873:
ordered to build larger numbers using multipliers of 10, 100, and 1000. The number phrase order is: number x multiplier + number. Neutral, unmarked possessive phrases follow a specific order: possessor + -na + possessed + one of the four personal possessive suffixes (Hardman, 2000). Verb
Phrases. Verb phrases in Jaqaru are rare and never consist of more than two parts. There are four fixed order types: the careful phrase, the facultative phrase, the effort phrase, and the OV phrase (vowel-drop modifier + verb root). Verbs can additionally be modified by a quantifier modifier (Hardman, 2000).
211:, a divergent dialect, is spoken in the nearby communities of Cachuy, Canchán, Caipán and Chavín by a few elderly individuals (9 surviving in early 2005). Hardman has noted that while Jaqaru and Kawki share a degree of mutual intelligibility, speakers of one were unable to understand tape recordings of the other, and in a few cases of marriage between Kawki and Jaqaru speakers, the home language was Spanish. (However, the home language of most Jaqaru and Kawki is now Spanish.) Historical analysis shows that the two languages were out of contact for a period. The name
891:
object in a single suffix. Also characteristic of the Jaqaru morphology (and all of the Jaqi languages) is the use of extensive vowel dropping for grammatical marking. The rules constraining vowel dropping are extensive, and can be conditioned by such things as morpheme identity, morpheme sequence, syntactic requirements, some phonological requirements and suffix requirements. (Hardman, 2000).
219:
Additionally, regressive vowel harmony is present throughout the verb person system in Jaqaru, but does not appear in Kawki. Phonologically, Kawki is differentiated from Jaqaru in its vowel system. Jaqaru contains six vowels- three of regular length and three short, whereas Kawki has only the three regular-length vowels.
160:
890:
Jaqaru morphology is extremely complex. Most of the grammatical information in Jaqaru is carried in the morphology. The basic person system consists of four persons. In the verb system, these four persons are expanded into a conjugation of ten grammatical person markers, each marking both subject and
929:
Verbal morphology in Jaqaru is extremely complex, in both inflections and derivations. A great deal of the grammatical work of the language is done within the verbal morphological system. The standard paradigm is of ten persons, which define the relationships between the four basic persons (Hardman,
920:
Nominal morphology is based on a four-person paradigm which marks the relationship of the second person to the utterance. Therefore, the first person excludes the addressee. Second person excludes the speaker. Third person excludes both the speaker and the addressee, and is used for unmarked or null
218:
There exist clear differences between Jaqaru and Kawki in regard to morphology. Jaqaru has ten verb persons, whereas Kawki has only nine (due to a case of homophony wherein Kawki maintained the semantic distinction between two different person markers, but lost the form distinction between the two).
860:
These suffixes can occur in combination on words and most Class I suffixes rarely appear without another suffix on a morphological word. Classes II, III, and IV occur most frequently and are considered the core of syntactic inflection. It is theoretically possible for all sentence suffixes to occur
916:
Nominal morphology involves suffixes, with two kinds of nominal suffixes: possession and modification. Noun suffixes consist of two types. One set involves the interplay of nouns with the rest of the sentence (there are 10 of these suffixes: 4 possessives, 5 directionals, and 1 object marker). All
872:
Noun
Phrases. There are three types of noun phrases: modifier phrases, number phrases, and possessive phrases. Modifier phrases consist of a head noun preceded by a one or more modifier noun, which is marked by vowel dropping. Numbers in Jaqaru are on a base ten scale. Number phrases are carefully
881:
There are three types of particles in Jaqaru: negatives, greetings, and a few special ones. Three particles are used for negation: imperative negative, principle negative, and subordinate negative. Four greetings are used in Jaqaru for addressing people, which mark the sex of the speaker and the
818:
indicate sentence type (interrogative, declarative, etc.) Suffixes can and often do occur more than one per sentence, marking sentence type and creating complex constructions. Simply put, for sentences to be grammatical in Jaqaru, they must be inflected. Morphological words and syntactic phrases
992:
In Jaqaru (and all other Jaqi languages), the tie between object and subject is one of union; they are not separable morphologically, and conjugation requires simultaneous specification of both as a unit. Verbs are conjugated in two sets: one for principal clauses with ten tenses and one for
882:
addressee and do not carry any suffixes of any kind. Four special particles take no suffixes and comprise utterances in and of themselves: Jira (“Let's go”), Jalli (“I don't know, could be.”), Wala (“Go on, get going, bye.”), and Chiku (“I'm going, I'm off, bye.”) (Hardman, 2000: 115).
