aid
439:
capitalist economy, the Global North still relies on "imperialist appropriation" of resources and labor from the Global South, which annually amounts to "12 billion tons of embodied raw material equivalents, 822 million hectares of embodied land, 21 exajoules of embodied energy, and 188 million
417:
has criticized Hickel for using a single threshold of poverty ($ 7.40 per day) and ignoring increases in incomes below that threshold. Smith notes that an increase in income from $ 1.90 per day to $ 7.39 per day would be life-changing, but would not count as poverty alleviation for Hickel.
1852:
MMT proposals align elegantly with one of degrowth's key observations, namely, that if growthism depends on the perpetual creation of artificial scarcity, then by reversing artificial scarcity – by providing public abundance – we can dismantle the growth imperative. As
440:
person-years of embodied labour, worth $ 10.8 trillion in
Northern prices – enough to end extreme poverty 70 times over." From 1990 to 2015, this net appropriation amounted to $ 242 trillion. Hickel et al. write that this
540:
Critics of Hickel argue that economic growth can occur while emissions decrease, pointing to data that shows that many countries have transitioned to green forms of energy while still experiencing economic growth.
802:
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474:
Critics of Hickel argue that there is a strong correlation between economic growth and improvements in welfare (as measured by factors such as leisure time, health care, life expectancy).
455:
and others that global inequality has been decreasing and the gap between poor countries and rich countries has disappeared. This narrative relies on relative metrics (such as the
548:
by accounting for nations' ecological impact, in terms of per capita emissions and resource use. Hickel has also criticized United
Nations' most important environmental metric, the
1254:
350:, Hickel, along with co-author Dylan Sullivan, dispute the view held by most economic historians, that prior to the 19th century, the vast majority of humanity lived in extreme
1586:
828:
1664:"Quantifying national responsibility for climate breakdown: an equality-based attribution approach for carbon dioxide emissions in excess of the planetary boundary"
487:
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has put it, "capitalism cannot survive under conditions of abundance". MMT provides an opportunity for us to create a post-growth, post-capitalist economy.
591:
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861:
42:
33:
2005:
The World's
Sustainable Development Goals Aren't Sustainable. There are big problems with the United Nations' most important environmental metric.
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523:(MMT) could be applied to further these ends and to transition towards a "post-growth, post-capitalist economy". In a 2022 comment published in
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411:, and have their labor power "appropriated by a ruling class or an external imperial power," thereby maintaining extreme inequality.
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nations are disproportionately responsible for other forms of global ecological breakdown, given their high levels of resource use.
296:, USA (2004). He worked in the non-profit sector in Nagaland, India and in Swaziland, and received his PhD in anthropology from the
119:
2003:
49:
537:"suggest that degrowth policies should be considered in the fight against climate breakdown and biodiversity loss, respectively."
309:
1365:"The true extent of global poverty and hunger: questioning the good news narrative of the Millennium Development Goals journal"
277:
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based on 2015 data. It asserted that a small number of high-income countries are responsible for the overwhelming majority of
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1158:"Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century"
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292:) where his parents were doctors at the height of the AIDS crisis. He holds a bachelor's degree in anthropology from
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1946:"The sustainable development index: Measuring the ecological efficiency of human development in the anthropocene"
1455:"Imperialist appropriation in the world economy: Drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015"
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remains a widespread and persistent feature of the global economy, reproduced by power imbalances between the
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Hickel argues that trade between developed countries and developing countries is not mutually beneficial.
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Commission on
Reparations and Redistributive Justice, on the Statistical Advisory Panel for the
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1255:"Book Review: The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions by Jason Hickel"
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distracts from the substantive reforms that would be necessary to address these problems.
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task force on international development in 2017–2019. As of 2020 he serves on the
Harvard-
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Democracy and
Sabotage: Moral Order and Political Conflict in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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1310:"A letter to Steven Pinker (and Bill Gates, for that matter) about global poverty"
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Disk 1690-000, Diss.Anthrop 2011.H53, XX(5587297.3) University of
Virginia Library
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Hickel writes on global development and political economy, and has contributed to
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1284:"Bill Gates says poverty is decreasing. He couldn't be more wrong | Jason Hickel"
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Hickel, Jason; Dorninger, Christian; Wieland, Hanspeter; Suwandi, Intan (2022).
