457:& Stanton (1993) wrote: "The appropriate traditional categorisation of the whole group was Kukabrak: this term, as we mention again below, was used by these people to differentiate themselves from neighbours whom they regarded as being socio-culturally and linguistically dissimilar. However, the term Narrinyeri has been used consistently in the literature and by Aborigines today who recognise a common descent from original inhabitants of this region-- even though their traditional identifying labels have been lost."
440:: the Ngarrindjeri revivalists are trying to define themselves vis-à-vis the "Other", distancing themselves from "the colonizers' mother tongue, Australian English" (even at the expense of losing one of their own original rhotics).
1236:
1173:
203:
324:
The last fluent speaker of
Ngarrindjerri died in the 1960s, but there have been attempts to revive the language in the 21st century, including the release of a Ngarrindjeri dictionary in 2009. The work of
296:. McDonald (2002) distinguishes five dialects: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi. Bowern (2011) lists the Yaraldi, Ngarrindjeri, and Ramindjeri varieties as separate languages.
3330:
3051:
1879:
3456:
3526:
1778:
1758:
1725:
1700:
3491:
3484:
3449:
3356:
3338:
3058:
2823:
2834:
432:(as in English). However, in revitalized Ngarrindjeri, both rhotics "are pronounced unlike English". Zuckermann analyses this phenomenon as over-applied,
2921:
1872:
404:(Nragi Muthar) have been writing and singing songs in Ngarrindjerri and English, and using them to help teach the language in schools and other venues.
3463:
3519:
359:
Phyllis
Williams has been collaborating with linguist Mary-Anne Gale for many years, teaching the language to adults and developing resources to aid
2981:
3477:
3044:
1404:
1456:
3378:
3470:
2788:
2276:
1888:
1865:
1602:
1568:
1384:
1359:
1308:
965:
3251:
3016:
2995:
777:
3512:
820:
3399:
2960:
2939:
1464:
770:
466:
4355:
2967:
1093:
756:
4227:
3403:
2914:
1638:
1515:
1507:
763:
5201:
1743:
Vocabulary of the language spoken by the
Aborigines of the southern and eastern portion of the settled districts of South Australia
1430:
1825:
4615:
5472:
3312:
2665:
2510:
1003:
987:
905:
378:
355:
A second edition of the dictionary was published in 2019, with 500 additional words, bringing the total to 4,200. Ngarrindjeri
338:
312:
2946:
1324:
995:
370:
in 2020. Hundreds of new words have been added, including words for items which did not exist in the 19th century, such as "
1185:
3392:
3009:
2466:
2357:
1737:
1265:
1033:
973:
3732:
3303:
3168:
2202:
1055:
914:
217:
5213:
3927:
3037:
3002:
2988:
2974:
2953:
2459:
1552:
1101:
1063:
957:
882:
689:
5107:
4906:
4762:
4750:
4565:
4263:
3930:
3535:
1741:
104:
3899:
3411:
3072:
3023:
2452:
2423:
2408:
1017:
930:
829:
682:
654:
382:
5482:
4378:
4206:
3817:
2524:
2343:
1041:
668:
4135:
4008:
5173:
3884:
3722:
3581:
3566:
3385:
3321:
3030:
2802:
2473:
2431:
2364:
1085:
891:
675:
4964:
4936:
4084:
3760:
3717:
3650:
3190:
3182:
2481:
2336:
2329:
2069:
1594:
1283:
1071:
1025:
661:
152:
1303:, South Australia, 25 to 28 July 2013. Australian Association for Lexicography (Australex). pp. 1–19.
5137:
5127:
4458:
4443:
4397:
4325:
4283:
3237:
3186:
3098:
2809:
2707:
2372:
2307:
2286:
1300:
738:
390:
349:
109:
1804:
Narinjari: an outline of the language studied by George Taplin, with Taplin's notes and comparative table
1793:(1892). "Grammar of the language spoken by the Narrinyeri tribe in S. Australia". In Fraser, John (ed.).
1193:
321:" "Jehovah God planted a garden in Eden, toward the east, and there he put the man whom he had formed."
