Japanese macaque - Knowledge (XXG)

447:. Males weigh on average 11.3 kg (25 lb), while females average 8.4 kg (19 lb). Macaques from colder areas tend to weigh more than ones from warmer areas. The average height for males is 57.0 cm (22.4 in), while the average female height is 52.3 cm (20.6 in). The weight of their brain is approximately 95 g (3.4 oz). Japanese macaques have short stumps for tails that average 92.5 mm (3.64 in) in males and 79.1 mm (3.11 in) in females. The macaque has a pinkish face and posterior. The rest of its body is covered in brown or greyish hair. The coat of the macaque is well-adapted to the cold and its thickness increases as temperatures decrease. The macaque can cope with temperatures as low as −20 °C (−4 °F). 638: 153: 836:, have led to the macaque population growing heavily since the 1940s. Because of this, and land-use changes increasing the proximity of agriculture to the macaques' range, they have become a major agricultural pest; they can climb over regular fences and quickly realise that deterrents such as scarecrows do not pose an actual threat, so methods such as electric fences must be used. In 2019, the cost of agricultural damage caused by macaques was around 900 million yen. Over 20,000 macaques are culled each year in an attempt to reduce agricultural damage, and there are concerns that this culling is reducing the macaques' range. 548: 815: 469: 732: 717: 485: 621:" calls. Variants of the "girney" calls are made in different contexts. This call also serves as appeasement between individuals in aggressive encounters. Macaques have alarm calls for alerting to danger and other calls to signal estrus that sound similar to danger alerts. Threat calls are heard during aggressive encounters and are often uttered by supporters of those involved in antagonistic interactions. The individual being supported supports those callers in the future. 630: 588: 36: 436: 519:

retain their rank when they otherwise would not. Males within a group normally have a dominance hierarchy, with one male having alpha status. The dominance status of male macaques usually changes when a former alpha male leaves or dies. Other ways in which status of male hierarchy changes, is when an alpha male loses his rank or when a troop splits, leaving a new alpha male position open. The longer a male is in a troop, the higher his status is likely to be.

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to copy her behavior. This trait was then passed on from generation to generation, until eventually all except the oldest members of the troop were washing their food and even seasoning it in the sea. Similarly, she was the first observed balling up wheat with air pockets and soil, throwing it all into the water, and waiting for the wheat to float back up free from the soil to consume it. An altered misaccount of this incident is the basis for the "

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males try to disrupt consortships of lower-ranking males. Females may choose to mate with males of any rank. However, dominant males mate more frequently than others, as they are more successful in mate guarding. The female decides whether mating takes place. In addition, a dominant position does not mean a male will successfully mate with a female. Males may join other troops temporarily during the mating season and mate with those females.

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relationships between different kinships in a troop. Nevertheless, a female will only groom a limited number of other females, even if the group expands. Females will groom males, usually for hygienic purposes, but that behavior also may serve to attract dominant males to the group. Mothers pass their grooming techniques to their offspring, most probably through social rather than genetic means, as a cultural characteristic.

706:, fruit, mature leaves, and fallen seeds are primarily eaten. The macaque also eats fungi, ferns, invertebrates, and other parts of plants. In addition, in Yakushima, their diets vary seasonally with fruits being eaten in the summer and herbs being eaten in the winter. Farther north, macaques mostly eat seasonal foods such as fruit and nuts to store fat for the winter, when food is scarce. On the northern island of 181: 4371: 686:, daily activities are more varied. The typical day for a macaque is 20.9% inactive, 22.8% traveling, 23.5% feeding, 27.9% social grooming, 1.2% self-grooming, and 3.7% other activities. Macaques usually sleep in trees, but they also sleep on the ground, as well as on or near rocks and fallen trees. During the winter, macaques huddle together for warmth on sleeping grounds. Macaques at 670:

of the spring. Also, in recent studies, the Japanese macaque has been found to develop different accents, similar to human cultures. Macaques in areas separated by only a few hundred miles may have very different pitches in their calls, their form of communication. The Japanese macaque has been involved in many studies concerning neuroscience and also is used in drug testing.

4383: 1703: 798:), and they learned to forage for mesquite beans, cactus fruits, and other foods. The surviving macaques flourished, and by 1995, the troop consisted of 500 to 600 individuals. In 1996, hunters maimed or killed four escaped macaques; as a result, legal restrictions were publicly clarified and funds were raised to establish a new 186-acre (75 ha) sanctuary near 580: 596:

infants consume their first solid food at five to six weeks old, and by seven weeks, can forage independently from their mothers. A mother carries her infant on her belly for its first four weeks. After this time, the mother carries her infant on her back, as well. Infants continue to be carried past a year. The mother may socialize again very slowly. However,

4347: 790:. The observatory is an enclosed ranch-style environment and the macaques have been allowed to roam with minimal human interference. At first, many perished in the unfamiliar habitat, which consists of arid brushland. The macaques eventually adapted to the environment, learned to avoid predators (such as eagles, 481:

members of a specific group ranking over members of a lower-ranking group. Temporary all-male groups also exist, composed of those who have recently left their natal groups and are about to transfer to another group. However, many males spend ample time away from any group, and may leave and join several groups.

829:, use of forest woods for construction and fuel, and hunting. Since World War II, these threats have declined due to social and economic changes in Japan, including the prohibition of macaque hunting in 1947. New threats have emerged, in particular the replacement of natural forests with lumber plantations. 501: 661:

out on the beach for them to eat, then witnessed one female, named Imo (Japanese for yam or potato), washing the food off with river water rather than brushing it off as the others were doing, and later even dipping her clean food into salty seawater. After a while, other members of her troop started

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The macaque has other unusual behaviours, including bathing together in hot springs and rolling snowballs for fun. In winter, the bathing is associated with lower levels of stress, with the higher ranking females dominating the restricted resource to compensate for the higher rates of stress outside

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In some populations, male infants tend to play in larger groups more often than females. However, female infants have more social interaction than their male counterparts, and female infants will associate with individuals of all ages and sexes. When males are two years old, they prefer to associate

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Females typically maintain both social relationships and hygiene through grooming. Grooming occurs regardless of climate or season. Females who are matrilineally related groom each other more often than unrelated individuals. Females will groom unrelated females to maintain group cohesion and social

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in 2021. Her troop consists of 677 Japanese macaque monkeys who live in a sanctuary that was established in 1952 at the zoological garden. At age nine, she overthrew the dominant males in her troop and displaced her high-ranking mother as well. She became the first female leader of the troop during