861:
in a sentence, but no case has ever been found. At most three or four sentence suffixes have been found in a text, as of the year 2000. However, because many morphological suffixes can also be stacked, syntactic words frequently carry up to seven or eight suffixes (Hardman, 2000).
827:
Sentence suffixes occur after all other morphological processes and can occur on any morphological words or syntactic phrases. The nature of sentence suffixes allows for freedom of word order and creativity in sentence construction, useful to storytellers (Hardman, 2000).
1630:
907:
non-personal-knowledge (NPK)--used for all myths, histories from longer ago than any living memory, stories, and non-involvement of the speaker in the current situation (Hardman, 2000)
3271:
1957:
3259:
1938:
869:
Unlike sentence word order, within phrases a fixed word order is either preferred or obligatory. Two main types of phrases occur in Jaqaru: noun phrases and verb phrases.
1176:
listen online to pronunciations of Jaqaru and Kawki words, see photos of speakers and their home region, learn about the origins of Jaqaru and its relationship to the
1116:
Belleza Castro, N. (1995). Vocabulario jacaru-castellano/castellano-jacaru (aimara tupino). (Monumenta Lingüística Andina, 3.) Cuzco: Centro "Bartolome de Las Casas".
3266:
3249:
993:
subordinate clauses with twelve tenses. Verbs ordinarily consist of a minimum of three morphemes. However, typical verbs consist of many more (Hardman, 2000).
1189:
Bautista
Iturrizaga, Dimas: Mark Qillqa TUPE Estudio Histórico-Cultural de Marka-Tupe Pueblo de habla Jaqaru Año 750 D.C. - 2010—Fondo Editorial UNMSM 2010:
1222:
3254:
1126:
Hardman-de-Bautista, Martha James 1978. "Linguistic
Postulates and Applied Anthropological Linguistics". In V. Honsa and M. J. Hardman-de-Bautista (eds)
1168:
785:
3157:
2716:
1916:
894:
The primary form classes are root and suffix. Root classes are verb, noun, and particle; suffix classes are nominal, verbal, thematic, and sentence.
3104:
1931:
1159:
Dr. M.J. Hardman's website, with links to listen to all of the Jaqi languages, glossed texts, Aymara materials on the internet, and much more.
1951:
1194:
2665:
1947:
844:
III—Categorizer: -sa (information), -txi (negative; yes/no), -wa (PK—personal knowledge), -qa (attenuator; topic), and -psa (aggregational)
819:
which do not contain a sentence suffix are judged by native speakers to be ungrammatical and for some, impossible to say (Hardman, 2000).
703:
1074:
746:
762:
3124:
2529:
1924:
3079:
897:
Evidentiality marking is reflected in every sentence of the language. The three major grammatical categories of evidentiality are:
3089:
1987:
1596:
3276:
3144:
2209:
1215:
2433:
3099:
3094:
2909:
2518:
3198:
2822:
3129:
3109:
242:, which distinguish two degrees of length. Long vowels (/a: i: u:/) are indicated in writing with a grave accent: à ì ù.
3044:
1257:
657:
416:
146:
3084:
2568:
669:
594:
426:
3119:
3069:
2633:
2228:
1655:
1092:
3302:
3297:
3233:
1459:
1208:
721:
584:
495:
406:
396:
386:
298:
3074:
2960:
2875:
2638:
2418:
2315:
1436:
3059:
1183:
679:
436:
1711:
3034:
3029:
2584:
1898:
1805:
1665:
1173:
456:
1133:
Hardman, Martha James 1983. "'And if We Lose Our Name, Then What About Our Land', or What Price
Development?"
3064:
2047:
604:
446:
3218:
3178:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3024:
2562:
2490:
2334:
2270:
2248:
2213:
1893:
1454:
1336:
574:
564:
239:
20:
904:
knowledge-through-language (KTW)--referring to all that is learned by hearing others speak and by reading
3228:
3208:
3193:
3152:
3114:
2899:
2851:
2736:
2463:
2393:
2330:
1374:
692:
614:
329:
319:
2675:
2149:
2014:
1825:
1311:
1306:
3203:
3183:
2985:
2919:
2780:
2724:
2573:
2296:
2156:
1474:
1399:
1380:
1359:
1326:
634:
345:
921:
instances. Fourth person marks the inclusion of both the speaker and the addressee (Hardman, 2000).