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359:
52:. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced
24:
1913:
1886:
1235:"Bill Gates tweeted out a chart and sparked a huge debate about global poverty"
803:"Jason Hickel - Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology - UAB Barcelona"
145:
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1985:
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829:"Forget 'developing' poor countries, it's time to 'de-develop' rich countries"
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from 2011 to 2017, where he held a
Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship, and at
269:
239:, a visiting senior fellow at the International Inequalities Institute at the
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1971:
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422:'s research shows that no matter where the poverty threshold is defined, the
719:
Democracy as Death: The Moral Order of Anti-Liberal
Politics in South Africa
698:
544:
In 2020, Hickel proposed a Sustainable Development Index, which adjusts the
444:
is a leading driver of uneven development, increasing global inequality and
368:
1922:
1697:
1085:"Biographies | Lancet Commission on Reparations and Redistributive Justice"
2052:
1587:"Aid in reverse: how poor countries develop rich countries | Jason Hickel"
862:"Five reasons to think twice about the UN's Sustainable Development Goals"
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of the world's residents who live below it declined from 1981 to 2008.
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Doha Debates w/ Jason Hickel, Anand Giridharadas, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim
395:
used to underwrite the progress narrative, (US$ 1.90 per day in 2011
1773:
Mastini, Riccardo; Kallis, Giorgos; Hickel, Jason (1 January 2021).
1005:"New ACLS Faculty Fellow: Jason Hickel | Department of Anthropology"
887:
594:(ASA) Annual Award for Teaching and Lecturing in Anthropology, 2013.
592:
Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and the Commonwealth
515:
public goods, shortening the working week, and introducing a public
2208:
243:, and Chair Professor of Global Justice and the Environment at the
534:
262:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
253:, and serves on the Climate and Macroeconomics Roundtable of the
1194:"How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years"
629:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
530:
1428:"The World Really Is Getting Richer as Poor Countries Catch Up"
327:, and on the advisory board for the Green New Deal for Europe.
464:
18:
435:, Hickel and a team of scholars state that in the globalized
2194:
666:
Hierarchy and Value: Comparative Perspectives on Moral Order
1487:"Global inequality: Do we really live in a one-hump world?"
1110:"Virtual Consultation on the 2020 Human Development Report"
691:. In Springer, Simon; Birch, Kean; MacLeavy, Julie (eds.).
648:
The Divide: Global Inequality from Conquest to Free Markets
358:. On the contrary, they argue that it was the emergence of
190:
498:
In a review paper written with the ecological economist
2111:"The Development Delusion: Foreign Aid and Inequality"
1613:"The Development Delusion: Foreign Aid and Inequality"
2330:
People associated with criticism of economic growth
2168:
1151:
1149:
1147:
939:"UVA Graduate Student Receives Newcombe Fellowship"
185:
177:
169:
155:
136:
1645:"Can we save the planet by shrinking the economy?"
1192:Sullivan, Dylan; Hickel, Jason (2 December 2022).
1887:"Degrowth can work — here's how science can help"
1228:
1226:
1224:
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1220:
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783:. University of Virginia. 20 May 2012. p. 24
300:in August 2011. His doctoral thesis was entitled
266:Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
1726:Hickel, Jason; Kallis, Giorgos (6 June 2020).
1562:"Inequality metrics and the question of power"
608:Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
529:, Hickel, Kallis and others say that both the
740:Ekhaya: The Politics of Home in KwaZulu-Natal
510:") in order to achieve a rapid transition to
451:On his blog, Hickel has criticised claims by
340:Writing for a piece published in the journal
288:Hickel was born and raised in Swaziland (now
8:
1187:
1185:
777:One Hundred and Eighty-Third Final Exercises
737:Healy-Clancy, Meghan; Hickel, Jason (2014).
2117:. Vol. I, no. 3. pp. 160–73.
212:. Hickel's research and writing focuses on
2201:
2081:"About ASA - Teaching and Lecturing prize"
144:
133:
1961:
1912:
1679:
1470:
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346:and in an accompanying opinion piece for
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1837:"Degrowth and MMT: a thought experiment"
1278:
1276:
689:"Neoliberalism and the End of Democracy"
247:. He is associate editor of the journal
2138:Degrowth: a theory of radical abundance
1512:"How bad is global inequality, really?"
1156:Sullivan, Dylan; Hickel, Jason (2023).
764:
502:, Hickel argues that narratives about "
478:Climate change and ecological economics
2165:
482:In 2020, Hickel published research in
210:the Autonomous University of Barcelona
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1634:
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770:
768:
743:. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
663:Hickel, Jason; Haynes, Naomi (2018).
232:as a measure of human development.
7:
1233:Matthews, Dylan (12 February 2019).
354:which was eventually ameliorated by
2144:, issue no. 87, 19, pp. 54–68.