5477:
5347:
5040:
5027:
4839:
4656:
3832:
3712:
3428:
3205:
3065:
2609:
2438:
1717:
1584:
806:
799:
731:
703:
330:
159:
5235:
3660:
2672:
1489:
413:
315:. 8 Genesis 2:8 follows in Ngarrindjerri from the 1864 translation and a literal English translation. "
1499:
5368:
5276:
5222:
5076:
5012:
4875:
4724:
4696:
4691:
4506:
4435:
4420:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4288:
4201:
4107:
4092:
4041:
4036:
4026:
3853:
3822:
3670:
3665:
3244:
1590:
Re-awakening
Languages: Theory and Practice in the Revitalisation of Australia's Indigenous Languages
1211:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1001:
993:
985:
971:
963:
955:
717:
599:
578:
556:
366:
The third, expanded edition of the dictionary, again compiled by Gale and
Williams, was published by
1652:
1137:
377:
In 2021 the first students of the first training course to be specially tailored to the teaching of
5342:
5332:
5322:
5266:
5152:
5017:
4870:
4847:
4824:
4681:
4373:
4275:
4188:
4148:
4115:
4051:
4031:
3942:
3770:
3696:
3576:
3571:
3175:
3105:
2223:
1206:
724:
641:
445:
Jarildekald, Jaralde, Yarilde, Yarrildie, Jaraldi, Lakalinyeri, Warawalde, Yalawarre, Yarildewallin
334:
5438:
5410:
5400:
5327:
5240:
5056:
4852:
4793:
4785:
4770:
4747:
4714:
4638:
4628:
4605:
4534:
4529:
4448:
4410:
4340:
4260:
4196:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4125:
4120:
4016:
3960:
3904:
3863:
3791:
3745:
3740:
3675:
3601:
3119:
2816:
2174:
2006:
1959:
1910:
1819:
710:
636:
437:
65:
57:
5119:
1379:(3rd (complete) ed.). Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Press.
2889:
5425:
5392:
5373:
5363:
5312:
5302:
5071:
4959:
4954:
4946:
4903:
4862:
4775:
4719:
4706:
4686:
4666:
4623:
4585:
4562:
4516:
4493:
4473:
4463:
4405:
4304:
4298:
4143:
3998:
3993:
3955:
3879:
3858:
3827:
3765:
3691:
3645:
3586:
3147:
3140:
2742:
2644:
1938:
1634:
1598:
1588:
1564:
1511:
1503:
1380:
1355:
1304:
746:
626:
604:
293:
5415:
5378:
5317:
5245:
5230:
5147:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4974:
4931:
4829:
4803:
4671:
4651:
4646:
4600:
4590:
4539:
4524:
4501:
4483:
4163:
4074:
4069:
3983:
3965:
3950:
3894:
3812:
3807:
3786:
3655:
3596:
3591:
3198:
3154:
3112:
2749:
2595:
2160:
2020:
1924:
1834:
1750:
1692:
1673:
1653:"Notes on the sign-language of the Jaralde tribe of the Lower River Murray, South Australia"
1622:
785:
631:
616:
609:
567:
454:
421:
360:
356:
73:
69:
5443:
5433:
5405:
5337:
5307:
5297:
5178:
5157:
5142:
5132:
5061:
5007:
4987:
4926:
4880:
4811:
4676:
4661:
4595:
4577:
4478:
4453:
4365:
4312:
4237:
4222:
4178:
4153:
4097:
4064:
3975:
3889:
3750:
3627:
3611:
3606:
3548:
3133:
3126:
2735:
2567:
2230:
1540:
Sign
Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.
1495:
Revivalistics: From the
Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
1290:
1269:
1232:
1169:
621:
342:
257:
209:
96:
43:
1857:
5281:
5271:
5261:
5083:
4918:
4232:
4059:
4021:
3848:
3418:
3212:
2795:
2770:
2700:
2588:
2553:
2546:
2517:
2416:
2209:
2153:
1917:
1846:
1627:
1557:
1115:/u/ when occurring after a trill consonant in closed syllables can be heard as central
1457:"Aboriginal singers the Deadly Nannas are breathing new life into an ancient language"
195:
5466:
4468:
4425:
3988:
3637:
3219:
2728:
2721:
2686:
2679:
2658:
2637:
2581:
2560:
2539:
2532:
2251:
2048:
1903:
1790:
1770:
1648:
1618:
1493:
864:
450:
401:
386:
17:
1405:"Aboriginal languages making comeback through new training program and dictionaries"
1284:"They came, they heard, they documented: the Dresden missionaries as lexicographers"
2896:
2763:
2756:
2714:
2616:
2574:
2237:
2104:
1354:(2nd (concise) ed.). Miwi-Inyeri Pelepi-Ambi Aboriginal Corporation (MIPAAC).