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Females of the troop exist in a stable dominance hierarchy and a female's rank depends on that of her mother. Younger females tend to rank higher than their older siblings. Higher-ranking matrilines have greater social cohesion. Strong relationships with dominant females can allow dominant males to

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During feeding or moving, Japanese macaques often emit sounds that are called "coos". These vocalizations most likely serve to keep the troop together and strengthen social relations among females. Macaques usually respond to coos with coos of their own. Coos also are uttered before grooming along

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The Japanese macaque lives in a variety of habitats. It inhabits subtropical forests in the southern part of its range and subarctic forests in mountainous areas in the northern part of its range. It can be found in both warm and cool forests, such as the deciduous forests of central and northern

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and mate, feed, rest, and travel together during the mating season, and on average, this relationship typically lasts 16 days. Females enter into consortships with an average of four males a season. Higher-ranking males have longer consortships than their subordinates. In addition, higher-ranking

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Takahata, Yukio; Suzuki, Shigeru; Agetsuma, Naoki; Okayasu, Naobi; Sugiura, Hideki; Takahashi, Hiroyuki; Yamagiwa, Juichi; Izawa, Kosei; Furuichi, Takeshi; Hill, David A.; Maruhashi, Tamaki; Saito, Chiemi; Saito, Shizue; Sprague, David S. (1998). "Reproduction of wild Japanese macaque females of

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A macaque mother moves to the periphery of her troop to give birth in a secluded spot, unless the group is moving, when the female must stay with it. Macaques usually give birth on the ground. Infants are born with dark-brown hair. A mother and her infant tend to avoid other troop members. The

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societies, and females stay in their natal groups for life, while males move out before they are sexually mature. Macaque groups tend to contain adults of both sexes. In addition, a Japanese macaque troop contains several matrilines. These matrilines may exist in a dominance hierarchy with all

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Macaques mostly move on all fours. They are semiterrestrial, with females spending more time in the trees and males spending more time on the ground. Macaques are known to leap. They are very good swimmers and have been reported to swim a distance of more than half a kilometer. The lifespan of

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its recorded history of seventy years. Yakei has retained her leadership position through her first breeding season that had been thought to be a time when she might have been challenged successfully. Both scientific and popular interest is leading to extensive coverage of Yakei's behavior.

682:. In colder areas, from autumn to early winter, macaques feed in between different activities. In the winter, macaques have two to four feeding bouts each day, with fewer daily activities. In the spring and summer, they have two or three bouts of feeding daily. In warmer areas such as 568:. Macaques signal when they are ready to mate by looking backward over a shoulder, staying still, or walking backward toward their potential partner. A female emits a "squawk", a "squeak", or produces an atonal "cackle" during copulation. Males have no copulatory vocalizations. 2789:

Uehara S. (1975) "The importance of the temperate forest elements among woody food plants utilized by Japanese monkeys and its possible historical meaning for the establishment of the monkeys & apes; range: a preliminary report". In: Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara A, editors.

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unrelated to the mating season and therefore, are mounted more often by other females than by males. This behavior has led to proposals in literature that female Japanese macaques are generally bisexual, rather than preferentially homo- or heterosexual.

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During the mating season, the face and genitalia of males redden and their tails stand erect, and the faces and anogenital regions of females turn scarlet. Macaques copulate both on the ground and in the trees. Roughly one in three copulations leads to

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Hanya, G; Kiyono, M; Yamada, A; Suzuki, K; Furukawa, M; Yoshida, Y; Chijiiwa, A (2006). "Not only annual food abundance but also fallback food quality determines the Japanese macaque density: evidence from seasonal variations in home range size".

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Miyabi, Takako; Nishimura, Ryohei; Mochizuki, Manabu; Sasaki, Nobuo; Mastubayashi, Kiyoaki (July 2001). "Chemical restraint by medetomidine and medetomidine–midazolam and its reversal by atipamezole in Japanese macaques ('Macaca fuscata')".

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Nakamichi, Masayuki; Kojima, Yasuo; Itoigawa, Naosuke; Imakawa, Shinji; Machida, Shoji (1995). "Interactions among adult males and females before and after the death of the alpha male in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques".

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has been observed, usually by females who have not had infants of their own. Male care of infants occurs in some groups, but not in others; when they do, usually, older males protect, groom, and carry an infant as a female would.

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Japan and the broadleaf evergreen forests in the southwest of the islands. Warm temperate evergreen and broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests are the most important habitats for macaques.

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Ventura, Raffaella; Majolo, Bonaventura; Schino, Gabriele; Hardie, Scott (2005). "Differential effects of ambient temperature and humidity on allogrooming, self-grooming, and scratching in wild Japanese macaques".

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Mito, Yoshihisa; Sprague, David S. (2012). "The Japanese and Japanese Monkeys: Dissonant Neighbors Seeking Accommodation in a Shared Habitat". In Radhakrishna, Sindhu; Huffman, Michael A.; Sinha, Anindya (eds.).

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are thought to in some Western cultures), a man who is preoccupied with sex might be compared to or metaphorically referred to as a monkey, as might a romantically involved couple who are exceptionally amorous.

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Infants have fully developed their locomotive abilities within three to four months. When an infant is seven months old, its mother discourages suckling; full weaning happens by its eighteenth month.

710:, macaques mostly eat fallen seeds, herbs, young leaves, and fruits. When preferred food items are not available, macaques dig up underground plant parts (roots or rhizomes) or eat soil and fish. 1986:

Vasey, Paul L.; Foroud, Afra; Duckworth, Nadine; Kovacovsky, Stefani D. (2006). "Male–Female and Female–Female Mounting in Japanese Macaques: A Comparative Study of Posture and Movement".

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Takeshita, Rafaela S. C.; Bercovitch, Fred B.; Kinoshita, Kodzue; Huffman, Michael A. (3 April 2018). "Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in Japanese macaques".

423:猿 "monkey") to distinguish it from other primates, but the Japanese macaque is very familiar in Japan—as it is the only species of monkey in Japan—so when Japanese people simply say 1473:

Sprague DS, Suzuki S, Tsukahara T. (1996) "Variation in social mechanisms by which males attained the alpha rank among Japanese macaques". In: Fa JE, Lindburg DG, editors.