3223:
3188:
3162:
2680:
2655:
2548:
2484:
2440:
2389:
2379:
2222:
2074:
2032:
1905:
1673:
1482:
1354:
624:
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
485:
475:
468:
270:
2976:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2914:
2856:
2768:
2741:
2643:
2626:
2497:
2473:
2428:
2411:
2374:
2369:
2184:
2067:
2027:
1976:
1776:
1730:
1609:
1558:
1497:
1394:
1289:
1262:
355:
265:
255:
2794:
2191:
2170:
2037:
1738:
1563:
3213:
3134:
2861:
2834:
2801:
2747:
2696:
2612:
2578:
2552:
2524:
2509:
2445:
2351:
2344:
2135:
2082:
2060:
2053:
1996:
1855:
1819:
1815:
1604:
1587:
1577:
1548:
1510:
1505:
1413:
1321:
1316:
1231:
1190:
737:
275:
182:
82:
1070:
2965:
2932:
2888:
2869:
2815:
2774:
2754:
2670:
2619:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2535:
2451:
2364:
2358:
2309:
2241:
2234:
2177:
2163:
2142:
2108:
2103:
2042:
2003:
1865:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1784:
1753:
1701:
1693:
1640:
1634:
1572:
1553:
1543:
1535:
1523:
1247:
1239:
1012:
285:
260:
2991:
2925:
2761:
2705:
2479:
2423:
2276:
2128:
2121:
2114:
1860:
1830:
1789:
1766:
1761:
1743:
1683:
1567:
1487:
1464:
1421:
1298:
1177:
1002:
313:
280:
194:
74:
2401:
2397:
2022:
3019:
2998:
2881:
2844:
2808:
2302:
2288:
2264:
2257:
1870:
1810:
1625:
1518:
1449:
1346:
1331:
1252:
1056:
138:
3291:
2787:
2730:
2690:
1706:
1678:
1645:
1444:
1364:
1162:
777:
379:
2198:
1716:
1650:
198:
151:
1039:
1034:
645:
373:
131:
115:
1088:
122:
917:
other nominal suffixes function to create complex nouns (Hardman, 2000).
814:
Syntax in Jaqaru consists mainly of a system of sentence suffixes. These
557:
305:
233:
1007:
368:
1186:
a small NGO set up to support the Jaqaru people, culture and language.
831:
There are seven classes of sentence suffixes in Jaqaru, listed below:
1270:
1154:
815:
1200:
236:
159:
202:
47:
1920:
1204:
1119:
Hardman, Martha James 1978. "Jaqi: The
Linguistic Family".
841:
II—Aggregational: -rk"a (additive) and -sk"a (sequential)
193:. It is spoken in the districts of Tupe and Catahuasi in
847:
IV—KTL (knowledge through language): -mna ('it is said')
205:. Most of the 2000 ethnic Jaqaru have migrated to Lima.
834:
Order classes of sentence suffixes (Hardman, 2000: 92)
901:
personal knowledge (PK)--typically referring to sight
838:
I—Temporal: -kasa (completive) and -ra (continuative)
3242:
3171:
3143:
3012:
2974:
2898:
2832:
2715:
2654:
2547:
2507:
2461:
2388:
2328:
2286:
2208:
2096:
2013:
1986:
1966:
1883:
1798:
1775:
1752:
1729:
1692:
1664:
1618:
1595:
1586:
1534:
1496:
1473:
1435:
1412:
1387:
1373:
1345:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1238:
856:
VII—FinalDS: -ashi ('maybe') and -ishi ('remember')
145:
129:
113:
108:
96:
71:
61:
53:
43:
28:
1167:from the works of Dr. Martha James Hardman in the
1121:The International Journal of American Linguistics
1932:
1216:
1089:"Jaqaru language, alphabet and pronunciation"
8:
19:"Kawki" redirects here. For other uses, see
2283:
2010:
1983:
1939:
1925:
1917:
1592:
1294:
1285:
1223:
1209:
1201:
158:
25:
1948:Indigenous language families and isolates
1169:University of Florida Digital Collections
1128:Papers on Linguistics and Child Language
940:2›4p: -ushta, -ushtumata, and -ushtusama
249:
1024:
215:is used for Jaqaru and Kawki together.