433:
394:
253:
53:
1721:
2882:
2693:
2651:
2623:
2602:
2503:
2216:
2041:
1775:
The
Folklore, Manners, Customs, and Languages of the South Australian Aborigines
1629:
A World That Was: The
Yaraldi of the Murray River and the Lakes, South Australia
859:
814:
371:
230:
225:
3269:
1263:
2386:
2258:
2244:
2181:
2167:
2083:
2013:
1999:
1931:
1762:
1729:
1696:
876:
869:
697:
61:
1782:
1704:
2875:
2855:
2300:
2139:
2062:
1971:
1963:
922:
899:
188:
172:
179:
3504:
2630:
2445:
2314:
2146:
2125:
2118:
2090:
2055:
2034:
1714:
A study of the phonetics and phonology of
Yaraldi and associated dialects
326:
1678:
389:, graduated, and are now able to pass on their skills to the community.
2848:
2379:
2350:
2111:
2097:
2076:
2027:
1985:
1945:
648:
367:
1754:
2404:
2188:
2132:
1992:
1978:
1952:
1689:
Dhanum Djorra'wuy Dhawu: A history of writing in Aboriginal languages
1237:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1174:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
318:
Jehovah winmin gardenowe Edenald, kile yuppun ityan korn gardenungai.
341:
have contributed enormously to the revival of both Ngarrindjeri and
3276:
2322:
2293:
2195:
308:
77:
546:
These are words for animals extinct since European colonisation:
447:(although as mentioned above, Yaraldi is regarded as a dialect).
311:
was the first time portions of the Bible were translated into an
1289:. In Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Miller, Julia; Morley, Jasmin (eds.).
1262:, "Preserving Indigenous culture through language", 16 May 2008,
1118:
A mid sound /ə/ can also be heard in various syllabic positions.
1112:/i/ when preceding retroflex consonant, can be heard as central
397:
and his wife, Mary-Anne Gale, have helped to drive the project.
5199:
5104:
4901:
4745:
4560:
4258:
3925:
3546:
3508:
1861:
1172:
Ngarrindjeri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1235:
Tanganekald at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1559:
Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin: A World that Is, Was, and Will be
3331:
Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
845:/r/ can be heard as a tap and approximant, as allophones .
1797:. Sydney: Government Printer. pp. 28–43 of appendix.
348:
There were 312 speakers of Ngarrindjerri recorded in the
260:. Five dialects have been distinguished by a 2002 study:
477:
The following words are from the Ngarrindjeri language:
1325:"Ngarrindjeri Concise 2nd edition Dictionary launched"
1297:
Australex 2013: Endangered Words, and Signs of Revival
1820:"Aboriginal people of South Australia: Ngarrindjeri"
1657:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
1138:"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"
299:
Tanganekald, also known as Thangal, is now extinct.
5424:
5391:
5356:
5290:
5254:
5221:
5212:
5166:
5118:
5049:
4973:
4945:
4917:
4861:
4838:
4802:
4784:
4761:
4705:
4637:
4614:
4576:
4515:
4492:
4434:
4396:
4364:
4311:
4297:
4274:
4215:
4187:
4134:
4106:
4083:
4050:
4007:
3974:
3941:
3872:
3841:
3800:
3779:
3731:
3705:
3684:
3636:
3620:
3559:
3370:
3348:
3290:
3261:
3229:
3086:
2931:
2906:
2833:
2780:
2495:
2396:
2275:
2268:
1895:
216:
202:
186:
170:
165:
149:
125:
93:
83:
49:
39:
34:
3052:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park
1626:
1556:
572:
561:
550:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
316:
1398:
1396:
534:– 'travelling spirit of sorcerers and strangers'
307:In 1864, the publication of the Ngarrindjerri
3357:List of native title claims in South Australia
1672:(BA honours thesis). University of Melbourne.
1431:"Rhyme and reclamation with the Deadly Nannas"
3520:
3059:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park
1873:
8:
1691:. Underdale: Aboriginal Research Institute.