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Tsuji, Y. (2010). "Regional, Temporal, and Interindividual Variation in the Feeding Ecology of Japanese Macaques". In Nakagawa, N.; Nakamichi, M.; Sugiura, H. (eds.).

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The Japanese macaque has featured prominently in the religion, folklore, and art of Japan, as well as in proverbs and idiomatic expressions in the Japanese language.

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Bardi M, Shimizu K, Fujita S, Borgognini-Tarli S, Huffman MA. (2001) "Social behavior and hormonal correlates during the perinatal period in Japanese macaques".

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Takahata Y. "Diachronic changes in the dominance relations of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama B group". In: Fedigan LM& Asquith PJ, editors.

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took over management of the sanctuary and began to rescue other species of primates. As of 2017, the troop cohabitated with six other species of macaque.

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genre of woodblock printing and painting, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, also featured the macaques in his prints. Also during the Edo period, numerous clasps for

402:. Colloquially, they are referred to as "snow monkeys" because some live in areas where snow covers the ground for months each year – no other non-human 2468: 2156:

Gouzoules H. (1984) "Social relations of males and infants in a troop of Japanese monkeys: a consideration of causal mechanisms". In: Taub DM, editor.

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Aetsuma, N; Nakagawa, N (1998). "Effects of habitat differences on feeding behaviors of Japanese monkeys: comparison between Yakushima and Kinkazan".

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Fedigan, L.M.; Zohar, S. (1997). "Sex differences in mortality of Japanese macaques: twenty-one years of data from the Arashiyama West population".

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Takahashi, Hiroyuki (2002). "Changes of dominance rank, age, and tenure of wild Japanese macaque males in the Kinkazan A troop during seven years".

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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Nakamichi, Masayuki; Shizawa, Yasuhiro (2003). "Distribution of grooming among adult females in a large, free-ranging group of Japanese macaques".

4557: 91: 767:, the northernmost point of Honshu. Several of Japan's smaller islands are inhabited by macaques as well. The southernmost population living on 406:

lives farther north, nor in a colder climate. Individuals have brownish grey fur, pinkish-red faces, and short tails. Two subspecies are known.

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Japanese macaques is up to 32 years for females and up to 28 years for males, which is high when compared to what typically is seen in other

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and eats a variety of foods. More than 213 species of plants are included in the macaque's diet. They also eat insects, bark, and soil. On

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Nakamichi, Masayuki (1989). "Sex differences in social development during the first 4 years in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys,

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Tsukahara, Takahiro (1990). "Initiation and solicitation in male-female grooming in a wild Japanese macaque troop on Yakushima island".

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The Japanese macaque is the northernmost-living non-human primate. It is found on three of the four main Japanese islands, south of the

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Tanaka, Ichirou (1995). "Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques".

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Sprague DS. (2002) "Monkeys in the backyard: encroaching wildlife and rural communities in Japan". In: Fuentes A, Wolfe LD, editors.

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Takahashi H. (1997) "Huddling relationships in night-sleeping groups among wild Japanese macaques in Kinkazan island during winter".

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Gouzoules, Harold; Goy, Robert W. (1983). "Physiological and social influences on mounting behavior of troop-living female monkeys (

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Macaques have often entered urban areas, with one macaque recorded living in central Tokyo for several months. In 2022 the city of

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Perloe, Sidney I. (1992). "Male mating competition, female choice and dominance in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques".

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Huffman, Michael A. (1992). "Influences of female partner preference on potential reproductive outcome in Japanese macaques".

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Koyama N. (1991) "Grooming relationships in the Arashiyama group of Japanese monkeys". In: Fedigan LM, Asquith PJ, editors.

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Spoken references to macaques abound in the history of Japan. Originating from before his rise to power, the famed samurai,

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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that flourished from 1603 to 1867, as a tangible metaphor for a particular year. The early nineteenth-century artist and

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In 1972, a troop of approximately 150 Japanese macaques was relocated from Kyoto to a primate observatory in southwest

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Protection for the macaques, increased afforestation, and the human-caused extinction of their natural predators the

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Blount B. 1985. "Girney" vocalizations among Japanese macaque females: context and function. Primates 26(4):424-35.

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Mitani M. (1986) "Voiceprint identification and its application to sociological studies of wild Japanese monkeys" (

927:. That zodiac has been used for centuries in Japan and led to many representations of the macaque for that figure. 4614: 3658: 3631: 1837:

Soltis, Joseph (1999). "Measuring male-female relationships during the mating season in wild Japanese macaques (

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Hamada Y, Watanabe T, Iwamoto M. (1996) "Morphological variations among local populations of Japanese macaque (

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Minami T. (1974) "Early mother-infant relations in Japanese monkeys". In: Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara A, editors.

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Glick BB, Eaton GG, Johnson DF, Worlein J. (1986) "Social behavior of infant and mother Japanese macaques (

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Machida S. (1990) "Threat calls in alliance formation by members of a captive group of Japanese monkeys".

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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide to Mammals of North America

4461: 4199: 4050: 4018: 3955: 3712: 3504: 3427: 1936: 819: 320: 113: 3766: 3694: 3685: 3667: 2804: 775:. A study in 1989 estimated the total population of wild Japanese macaques to be 114,431 individuals. 4492: 4272: 3937: 3856: 1336:

Koyama, Naoki (1967). "On dominance rank and kinship of a wild Japanese monkey troop in Arashiyama".

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Sprague, D. S. (1991). "Mating by non-troop males among the Japanese macaques of Yakushima island".

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Sugiura H. (2001) "Vocal exchange of coo calls in Japanese macaques". In: Matsuzawa T, editor.

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Hiraiwa M (1981) "Maternal and alloparental care in a troop of free-ranging Japanese monkeys".

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Wolfe L. (1979) "Sexual maturation among members of a transported troop of Japanese macaques".

973:("Little Monkey"). In modern Japanese culture, because monkeys are considered to indulge their 4635: 4469: 4227: 4009: 3910: 3901: 3748: 3739: 3581: 3168: 3126: 2990: 2977: 2913: 2765: 2691: 2576: 2514: 2473: 2449: 2396: 2089: 2046: 2003: 1942: 1776: 1737: 1669: 1548: 1504: 1447: 1388: 1220: 1102: 1092: 484: 444: 356: 95: 3162: 894: 4640: 4133: 4033: 3730: 3394: 3289: 3208: 2949: 2757: 2726: 2683: 2647: 2638:

Hanya, G. (2004). "Diet of a Japanese macaque troop in the coniferous forest of Yakushima".