1835:Hickel, Jason (23 September 2020).
975:JASON HICKEL on NGOs and Bill Gates
827:Hickel, Jason (23 September 2015).
16:Economic anthropologist (born 1982)
2154:International Politics and Society
2148:Hickel, Jason (10 February 2017).
1885:; et al. (12 December 2022).
1775:"A Green New Deal without growth?"
1662:Hickel, Jason (1 September 2020).
722:. University of California Press.
14:
2305:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
519:. Hickel has also suggested that
220:, and is particularly opposed to
2174:
1944:Hickel, Jason (1 January 2020).
310:Goldsmiths, University of London
23:
2122:Hickel, Jason (7 August 2019).
1990:sustainabledevelopmentindex.org
1643:Piper, Kelsey (3 August 2021).
1537:"How not to measure inequality"
1472:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102467
429:In a 2022 article published in
418:Additionally, Shaohua Chen and
278:human impact on the environment
255:US National Academy of Sciences
2124:"Progress and its Discontents"
1963:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.011
1791:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106832
1338:"Progress and its discontents"
1175:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026
1:
2310:University of Virginia alumni
1744:10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964
1681:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30196-0
1381:10.1080/01436597.2015.1109439
694:The Handbook of Neoliberalism
550:Sustainable Development Goals
50:secondary or tertiary sources
2136:Hickel, Jason (March 2019) “
1824:. pp. Chapters 4 and 5.
1363:Hickel, Jason (3 May 2016),
484:The Lancet Planetary Health
56:, especially if potentially
34:biography of a living person
2142:Real-World Economics Review
1728:"Is Green Growth Possible?"
1668:The Lancet Planetary Health
1459:Global Environmental Change
432:Global Environmental Change
325:UN Human Development Report
159:1982 (age 41–42)
54:must be removed immediately
2351:
1914:10.1038/d41586-022-04412-x
393:International poverty line
306:London School of Economics
260:He is known for his books
241:London School of Economics
235:Hickel is a Fellow of the
2173:
1131:Green New Deal for Europe
1009:anthropology.virginia.edu
582:and other media outlets.
446:environmental degradation
391:. Hickel argues that the
336:International development
268:(2020). A critic of
143:
2335:Economic anthropologists
2320:Labour Party (UK) people
2315:American anthropologists
1617:American Affairs Journal
611:. Penguin Random House.
379:is overstated, and that
1089:projects.iq.harvard.edu
546:Human Development Index
2109:Hickel, Jason (2017).
1877:; O’Neill, Daniel W.;
1820:Hickel, Jason (2020).
1711:Hickel, Jason (2020).
716:Hickel, Jason (2015).
626:Hickel, Jason (2017).
605:Hickel, Jason (2020).
521:modern monetary theory
371:political movements."
315:He served on the U.K.
298:University of Virginia
48:Please help by adding
2325:Ecological economists
2269:Jason Hickel articles
2257:Jason Hickel articles
2245:Jason Hickel articles
2234:Jason Hickel articles
2223:Jason Hickel articles
2214:Jason Hickel articles
1883:Steinberger, Julia K.
1732:New Political Economy
1413:. pp. Chapter 2.
1369:Third World Quarterly
512:100% renewable energy
312:, from 2017 to 2021.
237:Royal Society of Arts
214:economic anthropology
2129:New Internationalist
1950:Ecological Economics
1779:Ecological Economics
1342:New Internationalist
2209:Jason Hickel's blog
1905:2022Natur.612..400H
1259:LSE Review of Books
919:. 29 September 2017
868:. 23 September 2015
409:means of production
304:. He taught at the
276:is the solution to
202:Jason Edward Hickel
37:relies too much on
2150:"Why less is more"
1715:. pp. 106 ff.
1465:(102467): 102467.
1064:unitedagents.co.uk
669:. Berghahn Books.
552:Index (SDG Index)
245:University of Oslo
204:(born 1982) is an
2191:
2190:
1899:(7940): 400–403.
1593:. 14 January 2017
1290:. 29 January 2019
1162:World Development
1035:"Dr Jason Hickel"
1015:on 8 October 2020
750:978-1-86914-254-4
729:978-0-520-95986-6
676:978-1-78533-998-1
656:978-0-393-65136-2
639:978-1-4735-3927-3
403:'s definition of
374:Hickel argues in
356:industrialization
343:World Development
272:, he argues that
250:World Development
208:and professor at
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1344:. 12 August 2019
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1011:. Archived from
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632:. Random House.
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457:"elephant graph"
442:unequal exchange
420:Martin Ravallion
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