1526:
1190:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
1186:How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?
416:suggests that the original pronunciation of
1375:Gale, Mary-Anne; Williams, Phyllis (2020).
1350:Gale, Mary-Anne; Williams, Phyllis (2019).
252:and other variants, is the language of the
5218:
5209:
5196:
5115:
5101:
4914:
4898:
4758:
4742:
4573:
4557:
4308:
4271:
4255:
3938:
3922:
3556:
3543:
3527:
3513:
3505:
3294:
3090:
2961:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)
2840:
2272:
1880:
1866:
1858:
593:
465:The Yaralde had the southernmost attested
31:
1677:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1802:Yallop, Colin; Grimwade, Gordon (1975).
940:
853:
3045:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
1128:
3339:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1542:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1485:
1483:
1481:
2789:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
1889:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
1563:. Spinifex Press. pp. xiii–xiv.
1295:. Papers presented at the conference
124:
7:
3017:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area
2996:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park
1806:. Vol. 2. University of Sydney.
1403:Marchant, Gabriella (12 July 2021).
1282:Amery, Rob; Gale, Mary-Anne (2014).
1247:
3400:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
2982:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park
1465:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
467:Australian Aboriginal sign language
428:(as in Italian) and the second was
2968:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park
1716:. Australian National University.
1429:Skujins, Angela (13 August 2019).
1292:Endangered Words, Signs of Revival
25:
1455:Evins, Brittany (11 April 2021).
1144:. Australian Bureau of Statistics
929:
913:
904:
890:
881:
828:
819:
805:
798:
776:
769:
762:
755:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
3379:Aborigines' Friends' Association
3270:Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
1826:State Library of South Australia
1777:. Adelaide: Government Printer.
1670:The pronominal system of Yaraldi
1633:. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
256:and related peoples of southern
3313:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
339:colonisation of South Australia
2947:Elliot Price Conservation Park
27:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
3393:Avenue Range Station massacre
3010:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park
1260:University of South Australia
3304:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
1712:McDonald, Maryalyce (1977).
3038:Strzelecki Regional Reserve
3003:Mamungari Conservation Park
2989:Innamincka Regional Reserve
2975:Lake Gairdner National Park
2954:Gawler Ranges National Park
2932:Co-managed protected areas:
2907:Indigenous protected areas:
5499:
3412:History of South Australia
3277:Nunga (Aboriginal English)
3073:Yumbarra Conservation Park
3024:Nullarbor Regional Reserve
2824:List of Aboriginal schools
1527:Berndt & Berndt (1993)
383:Tauondi Aboriginal College
5208:
5195:
5114:
5100:
4913:
4897:
4757:
4741:
4572:
4556:
4270:
4254:
3937:
3921:
3555:
3542:
3438:
3297:
3093:
2843:
2525:Poltpalingada Booboorowie
1749:. Adelaide: James Allen.
1697:10.1017/S031058220000612X
1272:Accessed 15 January 2010.
608:
603:
598:
596:
337:in the early days of the
3386:Australian frontier wars
3322:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
3031:Pureba Conservation Park
2803:Gerard Community Council
1687:Gale, Mary-Anne (1997).
3183:Western Desert language
1595:Sydney University Press
1500:Oxford University Press
1377:Ngarrindjeri dictionary
1352:Ngarrindjeri dictionary
1184:Bowern, Claire. 2011. "
573:
562:
551:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
436:"emblematicity" due to
317:
5473:Lower Murray languages
5066:old Wangkumara/Garlali
5035:new Wangkumara/Garlali
3536:Pama–Nyungan languages
3238:Lower Murray languages
2810:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa
2708:Eileen Yaritja Stevens
1795:An Australian Language
1301:University of Adelaide
391:University of Adelaide
350:2016 Australian census
131:Yaralde (Ngarrindjeri)
89:312 (2016 census)
4356:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
3444:By state or territory
3429:Waterloo Bay massacre
3066:Witjira National Park
2940:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
2610:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin
2203:Western Desert people
1207:"Thangal/Tanganekald"
1192:, December 23, 2011 (
331:Christian Teichelmann
160:Jaralde Sign Language
134:Tangane (Tanganekald)
18:Jaralde Sign Language
5416:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
3245:Thura-Yura languages
3155:Ngamini (Yarluyandi)
1851:Mobile Language Team
1839:Mobile Language Team
1668:Cerin, Mark (1994).