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Hanby JP, Brown CE. (1974) "The development of sociosexual behaviours in Japanese macaques

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Thomsen R. (1997) "Observation of periparturitional behaviour in wild Yakushima macaques (

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Primates face face: conservation implications of human-nonhuman primate interconnections

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Hori, Tetsuro; Nakayama, Teruo; Tokura, Hiromi; Hara, Fumie; Suzuki, Masatoshi (1977).

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Contemporary primatology, proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Primatology

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Contemporary primatology, proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Primatology

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Contemporary primatology, proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Primatology

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Macaques gathering for yakiimo (sweet potato) being handed out by an attendant at the

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The Japanese macaque is an intelligent species. Researchers studying this species at

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Yotsumoto N. (1976) "The daily activity rhythm in a troop of wild Japanese monkey".

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Masataka N. (1989) "Motivational referents of contact calls in Japanese monkeys".

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The creature was sometimes portrayed in paintings of the rich cultural epoch, the

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Fukuda F. (2004) "Dispersal and environmental disturbance in Japanese macaques (

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Vasey, P. L. (2002). "Sexual partner preference in female Japanese macaques".

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The monkeys of Arashiyama: thirty-five years of research in Japan and the west

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The monkeys of Arashiyama: Thirty-five years of research in Japan and the west

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The Japanese macaque is a feature of several fairy tales, such as the tale of

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Ozaki, Yei Theodora (1903). "Momotaro, or the story of the Son of a Peach".

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The Macaque Connection: Cooperation and Conflict between Humans and Macaques

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Isa, Tadashi; Yamane, Itaru; Hamai, Miya; Inagaki, Haruhisa (October 2009).

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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199702)102:2<161::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-1

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experienced aggression from the monkeys with at least 50 people attacked.

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Maruhashi, T. (1980). "Feeding behavior and diet of the Japanese monkey (

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Maruhashi T. (1981) "Activity patterns of a troop of Japanese monkeys (

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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Human factors and activities around Jigokudani-Shigakogen Forest Park

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If you like sports, soap operas or primatology, this story is for you

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Sugiyama, Yukimaru (1976). "Life history of male Japanese monkeys".

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Traditional human behaviors that are threats to macaques have been

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are notable for visiting the hot springs in the winter to warm up.

4648: 4346: 2571:) in the Boso mountains". In Kondo, S; Kawai, M; Ehara, A (eds.). 1440:"Japan's Monkey Queen Faces Challenge to Her Reign: Mating Season" 1146:

Fooden J, Aimi M. (2005) "Systematic review of Japanese macaques,

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

4497: 3228: 3123:

Frog In The Well: Portraits of Japan by Watanabe Kazan 1793–1841

2976:「ニホンザル」『動物世界遺産レッド・データ・アニマルズ1 ユーラシア、北アメリカ』小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著、 77: 4397: 3261: 1420:

Koyama NF. (2003) "Matrilineal cohesion and social networks in

29: 666:" effect. That behavior also spread among her troop members. 645:

was depicted with his macaque who holds a writing brush, by

1067:

Jigokudani Monkey Park, Nagano: Explore the Heart of Japan

2912:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 33–51. 2348:

Folia Primatologica: International Journal of Primatology

2567:

Koganezawa, M. (1974). "Food habits of Japanese monkey (

1692:, Evening Briefing, The New York Times, January 21, 2022 1239:

Yakushima and Kinkazan Islands: A preliminary report".

969:, was compared to a monkey in appearance and nicknamed 737:

A Japanese macaque eating various fruits and vegetables

496:

have become notable for their winter visits to the spa

4335: 2846:

Born Free USA: Primate Sanctuary: About the Sanctuary

2189:): effects of kinship, partner sex, and infant sex". 69:

a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.