1137:Volume 35, number 3. pp. 151–161.
985:3›4p: -ushtu, -ushtuni, and -ushtusp"a
1030:
1028:
252:
95:
7:
1174:The Sounds of the Andean Languages
937:2›1p: -uta, -utumata, and -utusama
14:
979:3›2p: -tama, -matama, and -masama
784:
761:
745:
720:
702:
678:
668:
656:
633:
623:
613:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
544:
534:
524:
514:
504:
494:
484:
474:
455:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
395:
385:
354:
344:
328:
318:
1077:from the original on 2024-05-26.
982:3›1p: -utu, -utuni, and -utusp"a
1095:from the original on 2024-05-26
16:Aymaran language spoken in Peru
1130:. New York: Mouton Publishers.
1123:. Volume 44. pp. 146–153.
853:VI—Emphatic: -illi ('really!")
1:
973:4›3p: -tana, -tana, and -sana
949:1›2p: -imi, -mama and -shtama
850:V—Surprisal: -ja (rhetorical)
57:2,000 Jaqaru and Kawki (2000)
1140:Hardman, Martha James 2000.
1135:Evaluating Gender Relations
943:2›3p: -ta, -mata, and -sama
3319:
2666:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
18:
1890:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
1164:Jaqaru Digital Collection
1144:. Germany: Lincom Europa.
958:1›3p: -t"a, -nha, and -sa
776:
691:
644:
367:
312:
284:
279:
274:
269:
259:
254:
157:
38:
33:
1899:Inmaculada Sign Language
988:3›3p: -i, -ni, and -sp"a
1045:(subscription required)
181:) is a language of the
164:Distribution of Jaqaru
3267:Unclassified languages
1894:Peruvian Sign Language
185:. It is also known as
21:Kawki (disambiguation)
2837:, Bolivia, and Chile)
2658:(west-central Brazil)
1184:Jaqmashi Association
619:⟨tx’’⟩
609:⟨cx’’⟩
599:⟨tz’’⟩
589:⟨ch’’⟩
3260:Marañón River basin
3125:Tequiraca–Canichana
3105:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
1906:Sivia Sign Language
639:⟨q’’⟩
629:⟨k’’⟩
579:⟨t’’⟩
569:⟨p’’⟩
530:⟨tx’⟩
520:⟨cx’⟩
510:⟨tz’⟩
500:⟨ch’⟩
3080:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
3013:Proposed groupings
1967:Language families
1799:Isolates and other
912:Nominal morphology
767:⟨ll⟩
674:⟨sh⟩
550:⟨q’⟩
540:⟨k’⟩
490:⟨t’⟩
480:⟨p’⟩
441:⟨tx⟩
431:⟨cx⟩
421:⟨tz⟩
411:⟨ch⟩
360:⟨nh⟩
3303:Languages of Peru
3298:Aymaran languages
3285:
3284:
3255:Extinct languages
3008:
3007:
2324:
2323:
2092:
2091:
1961:
1914:
1913:
1879:
1878:
1725:
1724:
1597:Cajamarca–Cañaris
1408:
1407:
1267:
1240:Spanish varieties
1232:Languages of Peru
1195:978-9972-46-435-5
1043:(18th ed., 2015)
925:Verbal morphology
823:Sentence suffixes
807:
806:
790:⟨r⟩
751:⟨l⟩
726:⟨y⟩
708:⟨w⟩
684:⟨j⟩
662:⟨s⟩
461:⟨q⟩
451:⟨k⟩
401:⟨t⟩
391:⟨p⟩
350:⟨ñ⟩
334:⟨n⟩
324:⟨m⟩
232:Jaqaru has three
172:
171:
3310:
3277:Linguistic areas
3145:Linguistic areas
2687:? Mura–Matanawí
2434:Andoque–Urequena
2284:
2011:
1984:
1955:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1593:
1295:
1286:
1265:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1032:
1013:Quechua language
791:
788:
768:
765:
752:
749:
740:
727:
724:
709:
706:
699:
685:
682:
675:
672:
663:
660:
640:
637:
630:
627:
620:
617:
610:
607:
600:
597:
590:
587:
580:
577:
570:
567:
560:
551:
548:
541:
538:
531:
528:
521:
518:
511:
508:
501:
498:
491:
488:
481:
478:
471:
462:
459:
452:
449:
442:
439:
432:
429:
422:
419:
412:
409:
402:
399:
392:
389:
382:
361:
358:
351:
348:
335:
332:
325:
322:
308:
301:
294:
250:
241:
162:
141:
125:
118:
77:
26:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3238:
3167:
3139:
3100:Mataco–Guaicuru
3095:Katembri–Taruma
3060:Macro-Puinavean
3045:Macro-Otomákoan
3004:
2970:
2910:Mataco–Guaicuru
2894:
2828:
2711:
2650:
2543:
2519:Sechura–Catacao
2508:Pacific coast (
2503:
2462:Pacific coast (
2457:
2384:
2320:
2282:
2204:
2088:
2009:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1960:classification)
1954:
1945:
1915:
1910:
1875:
1806:Candoshi-Shapra
1794:
1771:
1748:
1721:
1688:
1660:
1614:
1582:
1530:
1515:Achuar–Shiwiar
1492:
1469:
1431:
1404:
1383:
1369:
1341:
1281:
1275:
1234:
1229:
1178:Aymara language
1151:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1003:Aymara language
999:
976:
961:
946:
927:
914:
888:
879:
867:
825:
812:
789:
766:
750:
736:
725:
707:
697:
683:
673:
661:
638:
628:
618:
608:
598:
588:
578:
568:
556:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
467:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
400:
390:
378:
372:
359:
349:
333:
323:
304:
297:
292:
264:
248:
230:
225:
195:Yauyos Province
168:
137:
121:
114:
92:
78:
75:Language family
73:
67:740 (2004)
64:
63:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3272:Classification
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:Mamoré–Guaporé
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3130:Wamo–Chapakura
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:Moseten–Chonan
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Macro-Chibchan
3032:
3030:Macro-Arawakan
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2905:
2903:
2896:
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2777:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2721:
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2717:Mamoré–Guaporé
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
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2195:
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2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
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2125:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2097:Eastern Brazil
2094:
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2086:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2040:
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2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2008:
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1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1972:
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1964:
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1946:
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1929:
1921:
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1911:
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1896:
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1884:Sign languages
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1656:Yauyos–Chincha
1653:
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1460:Nüpode Huitoto
1457:
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1450:Minica Huitoto
1447:
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1199:
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1149:External links
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109:Language codes
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44:Native to
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3234:French Guiana
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3098:
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3090:Je–Tupi–Carib
3088:
3086:
3085:Hibito–Cholon
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Macro-Warpean
3063:
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2569:Hibito–Cholon
2567:
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2560:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
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2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:Cañari–Puruhá
2528:
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2175:
2173:
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2161:
2159:
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2147:
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2140:
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2133:
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2110:
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:Je–Tupi–Carib
1985:
1979:
1978:
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1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:Campbell 2012
1953:
1952:South America
1949:
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1455:Murui Huitoto
1453:
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1428:
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1338:
1337:Nomatsiguenga
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
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1313:
1310:
1308:
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1207:
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1188:
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1129:
1125:
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1118:
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1110:
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1084:
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1076:
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1052:
1049:
1042:
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1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
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994:
987:
984:
981:
978:
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966:
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962:
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948:
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876:
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870:
864:
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855:
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849:
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840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
829:
822:
820:
817:
809:
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801:
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793:
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764:
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731:
729:
723:
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622:
616:
612:
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586:
582:
576:
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566:
562:
559:
555:
554:
547:
543:
537:
533:
527:
523:
517:
513:
507:
503:
497:
493:
487:
483:
477:
473:
470:
466:
465:
458:
454:
448:
444:
438:
434:
428:
424:
418:
414:
408:
404:
398:
394:
388:
384:
381:
377:
375:
370:
366:
363:
357:
353:
347:
343:
341:
339:
337:
331:
327:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
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300:
296:
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136:
134:
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128:
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120:
117:
112:
107:
101:
100:
99:
89:
86:
85:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
60:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3120:Saparo–Yawan
3070:Arutani–Sape
3055:Macro-Panoan
3050:Macro-Paesan
3040:Macro-Jibaro
3025:Macro-Andean
2997:
2990:
2961:Lule–Vilelan
2931:
2924:
2887:
2880:
2868:
2843:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2729:
2704:
2695:
2634:Saparo–Yawan
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2563:Pano–Tacanan
2561:
2534:
2496:
2489:
2472:
2466:and Ecuador)
2450:
2410:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2308:
2301:
2275:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2229:Arutani–Sape
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2002:
1995:
1975:
1969:and isolates
1712:Cusco–Collao
1426:
1375:Upper Amazon
1163:
1156:Jaqi website
1155:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:Bibliography
1097:. Retrieved
1083:
1065:
1051:
1038:
991:
928:
919:
915:
896:
893:
889:
880:
871:
868:
859:
833:
830:
826:
813:
231:
217:
212:
208:
207:
190:
186:
178:
174:
173:
165:
130:
87:
3115:Quechumaran
3075:Bora–Witoto
2975:Far South (
2876:Uru–Chipaya
2852:Quechumaran
2737:Nambikwaran
2419:Bora–Witoto
2316:Ticuna–Yuri
1674:Chachapoyas
1437:Bora–Witoto
1360:Mashco Piro
1327:Machiguenga
930:2000, 56):
199:Lima Region
3292:Categories
2986:Qawasqaran
2920:Guaicuruan
2889:Mapudungun
2725:Chapacuran
2639:Peba–Yagua
2574:Cahuapanan
2491:Yurumanguí
2075:Chiquitano
2048:Maxakalian
1956:(based on
1610:Lambayeque
1483:Chayahuita
1475:Cahuapanan
1280:Indigenous
1263:Equatorial
1099:2021-06-21
1040:Ethnologue
1019:References
970:4›4p: none
967:4›1p: none
964:4›2p: none
955:1›4p: none
952:1›1p: none
934:2›2p: none
886:Morphology
246:Consonants
3250:Languages
3219:Venezuela
3179:Argentina
3172:Countries
3163:Amazonian
2775:Mosetenan
2769:Canichana
2681:Katukinan
2676:Harákmbut
2627:Tequiraca
2498:Esmeralda
2485:Barbacoan
2441:Guajiboan
2380:Jirajaran
2335:Venezuela
2271:Otomacoan
2223:Yanomaman
2214:Venezuela
2150:Pankararú
2068:Rikbaktsá
1826:Harákmbut
1605:Cajamarca
1559:Kashinawa
1395:Chamicuro
1312:Ashéninga
1307:Asháninka
1282:languages
877:Particles
646:Fricative
469:aspirated
380:voiceless
374:Affricate
271:Retroflex
223:Phonology
132:Glottolog
116:ISO 639-3
54:Ethnicity
3229:Suriname
3209:Paraguay
3194:Colombia
2956:Huarpean
2951:Charruan
2946:Zamucoan
2941:Mascoyan
2915:Matacoan
2857:Quechuan
2781:Yuracaré
2748:Cayubaba
2742:Bororoan
2697:Matanawí
2644:Zaparoan
2613:Taushiro
2585:Candoshi
2579:Jivaroan
2474:Chibchan
2464:Colombia
2429:Witotoan
2412:Tucanoan
2394:Colombia
2375:Timotean
2370:Tiniguan
2331:Colombia
2157:Tarairiú
2136:Katembri
2104:Karirian
2043:Krenakan
2028:Jabutian
2015:Macro-Jê
1977:Arawakan
1856:Taushiro
1816:Ese Ejja
1777:Zaparoan
1731:Tucanoan
1702:Ayacucho
1694:Southern
1641:Pacaraos
1635:Huallaga
1588:Quechuan
1578:Yaminawa
1549:Iskonawa
1511:Huambisa
1506:Aguaruna
1498:Jivaroan
1400:Yanesha'
1381:Resígaro
1322:Caquinte
1317:Axininca
1290:Arawakan
1266:(Tumbes)
1248:Amazonic
1093:Archived
1075:Archived
1071:"Jaqaru"
1057:"Jaqaru"
997:See also
816:suffixes
558:ejective
306:sibilant
266:Alveolar
256:Bilabial
234:phonemic
139:tupe1234
97:Dialects
3204:Ecuador
3184:Bolivia
3135:Amerind
2933:Payaguá
2902:–Pampas
2870:Puquina
2862:Aymaran
2833:Andes (
2816:Irantxe
2755:Itonama
2620:Urarina
2606:Waorani
2599:Munichi
2592:Omurano
2536:Mochica
2525:Chimuan
2480:Chocoan
2452:Puinave
2446:Nadahup
2359:Andaquí
2329:Andes (
2297:Sáliban
2235:Arutani
2210:Orinoco
1997:Cariban
1866:Urarina
1851:Puquina
1846:Munichi
1841:Mochica
1837:family)
1822:family)
1820:Tacanan
1785:Arabela
1666:Lowland
1631:Huánuco
1619:Central
1573:Shipibo
1554:Kashibo
1544:Amawaka
1524:Shiwiar
1414:Aymaran
1388:Western
1355:Iñapari
1258:Coastal
1008:Aymaran
865:Phrases
738:lateral
698:central
693:Approx.