1623:Berndt, Catherine H.
1212:Mobile Language Team
1142:stat.data.abs.gov.au
579:Pig-footed bandicoot
557:Eastern hare-wallaby
443:Other names include
5202:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
1585:Hobson, John Robert
1490:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1268:5 July 2011 at the
379:Aboriginal language
313:Aboriginal language
4667:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
3457:Northern Territory
3213:Yarli (Malyangapa)
2817:Maralinga Tjarutja
2673:Lowitja O'Donoghue
2007:Maralinga Tjarutja
1538:Kendon, A. (1988)
1331:. 6 September 2019
414:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
400:The musical group
303:Status and revival
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5387:
5386:
5255:Mangarrayi-Marran
5214:Macro-Gunwinyguan
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4616:Kanyara–Mantharta
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4392:
4391:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3900:Mbariman-Gudhinma
3502:
3501:
3492:Western Australia
3366:
3365:
3286:
3285:
3082:
3081:
2743:Natasha Wanganeen
2645:Natascha McNamara
2491:
2490:
1962:, (including the
1619:Berndt, Ronald M.
1604:978-1-920-89955-4
1570:978-1-875-55971-8
1386:978-0-9946336-4-4
1361:978-0-9946336-3-7
1310:978-0-646-92900-2
1196:February 6, 2012)
1109:
1108:
939:
938:
842:
841:
422:rhotic consonants
420:had two distinct
292:Ngarrindjerri is
239:
238:
16:(Redirected from
5490:
5483:Language revival
5219:
5210:
5197:
5116:
5102:
4915:
4899:
4759:
4743:
4574:
4558:
4383:Kuurn Kopan Noot
4379:Dhauwurd Wurrung
4309:
4272:
4256:
4207:Pallanganmiddang
3939:
3923:
3818:Aghu Tharrnggala
3557:
3544:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3431:
3424:
3414:
3407:
3404:Royal Commission
3395:
3388:
3381:
3359:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3295:
3279:
3272:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3230:Language groups:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3091:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2924:
2922:Mount Willoughby
2917:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2841:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2750:Ginger Wikilyiri
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2596:Stevie Goldsmith
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2273:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1807:
1798:
1786:
1766:
1748:
1733:
1708:
1683:
1681:
1664:
1644:
1632:
1609:
1608:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1203:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1007:
999:
991:
977:
969:
961:
941:
933:
917:
908:
894:
885:
854:
832:
823:
809:
802:
780:
773:
766:
759:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
594:
576:
568:Toolache wallaby
565:
554:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
424:: the first was
361:language revival
335:Clamor Schürmann
320:
212:
198:
182:
175:
155:
99:
32:
21:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5448:
5420:
5383:
5352:
5286:
5250:
5204:
5183:
5162:
5110:
5088:
5045:
5022:Wangka-Yutjurru
4969:
4941:
4909:
4885:
4857:
4834:
4798:
4780:
4753:
4729:
4701:
4633:
4610:
4568:
4544:
4511:
4488:
4430:
4388:
4360:
4326:Dja Dja Wurrung
4307:
4293:
4266:
4242:
4211:
4183:
4130:
4102:
4079:
4046:
4003:
3970:
3933:
3909:
3885:Flinders Island
3868:
3837:
3796:
3775:
3727:
3723:Guugu Yimidhirr
3701:
3680:
3632:
3616:
3582:Arritinngithigh
3567:Adithinngithigh
3551:
3549:Paman languages
3538:
3533:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3471:South Australia
3469:
3462:
3455:
3450:New South Wales
3448:
3443:
3434:
3427:
3417:
3410:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3362:
3355:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3191:Yankunytjatjara
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2736:Gavin Wanganeen
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2568:Kevin Buzzacott
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2231:Yankunytjatjara
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1891:
1886:
1845:
1833:
1818:
1815:
1813:Further reading
1810:
1801:
1789:
1769:
1746:
1738:Meyer, H. A. E.
1736:
1711:
1686:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1597:. p. 398.