73: 4664: 4406: 4285: 4197: 4173: 4096: 4072: 4031: 3801: 3792: 3594: 3544: 3458: 3416: 3375: 3351: 3342: 534:is a female who rose to leadership of her troop at 2331:, ¶ 12, sent. 1, downloaded 2009-02-15T16:00+09:00 427:, they usually have the Japanese macaque in mind. 2562: 2560: 2558: 2160:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. pp. 127–45. 3125:. Asia Perspectives. Columbia University Press. 3027:"City in Japan Under Siege by Marauding Monkeys" 2594: 2592: 1917: 1915: 1577: 1575: 1272: 1270: 2260:Primate origins of human cognition and behavior 1704:The rein of Japan’s monkey queen has just begun 1023:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12552A195347803.en 3089:. Archibald Constable & Co. Archived from 2889: 2887: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 1715: 1713: 1469: 1467: 98:accompanying your translation by providing an 60:Click for important translation instructions. 47:expand this article with text translated from 3273: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2754:The Japanese Macaques. Primatology Monographs 1331: 1329: 1311: 1309: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1046:"Catalogue of the Mammals and Birds of Burma" 8: 2931: 2929: 2181: 2179: 1901: 1899: 1187:. East Hampton (NY): Pogonias Pr. pp. 124–5. 1162: 1160: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1050:The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 977:openly and frequently (much the same way as 2416:"Monkeys Have Accent, Japanese Study Finds" 1477:. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge U Pr. p 444–58. 763:. The northernmost populations live on the 4394: 3798: 3348: 3280: 3266: 3258: 2897:. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge U Pr. p254-72. 2575:. Basel(CH): S. Karger. pp. 380–383. 1475:Evolution and ecology of macaque societies 1185:The pictorial guide to the living primates 771:is a subspecies of the mainland macaques, 365: 179: 151: 142: 3212: 2443: 2428:"Japanese macaques as laboratory animals" 2074:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1654:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1533:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1214: 1021: 3083:"The Quarrel of Tee Monkey and the Crab" 962:) were carved in the shape of macaques. 4342: 3201:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 3161:Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko (21 April 1989). 2363:ed. "The Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon". 990: 885:sometimes appeared as monkeys and kept 712: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2305: 2303: 889:, the god of lightning, company. The " 608:with other males around the same age. 536:Takasakiyama Natural Zoological Garden 2339: 2337: 1170:) ". In: Shotake T, Wada K, editors. 7: 2756:. Springer, Tokyo. pp. 99–127. 2499:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2173:. Basel(CH): S. Karger. pp. 334–340. 1935:MobileReference (15 December 2009). 1584:International Journal of Primatology 4718:IUCN Red List least concern species 3239:AcaPixus images of Japanese macaque 1174:. Tokyo: Tokai Univ Pr. pp. 97–115. 1009:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 136:Nagano Electric Railway 2100 series 3025:Osborne, Margaret (28 July 2022). 2652:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014645.78610.32 617:with vocalizations identified as " 527:Documented female troop leadership 409:In Japan, the species is known as 25: 3229:Snow Monkey Resorts official site 3148:Netsuke: A Miniature Art of Japan 2467:Wadman, Meredith (8 March 2017). 1373:Advances in the Study of Behavior 998:Watanabe, K.; Tokita, K. (2020). 879:belief, mythical beasts known as 555:A male and female macaque form a 4381: 4369: 4357: 4345: 2989:加藤陸奥雄、沼田眞、渡辺景隆、畑正憲監修『日本の天然記念物』、 2794:. Basel(CH):S. Karger. p392-400. 2511:10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00052.x 1701:Wartik, Nancy; Wolfe, Jonathan, 1569:. Albany (NY): SUNY Pr. p211-26. 1172:Variations in the Asian macaques 730: 715: 204: 34: 3110:. Archibald Constable & Co. 3053:Maishman, Elsa (27 July 2022). 2603:) on Yakushima island, Japan". 2535:) on Yakushima island, Japan". 1761:American Journal of Primatology 1411:. Albany(NY): SUNY Pr. p123-39. 3234:Jigokudani Yaen-Koen info page 3004:"全国の野生鳥獣による農作物被害状況について(令和元年度)" 2936:Enari, Hiroto (6 April 2021). 1203:Japanese Journal of Physiology 108:You may also add the template 27:Only nonhuman primate in Japan 1: 3848:Northern pig-tailed macaque ( 3839:Southern pig-tailed macaque ( 3150:. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau. 2867:Garcia, Adrian (2017-06-06). 2359:Amundson, Ron (Summer 1985). 2221:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80106-X 1385:10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60169-2 956:pouches (collectively called 3081:Ozaki, Yei Theodora (1903). 641:The famous Japanese warrior 3632:Greater spot-nosed monkey ( 2818:Baker, Ed (5 August 2005). 2762:10.1007/978-4-431-53886-8_5 2262:. Tokyo: Springer. p135-54. 2031:Archives of Sexual Behavior 1988:Archives of Sexual Behavior 853:Monkeys in Japanese culture 804:Animal Protection Institute 439:Skull of a Japanese macaque 121:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 4764: 4743:Taxa named by Edward Blyth 3704:Lesser spot-nosed monkey ( 1438:Roth, Annie (2022-01-21). 850: 827:slash-and-burn agriculture 583:Mother macaque with infant 476:Japanese macaques live in 472:Japanese macaques grooming 398:species that is native to 160:A Japanese macaque mother 133: 72:Machine translation, like 4738:Mammals described in 1875 4322: 4246:Golden-bellied mangabey ( 3920:Celebes crested macaque ( 3304: 3288:Extant species of family 2688:10.1007/s10329-005-0176-2 2393:10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x 2000:10.1007/s10508-005-9007-1 415:(ニホンザル, a combination of 373: 364: 349: 344: 326: 319: 201:Scientific classification 199: 177: 168: 159: 150: 145: 49:the corresponding article 4728:Endemic mammals of Japan 4060:Black crested mangabey ( 3659:Campbell's mona monkey ( 3446:Blue Nile patas monkey ( 1216:10.2170/jjphysiol.27.305 1085:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 810:Relationship with humans 743:Distribution and habitat 698:The Japanese macaque is 678:The Japanese macaque is 633:Macaques at a hot spring 625:Intelligence and culture 591:Macaque juvenile yawning 443:The Japanese macaque is 431:Physical characteristics 4051:Grey-cheeked mangabey ( 4019:White-cheeked macaque ( 3956:Formosan rock macaque ( 3713:White-throated guenon ( 3505:Bale Mountains vervet ( 3428:Southern patas monkey ( 3107:The Japanese Fairy Book 3087:The Japanese Fairy Book 2043:10.1023/A:1014079117864 1666:10.1002/ajpa.1330980208 1596:10.1023/A:1023744515134 913:The Crab and the Monkey 374:Japanese macaque range 119:For more guidance, see 110:{{Translated|ja|ニホンザル}} 4273:White-naped mangabey ( 3938:Stump-tailed macaque ( 3857:Pagai Island macaque ( 3363:Allen's swamp monkey ( 3214:10.5962/bhl.part.15410 3146:Okada, Yuzuru (1951). 