369:Plosive
299:palatal
276:Palatal
179:Haq'aru
83:Aymaran
39:Haq'aru
3224:Guyana
3189:Brazil
2992:Yaghan
2966:Chonan
2926:Guachí
2795:Aikanã
2762:Movima
2706:Trumai
2671:Arawan
2656:Amazon
2549:Amazon
2402:Vaupés
2398:Japurá
2390:Amazon
2365:Paezan
2277:Yaruro
2185:Xukurú
2129:Baenan
2122:Gamela
2115:Taruma
2109:Purían
2038:Karajá
2033:Kamakã
2004:Tupian
1861:Ticuna
1835:Arauan
1831:Kulina
1790:Iquito
1767:Omagua
1762:Cocama
1754:Tupian
1744:Secoya
1739:Orejón
1684:Kichwa
1626:Ancash
1568:Pisabo
1564:Matsés
1536:Panoan
1519:Achuar
1488:Jebero
1465:Ocaina
1427:Jaqaru
1422:Aymara
1271:Loncco
1253:Andean
1193:
1142:Jaqaru
1035:Jaqaru
810:Syntax
286:Uvular
261:Dental
237:vowels
228:Vowels
175:Jaqaru
152:Jaqaru
88:Jaqaru
29:Jaqaru
3243:Lists
3199:Chile
3153:Chaco
2999:Chono
2977:Chile
2900:Chaco
2882:Kunza
2845:Culle
2823:Arara
2809:Kwazá
2802:Kanoê
2691:Muran
2424:Boran
2404:area)
2352:Camsá
2345:Cofán
2303:Betoi
2265:Guamo
2258:Warao
2171:Wamoé
2083:Guató
2061:Ofayé
2054:Jaikó
1871:Yagua
1811:Culle
1707:Cusco
1679:Lamas
1646:Wanka
1332:Nanti
1299:Campa
314:Nasal
293:plain
281:Velar
240:/aiu/
209:Kawki
166:(red)
102:Kawki
3214:Peru
3020:Duho
2835:Peru
2788:Leco
2731:Mure
2553:Peru
2510:Peru
2333:and
2310:Hodï
2289:Duho
2249:Máku
2242:Sapé
2192:Yaté
2178:Xokó
2164:Tuxá
2143:Natú
1717:Puno
1651:Yaru
1445:Bora
1365:Yine
1347:Piro
1191:ISBN
595:t͡sʼ
506:t͡sʰ
213:Tupe
203:Peru
189:and
187:Jaqi
48:Peru
34:Tupe
2199:Otí
1950:of
1037:at
778:Tap
585:tʲʼ
496:tʲʰ
417:t͡s
191:Aru
147:ELP
123:jqr
3294::
2908:?
2850:?
2664:?
2632:?
2523:?
2417:?
2396:,
2287:?
2227:?
2080:?
2023:Jê
1091:.
1073:.
1027:^
635:qʼ
625:kʼ
615:cʼ
605:ʈʼ
575:tʼ
565:pʼ
546:qʰ
536:kʰ
526:cʰ
516:ʈʰ
486:tʰ
476:pʰ
407:tʲ
201:,
197:,
2979:)
2555:)
2551:(
2512:)
2400:–
2392:(
2337:)
2216:)
2212:(
1940:e
1933:t
1926:v
1833:(
1818:(
1637:)
1633:(
1566:/
1224:e
1217:t
1210:v
1197:.
1180:.
1102:.
1059:.
786:ɾ
763:ʎ
747:l
722:j
704:w
680:x
670:ç
658:s
457:q
447:k
437:c
427:ʈ
397:t
387:p
371:/
356:ŋ
346:ɲ
330:n
320:m
263:/
177:(
23:.
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