1583:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1488:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1270:Wayback Machine
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
852:
592:
587:
542:– 'speak, talk'
475:
463:
410:
305:
290:
258:South Australia
244:, also written
235:
208:
194:
178:
171:
156:
151:
121:
100:
97:Language family
95:
86:
85:Native speakers
44:South Australia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5174:Lower Burdekin
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4965:Lower Arrernte
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4937:Western Desert
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4233:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Kuuk Thaayorre
3758:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3415:
3408:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3252:Sign languages
3248:
3241:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:Pitjantjatjara
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2796:Aṉangu schools
2792:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2771:Tjayanka Woods
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2701:Tauto Sansbury
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2589:Gladys Elphick
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2554:Shaun Burgoyne
2550:
2547:Peter Burgoyne
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2518:Maringka Baker
2514:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2496:Notable people
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2476:(Point McLeay)
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2413:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2154:Pitjantjatjara
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1835:"Ngarrindjeri"
1831:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1791:Taplin, George
1787:
1771:Taplin, George
1767:
1734:
1709:
1684:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1576:
1569:
1544:
1531:
1519:
1477:
1447:
1421:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1316:
1309:
1274:
1252:
1240:
1225:
1198:
1177:
1155:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1013:
1009:
1008:
983:
979:
978:
953:
949:
948:
945:
937:
936:
934:
927:
925:
919:
918:
911:
909:
902:
896:
895:
888:
886:
879:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
848:
847:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
833:
826:
824:
817:
811:
810:
803:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
782:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
751:
749:
743:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
694:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
570:
559:
544:
543:
535:
519:
503:
487:
474:
471:
462:
459:
409:
406:
304:
301:
289:
286:
282:Yaralde Tingar
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
222:
220:
214:
213:
206:
200:
199:
192:
184:
183:
176:
168:
167:
166:Language codes
163:
162:
157:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
103:
101:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5495:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Adnyamathanha
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Yabula-Yabula
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4085:Gumbaynggiric
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Gureng Gureng
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Gugu Yalandyi
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:Adnyamathanha
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:Organisations
2779:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:James Unaipon
2726:
2723:
2722:David Unaipon
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:Frances Rings
2684:
2681:
2680:Alitya Rigney
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:Lewis O'Brien
2663:
2660:
2659:Betty Muffler
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:Tjungkara Ken
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:Nyakul Dawson
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:Hector Burton
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:Iris Burgoyne
2537:
2534:
2533:Jack Buckskin
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:Killalpaninna
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:Yawarrawarrka
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:Ngaanyatjarra
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:Adnyamathanha
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:LibGuides at
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Berndt, R. M.
1646:
1642:
1640:0-7748-0478-5