3121:Keene, Donald (2006). 2445:10.1538/expanim.58.451 1773:10.1002/ajp.1350050105 1056:(II. Extra Number): 6. 1044:Blyth, Edward (1875). 1016:: e.T12552A195347803. 869: 862:Monkeys in a Plum Tree 822: 688:Jigokudani Monkey Park 650: 634: 592: 584: 552: 515: 497: 473: 440: 352:Macaca fuscata fuscata 4723:Primates of East Asia 4255:Tana River mangabey ( 3929:Crab-eating macaque ( 3830:Lion-tailed macaque ( 3677:Crested mona monkey ( 3554:(Terrestrial guenons) 3437:Common patas monkey ( 3191:Fooden, Jack (1967). 3093:on November 29, 2010. 860: 820:Iwatayama Monkey Park 817: 657:Island in Japan left 640: 632: 590: 582: 550: 511: 488:Japanese macaques at 487: 471: 438: 390:), also known as the 92:copyright attribution 3767:De Brazza's monkey ( 3695:Dent's mona monkey ( 3686:Wolf's mona monkey ( 3668:Lowe's mona monkey ( 3164:The Monkey as Mirror 3032:Smithsonian Magazine 3006:(in Japanese). 農林水産省 2824:The Austin Chronicle 2601:Macaca fuscata yakui 2533:Macaca fuscata yakui 2432:Experimental Animals 2310:Animal Diversity Web 2243:Macaca fuscata yakui 2108:Macaca fuscata yakui 1839:Macaca fuscata yakui 910:and the fable about 543:Mating and parenting 357:Macaca fuscata yakui 4228:Collared mangabey ( 4041:(Crested mangabeys) 4010:Arunachal macaque ( 3911:Gorontalo macaque ( 3749:Red-tailed monkey ( 3740:Moustached guenon ( 3582:Sun-tailed monkey ( 3292:(Old World monkeys) 2954:10.3106/ms2019-0056 2414:National Geographic 2158:Primate paternalism 1941:. MobileReference. 1878:Folia Primatologica 1722:Folia Primatologica 847:Cultural depictions 765:Shimokita Peninsula 647:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi 394:, is a terrestrial 171:Conservation status 4748:Tool-using mammals 4134:Hamadryas baboon ( 3965:Japanese macaque ( 3731:Red-eared guenon ( 3722:Sclater's guenon ( 3604:(Arboreal guenons) 3564:L'Hoest's monkey ( 3395:Angolan talapoin ( 2805:"Primate Info Net" 2731:10.1007/BF02573077 2617:10.1007/BF02374030 2366:Skeptical Inquirer 2329:Blue Planet Biomes 1855:10.1007/BF02557581 1816:10.1007/BF02381191 1631:10.1007/BF02380937 1545:10.1002/ajpa.20125 1501:10.1007/BF02629673 1444:The New York Times 1350:10.1007/BF01731037 1292:10.1007/BF02382861 1253:10.1007/BF02573082 1152:Fieldiana: Zoology 967:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 891:three wise monkeys 870: 823: 651: 635: 593: 585: 571:Females engage in 553: 516: 498: 474: 445:sexually dimorphic 441: 100:interlanguage link 4705: 4704: 4636:Open Tree of Life 4400:Taxon identifiers 4333: 4332: 4318: 4317: 4212: 4109: 4044: 4001:Tibetan macaque ( 3893:Tonkean macaque ( 3866:Siberut macaque ( 3821:Barbary macaque ( 3814: 3788: 3787: 3758:Hamlyn's monkey ( 3607: 3573:Preuss's monkey ( 3557: 3514:Tantalus monkey ( 3471: 3388: 3293: 3244:Primate info net 2771:978-4-431-53886-8 1948:978-1-60501-279-7 1890:10.1159/000156577 1734:10.1159/000156645 722:A macaque eating 573:same-sex mounting 509: 378: 377: 194: 146:Japanese macaque 132: 131: 61: 57: 18:Japanese macaques 16:(Redirected from 4755: 4698: 4697: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4657: 4656: 4644: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4618: 4617: 4605: 4604: 4592: 4591: 4579: 4578: 4566: 4565: 4553: 4552: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4526: 4514: 4513: 4501: 4500: 4488: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4373: 4362: 4361: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4264:Sanje mangabey ( 4237:Agile mangabey ( 4219:Sooty mangabey ( 4211: 4210: 4204: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4043: 4042: 4038: 3983:Bonnet macaque ( 3947:Rhesus macaque ( 3902:Heck's macaque ( 3884:Booted macaque ( 3813: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3715:C. erythrogaster 3623:Roloway monkey ( 3606: 3605: 3601: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3507:C. djamdjamensis 3470: 3469: 3468:(Vervet monkeys) 3465: 3404:Gabon talapoin ( 3387: 3386: 3382: 3349: 3291: 3290:Cercopithecidae 3282: 3275: 3268: 3259: 3218: 3216: 3179: 3178: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3000: 2994: 2993:、1995年、716-720頁。 2987: 2981: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2776: 2775: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2564: 2553: 2546: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2474:Science Magazine 2464: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2376: 2370: 2361:Kendrick Frazier 2357: 2351: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2269: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2209:Animal Behaviour 2200: 2194: 2183: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2115: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2026: 2020: 2019: 1983: 1977: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1693: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1579: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1484: 1478: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1435: 1429: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1333: 1324: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1218: 1194: 1188: 1181: 1175: 1164: 1155: 1150:(Gray, 1870) ". 1144: 1111: 1110: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1025: 995: 773:M. fuscata yakui 769:Yakushima Island 749:Blakiston's Line 734: 719: 704:Yakushima Island 664:hundredth monkey 510: 396:Old World monkey 382:Japanese macaque 369: 332: 209: 208: 188: 183: 182: 155: 143: 111: 105: 78:Google Translate 59: 55: 38: 37: 30: 21: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4660: 4652: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4623:Observation.org 4621: 4613: 4608: 4600: 4595: 4587: 4582: 4574: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4548: 4543: 4535: 4530: 4522: 4517: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4402: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4314: 4281: 4248:C. chrysogaster 4208: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4193: 4169: 4152:Chacma baboon ( 4143:Guinea baboon ( 4127:P. cynocephalus 4125:Yellow baboon ( 4105: 4104: 4102: 4092: 4068: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4027: 3992:Assam macaque ( 3974:Toque macaque ( 3931:M. fascicularis 3810: 3809: 3807: 3784: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3590: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3540: 3523:Vervet monkey ( 3467: 3466: 3464: 3454: 3412: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3371: 3365:A. nigroviridis 3338: 3300: 3297:Cercopithecinae 3286: 3225: 3190: 3187: 3185:Further reading 3182: 3175: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2779: 2772: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2583: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2543: 2530: 2526: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2358: 2354: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2316: 2308: 2301: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275:80(1-4):265-73. 2270: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2240: 2236: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2184: 2177: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2129: 2118: 2105: 2101: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2028: 2027: 2023: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1913: 1904: 1897: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1700: 1696: 1685: 1681: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1314: 1307: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1183:Rowe N. (1996) 1182: 1178: 1165: 1158: 1145: 1114: 1099: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1061: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1026: 997: 996: 992: 988: 923:is part of the 855: 849: 812: 802:. In 1999, the 745: 738: 735: 726: 720: 696: 676: 627: 614: 551:Macaques mating 545: 529: 500: 466: 464:Group structure 461: 433: 354: 340: 334: 328: 315: 312:M. fuscata 288:Cercopithecidae 203: 195: 184: 180: 173: 139: 128: 127: 126: 109: 103: 62: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4686: 4670: 4668: 4666:Inuus fuscatus 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4645: 4632: 4619: 4606: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4554: 4541: 4528: 4515: 4502: 4489: 4479: 4466: 4453: 4443: 4438:Macaca fuscata 4428: 4412: 4410: 4408:Macaca fuscata 4404: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4308:M. leucophaeus 4303: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4161:Kinda baboon ( 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4116:Olive baboon ( 4112: 4110: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3875:Moor macaque ( 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3778:C. lomamiensis 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3614:Diana monkey ( 3610: 3608: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3529: 3525:C. pygerythrus 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3487:Green monkey ( 3484: 3478:Dryas monkey ( 3474: 3472: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3448:E. poliophaeus 3443: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3354:Allenopithecus 3346: 3344:Cercopithecini 3340: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3246:Macaca fuscata 3241: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3223:External links 3221: 3220: 3219: 3207:(4): 250–251. 3195:Macaca fuscata 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3153: 3138: 3131: 3113: 3096: 3073: 3045: 3017: 2995: 2982: 2966: 2925: 2918: 2899: 2883: 2859: 2836: 2810: 2796: 2777: 2770: 2744: 2725:(3): 275–289. 2709: 2682:(3): 275–278. 2665: 2640:Int J Primatol 2630: 2588: 2581: 2569:Macaca fuscata 2554: 2541: 2524: 2505:(3): 168–174. 2488: 2459: 2438:(5): 451–457. 2418: 2406: 2387:(3): 215–225. 2371: 2352: 2333: 2314: 2299: 2286: 2277: 2264: 2251: 2249:27(4):397-412. 2234: 2215:(5): 737–748. 2205:Macaca fuscata 2195: 2191:Int J Primatol 2187:Macaca fuscata 2175: 2162: 2149: 2136: 2116: 2112:Folia Primatol 2099: 2080:(2): 161–175. 2064: 2021: 1994:(2): 116–128. 1978: 1970:Macaca fuscata 1961: 1947: 1927: 1925:17(2):183-204. 1911: 1895: 1884:(3): 156–158. 1868: 1849:(3): 453–467. 1829: 1810:(3): 289–304. 1794: 1757:Macaca fuscata 1747: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1660:(2): 197–201. 1644: 1625:(2): 147–156. 1609: 1590:(3): 607–625. 1571: 1558: 1539:(4): 453–457. 1522: 1495:(2): 133–138. 1479: 1463: 1430: 1428:24(4):797-811. 1426:Int J Primatol 1422:Macaca fuscata 1413: 1400: 1393: 1363: 1344:(3): 189–216. 1325: 1317:Macaca fuscata 1305: 1286:(3): 385–396. 1266: 1247:(3): 339–349. 1230: 1209:(3): 305–319. 1189: 1176: 1168:Macaca fuscata 1156: 1148:Macaca fuscata 1112: 1097: 1070: 1059: 1036: 1002:Macaca fuscata 989: 987: 984: 940:Watanabe Kazan 925:Chinese zodiac 851:Main article: 848: 845: 811: 808: 744: 741: 740: 739: 736: 729: 727: 721: 714: 695: 692: 675: 672: 659:sweet potatoes 626: 623: 613: 610: 544: 541: 528: 525: 465: 462: 460: 457: 432: 429: 387:Macaca fuscata 376: 375: 371: 370: 362: 361: 347: 346: 342: 341: 335: 330:Macaca fuscata 324: 323: 317: 316: 309: 307: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 197: 196: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 165: 157: 156: 148: 147: 130: 129: 125: 124: 117: 106: 84: 81: 70: 63: 44: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4760: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4207:(White-eyelid 4202: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4176:Theropithecus 4172: 4166: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4021:M. leucogenys 4017: 4015: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3994:M. assamensis 3990: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3913:M. nigrescens 3909: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3841:M. nemestrina 3837: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3733:C. erythrotis 3729: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3706:C. petaurista 3702: 3700: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3650:Mona monkey ( 3648: 3646: 3644: 3641:Blue monkey ( 3639: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3599: 3598: 3597:Cercopithecus 3593: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3549: 3548: 3547:Allochrocebus 3543: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3430:E. baumstarki 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3132:0-231-13826-1 3128: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919:9781461439677 2915: 2911: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611:(2): 141–60. 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582:3-8055-2165-0 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 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1751: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1686:Tumin, Remy, 1683: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1394:9780120045075 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098:0-801-88221-4 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083:Wilson, D. E. 1080: 1079:Groves, C. P. 1074: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1003: 994: 991: 985: 983: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 960: 955: 951: 950: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 917: 915: 914: 909: 908: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883: 878: 873: 867: 863: 859: 854: 846: 844: 842: 837: 835: 834:Japanese wolf 830: 828: 821: 816: 809: 807: 805: 801: 800:Dilley, Texas 797: 793: 789: 788:United States 785: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 742: 733: 728: 725: 718: 713: 711: 709: 705: 701: 693: 691: 689: 685: 681: 673: 671: 667: 665: 660: 656: 648: 644: 643:Kato Kiyomasa 639: 631: 624: 622: 620: 612:Communication 611: 609: 605: 602: 599: 598:alloparenting 589: 581: 577: 574: 569: 567: 561: 558: 549: 542: 540: 