1636:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1529:, p. 19.
1528:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:9780199812776
1513:
1509:
1508:9780199812790
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1250:, p. 71.
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1005:
997:
989:
984:
981:
980:
975:
967:
959:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
935:
932:
928:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
912:
910:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
889:
887:
884:
880:
878:
875:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:
849:
844:
843:
838:
836:
834:
831:
827:
825:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
784:
783:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
752:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
699:
696:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
606:
601:
595:
589:
584:
580:
575:
571:
569:
564:
560:
558:
553:
549:
548:
547:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:– 'white man'
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
478:
472:
470:
468:
461:Sign language
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
402:Deadly Nannas
398:
396:
392:
388:
387:Port Adelaide
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:missionaries
328:
322:
319:
314:
310:
302:
300:
297:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
174:
169:
164:
161:
158:
154:
148:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
128:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
102:
98:
92:
88:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5478:Ngarrindjeri
5348:Anindilyakwa
5108:Pama–Nyungan
5062:Bulloo River
5041:Yandruwandha
5028:Wilson River
4907:Pama–Nyungan
4819:Yindjilandji
4763:Ngumpin–Yapa
4751:Pama–Nyungan
4692:Yindjibarndi
4657:Martuthunira
4566:Pama–Nyungan
4415:
4398:Lower Murray
4264:Pama–Nyungan
3931:Pama–Nyungan
3713:Barrow Point
3419:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3206:Yandruwandha
3176:Wangkangurru
3162:Ngarrindjeri
3161:
2897:Wati-kutjara
2867:
2863:
2859:
2764:Chad Wingard
2757:Norah Wilson
2715:Moogy Sumner
2617:Ruby Hammond
2575:Vince Copley
2527:(Tom Walker)
2467:Point Pearce
2358:Pipalyatjara
2238:Yardliyawara
2224:Yandruwandha
2105:Ngarrindjeri
1850:
1838:
1823:
1803:
1794:
1774:
1742:
1713:
1688:
1679:11343/285608
1669:
1660:
1656:
1628:
1589:
1579:
1558:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1522:
1494:
1468:. Retrieved
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1376:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1296:
1291:
1277:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1189:
1180:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
545:
526:
510:
494:
476:
464:
449:
444:
442:
434:hypercorrect
429:
425:
418:Ngarrindjeri
417:
411:
399:
395:Robert Amery
376:
365:
354:
347:
323:
306:
298:
294:Pama–Nyungan
291:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
254:Ngarrindjeri
249:
245:
242:Ngarrindjeri
241:
240:
226:Ngarrindjeri
187:
153:Signed forms
115:Ngarrindjeri
114:
110:Lower Murray
105:Pama–Nyungan
54:Ngarrindjeri
35:Ngarrindjeri
29:
5369:Kungarakany
5291:Gunwinyguan
5277:Warndarrang
5077:Barranbinja
5013:Pitta Pitta
4876:Mayi-Kutuna
4840:Kalkatungic
4725:Nyangumarta
4697:Yinhawangka
4507:Ngadjunmaya
4421:Yitha-Yitha
4351:Wemba Wemba
4336:Madhi-Madhi
4331:Ledji-Ledji
4202:Gunaikurnai
4093:Kumbainggar
3854:Mbara-Yanga
3823:Ikarranggal
3671:Wik-Ngathan
3666:Wik-Mungkan
3651:Kugu-Muminh
3185:(dialects:
3106:Antakirinja
2883:Muldjewangk
2856:'Dreamtime'
2837:and culture
2694:Nura Rupert
2652:Patty Mills
2624:Ruby Hunter
2603:Adam Goodes
2511:Jimmy Baker
2504:Ian Abdulla
2426:(Umeewarra)
2367:(Ernabella)
2269:Communities
2217:Wongkanguru
2175:Tanganekald
1960:Jarildekald
1911:Antakirinja
1553:Bell, Diane
1248:Gale (1997)
947:Allophones
815:Approximant
372:solar panel
266:Tanganekald
58:Tanganekald
5467:Categories
5343:Nunggubuyu
5333:Rembarrnga
5323:Kunbarlang
5267:Mangarrayi
5223:Maningrida
5032:Bundhamara
5018:Wanggamala
5002:Yarluyandi
4871:Mayi-Kulan
4848:Kalkatungu
4825:Warluwarra
4804:Warluwaric
4682:Nyiyaparli
4436:Thura-Yura
4374:Bungandidj
4346:Wathaurong
4228:Bandjalang
4149:Darkinjung
4136:Yuin–Kuric
4116:Gamilaraay
4108:Wiradhuric
4009:Waka–Kabic
3905:Umbindhamu
3771:Yir-Yoront
3755:Ogh-Undjan
3697:Morrobolam
3577:Anguthimri
3572:Andjingith
3464:Queensland
2460:Oak Valley
2387:Yunyarinyi
2259:Yirawirung
2245:Yarluyandi
2182:Thangkaali
2168:Ramindjeri
2084:Ngangaruku
2014:Mardidjali
2000:Malyangapa
1939:Bungandidj
1932:Bodaruwitj
1755:2440/15074
1722:2598642936
1663:: 267–272.