537: 533: 526: 524: 520: 514: 495: 492:Hotspring in 491: 486: 482: 479: 470: 463: 458: 456: 454: 448: 446: 437: 430: 428: 426: 422: 419:日本 "Japan" + 418: 414: 413: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388: 383: 372: 368: 363: 360: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 331: 325: 322: 321:Binomial name 318: 314: 313: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 296: 293: 292: 289: 286: 283: 282: 279: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 198: 192: 187: 186:Least Concern 176: 172: 167: 163: 158: 154: 149: 144: 141: 137: 122: 118: 115: 107: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 71: 68: 65: 64: 58: 56:(August 2024) 52: 50: 45:You can help 41: 32: 31: 19: 4665: 4407: 4324: 4307: 4298: 4286: 4275:C. lunulatus 4274: 4265: 4257:C. galeritus 4256: 4247: 4238: 4230:C. torquatus 4229: 4220: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4136:P. hamadryas 4135: 4126: 4117: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4062:L. aterrimus 4061: 4052: 4032: 4020: 4011: 4003:M. thibetana 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3940:M. arctoides 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3802: 3777: 3769:C. neglectus 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3661:C. campbelli 3660: 3651: 3642: 3634:C. nictitans 3633: 3624: 3615: 3595: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3545: 3534:C. cynosuros 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3459: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3419:Erythrocebus 3417: 3406:M. ogouensis 3405: 3396: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3245: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3163: 3156: 3147: 3141: 3122: 3116: 3106: 3099: 3091:the original 3086: 3076: 3064:. Retrieved 3058: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3030: 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 2998: 2985: 2980:、2000年、139頁。 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2945: 2942:Mammal Study 2941: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2875:. Retrieved 2871: 2862: 2851:, retrieved 2845: 2839: 2827:. Retrieved 2823: 2813: 2799: 2791: 2753: 2747: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2646:(1): 55–69. 2643: 2639: 2633: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2572: 2568: 2552:38(1):57-68. 2549: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2479:. Retrieved 2472: 2462: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2409: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2364: 2355: 2347: 2294: 2289: 2280: 2272: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2193:7(2):139–55. 2190: 2186: 2170: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2131: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2037:(1): 51–62. 2034: 2030: 2024: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1952:. 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Retrieved 1013: 1007: 1001: 993: 970: 964: 957: 947: 929: 918: 911: 905: 903: 880: 874: 871: 861: 838: 831: 824: 796:rattlesnakes 781: 777: 772: 746: 697: 677: 668: 652: 615: 606: 603: 594: 570: 562: 554: 530: 521: 517: 475: 449: 442: 424: 420: 416: 411: 410: 408: 391: 386: 385: 381: 379: 355: 351: 350: 329: 327: 311: 310: 298: 274:Infraorder: 140: 96:edit summary 87: 54: 46: 4532:iNaturalist 4432:Wikispecies 4075:Rungwecebus 4053:L. albigena 3958:M. cyclopis 3895:M. tonkeana 3886:M. ochreata 3859:M. pagensis 3823:M. sylvanus 3751:C. ascanius 3724:C. sclateri 3679:C. pogonias 3532:Malbrouck ( 3516:C. tantalus 3498:C. aethiops 3461:Chlorocebus 3397:M. talapoin 3385:(Talapoins) 3378:Miopithecus 3295:(subfamily 3066:16 November 3038:16 November 2849:, 2003–2011 2539:22(1):1-14. 1379:: 255–284. 1029:11 November 566:ejaculation 478:matrilineal 392:snow monkey 345:Subspecies 278:Simiiformes 51:in Japanese 4712:Categories 4681:Q109647326 4297:Mandrill ( 4288:Mandrillus 4209:mangabeys) 4200:Cercocebus 4154:P. ursinus 4086:R. kipunji 4034:Lophocebus 4012:M. munzala 3985:M. radiata 3967:M. fuscata 3949:M. mulatta 3850:M. leonina 3832:M. silenus 3811:(Macaques) 3760:C. hamlyni 3625:C. roloway 3584:A. solatus 3575:A. preussi 3566:A. lhoesti 3489:C. sabaeus 3334:Haplorhini 3332:Suborder: 3174:069102846X 2877:2021-12-05 2369:: 348–356. 2344:Karger.com 2145:Horm Behav 1976:49:152–96. 1457:2022-01-21 1154:104:1-200. 986:References 932:Edo period 897:shrine in 866:Mori Sosen 700:omnivorous 513:Jigokudani 490:Jigokudani 268:Haplorhini 264:Suborder: 164:her child 4299:M. sphinx 4266:C. sanjei 4239:C. agilis 4187:T. gelada 4163:P. kindae 4118:P. anubis 4106:(Baboons) 4084:Kipunji ( 3976:M. sinica 3868:M. siberu 3794:Papionini 3742:C. cephus 3308:Kingdom: 3248:factsheet 3010:12 August 2959:28 August 1974:Behaviour 1452:0362-4331 1323:68:53-69. 841:Yamaguchi 684:Yakushima 557:pair bond 455:species. 412:Nihonzaru 306:Species: 224:Kingdom: 218:Eukaryota 114:talk page 4675:Wikidata 4649:Species+ 4602:12100545 4550:11177786 4446:BioLib: 4417:Wikidata 4376:Primates 4326:Category 4185:Gelada ( 4145:P. papio 3922:M. nigra 3904:M. hecki 3877:M. maura 3776:Lesula ( 3697:C. denti 3688:C. wolfi 3670:C. lowei 3643:C. mitis 3616:C. diana 3496:Grivet ( 3480:C. dryas 3439:E. patas 3328:Primates 3322:Mammalia 3316:Chordata 3314:Phylum: 3310:Animalia 3060:BBC News 2739:23071267 2719:Primates 2696:16432639 2676:Primates 2625:44494863 2605:Primates 2550:Primates 2537:Primates 2519:28404448 2481:25 April 2454:19897928 2401:29616368 2381:Primates 2295:Primates 2273:Ethology 2247:Primates 2229:53204541 2132:Primates 2059:12551684 2051:11910792 2016:22047878 2008:16752116 1954:23 April 1923:Primates 1907:Primates 1863:45835173 1843:Primates 1824:20575934 1804:Primates 1789:85909507 1781:31992009 1639:37662395 1619:Primates 1604:22224829 1553:15386284 1517:26519477 1509:12082302 1489:Primates 1358:34818469 1338:Primates 1321:Prim Rep 1300:45679471 1280:Primates 1261:28382748 1241:Primates 1107:62265494 1081:(2005). 907:Momotarō 895:Tōshō-gū 708:Kinkasan 459:Behavior 284:Family: 258:Primates 248:Mammalia 238:Chordata 234:Phylum: 228:Animalia 214:Domain: 191:IUCN 3.1 162:grooming 90:provide 4695:8980573 4589:1000607 4524:2436608 4498:1037940 4423:Q191781 4364:Animals 4352:Mammals 4338:Portals 4306:Drill ( 4221:C. atys 3652:C. mona 3326:Order: 3320:Class: 2704:8930248 2660:8801410 2094:9066898 1742:1297630 1674:8644879 979:rabbits 959:netsuke 954:tobacco 944:ukiyo-e 936:samurai 792:coyotes 757:Shikoku 724:yakiimo 680:diurnal 674:Ecology 655:Koshima 453:macaque 404:primate 294:Genus: 254:Order: 244:Class: 189: ( 112:to the 94:in the 53:. 4733:Macaca 4641:689660 4563:555659 4511:MCCAFU 4482:ECOS: 3804:Macaca 3171: 3129: 2916: 2768: 2737: 2702: 2694: 2658: 2623: 2579: 2517: 2452: 2399: 2227: 2092: 2057: 2049: 2014: 2006: 1945: 1861: 1822: 1787: 1779: 1740: 1672: 1637: 1602: 1551: 1515: 1507: 1450: 1391: 1356: 1298: 1259: 1225:410988 1223: 1105: 1095: 975:libido 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