1148:29 October
1123:References
600:Peripheral
590:Consonants
473:Some words
270:Ramindjeri
250:Ngarinyeri
246:Narrinyeri
137:Ramindjeri
62:Ramindjeri
5439:Gunindiri
5401:Kayardild
5328:Ngalakgan
5313:Kunwinjku
5241:Gurr-goni
5236:Ndjébbana
5153:Ritharrŋu
5057:Baagandji
4853:Yalarnnga
4794:Warumungu
4786:Warumungu
4715:Karajarri
4629:Mantharta
4606:Yinggarda
4535:Natingero
4530:Kalaamaya
4449:Barngarla
4411:Ngayawung
4341:Wadi-Wadi
4305:Kolakngat
4276:Yotayotic
4197:Dhudhuroa
4189:Gippsland
4169:Ngunnawal
4159:Dhanggati
4126:Wiradjuri
4121:Ngiyambaa
4052:Durubalic
4027:Gabi-Gabi
4017:Barunggam
3961:Warrgamay
3943:Dyirbalic
3864:Walangama
3746:Kok Thawa
3741:Koko-Bera
3733:Southwest
3685:Lamalamic
3676:Wik-Ompom
3661:Wik-Me'nh
3621:Northeast
3602:Ndrangith
3169:Paakantyi
3120:Barngarla
3087:Languages
2876:Tjilbruke
2868:tjukurrpa
2864:mura-mura
2453:Nepabunna
2424:Davenport
2417:Colebrook
2409:Poonindie
2301:Indulkana
2277:APY Lands
2161:Portaulun
2140:Peramangk
2063:Ngayawang
2021:Meintangk
1972:Karangura
1964:Mulbarapa
1925:Barngarla
1847:"Yaraldi"
1218:5 January
1194:corrected
642:Retroflex
585:Phonology
507:kringkari
486:– 'whale'
412:Linguist
393:linguist
381:, run by
274:Portaulun
189:Glottolog
173:ISO 639-3
140:Portaulun
74:Portaulun
70:Meintangk
50:Ethnicity
5374:Wardaman
5364:Gaagudju
5303:Uwinymil
5072:Muruwari
4960:Kaytetye
4955:Arrernte
4748:Northern
4687:Panyjima
4639:Ngayarta
4586:Badimaya
4474:Ngadjuri
4464:Narungga
4321:Bunurong
4289:Yotayota
4261:Southern
4174:Tharawal
4144:Awabakal
4042:Wuliwuli
4037:Wakawaka
3999:Warrongo
3956:Nyawaygi
3895:Kok Narr
3880:Djabugay
3859:Mbabaram
3842:Southern
3766:Kuuk Yak
3706:Yalanjic
3692:Lamalama
3646:Ayabadhu
3587:Awngthim
3485:Victoria
3478:Tasmania
3422:massacre
3148:Ngadjuri
3141:Narungga
2890:Ngiṉṯaka
2835:Religion
2631:Ivaritji
2446:Koonibba
2344:Mintabie
2317:(Fregon)
2315:Kaltjiti
2147:Pilatapa
2126:Ngurunta
2119:Ngintait
2091:Ngaralda
2056:Ngadjuri
2035:Narungga
1773:(1879).
1740:(1843).
1718:ProQuest
1651:(1940).
1625:(1993).
1587:(2010).
1555:(1998).
1492:(2020),
1470:17 April
1461:ABC News
1440:17 April
1409:ABC News
1335:17 April
1266:Archived
637:Alveolar
563:rtulatji
523:muldarpi
515:gringari
438:Othering
327:Lutheran
288:Overview
196:narr1259
126:Dialects
5426:Garrwan
5393:Tangkic
5379:Wagiman
5318:Dalabon
5246:Nakkara
5231:Burarra
4998:Ngamini
4993:Mithaka
4983:Arabana
4947:Arandic
4904:Central
4830:Yanyuwa
4816:Bularnu
4776:Ngumbin
4771:Ngarrga
4720:Mangala
4707:Marrngu
4672:Nhuwala
4652:Kurrama
4647:Jurruru
4624:Kanyara
4601:Wajarri
4591:Malgana
4563:Western
4540:Nyungar
4525:Galaagu
4517:Nyungic
4502:Mirning
4494:Mirniny
4484:Wirangu
4416:Yaralde
4406:Keramin
4299:Kulinic
4164:Ngarigo
4075:Turrbal
4070:Nunukul
3994:Kingkel
3984:Bidjara
3966:Wulguru
3951:Dyirbal
3928:Eastern
3849:Agwamin
3833:Thaypan
3828:Takalak
3813:Angkula
3808:Alungul
3801:Thaypan
3792:Kuthant
3787:Kurtjar
3656:Pakanha
3597:Mbiywom
3592:Luthigh
3371:History
3199:Wirangu
3113:Arabana
2915:Watarru
2870:, etc.)
2849:Arkaroo
2474:Raukkan
2380:Watarru
2365:Pukatja
2351:Nyapaṟi
2210:Wirangu
2112:Ngawadj
2098:Ngarkat
2077:Ngameni
2028:Mirning
1986:Kokatha
1946:Dhirari
1918:Arabana
1896:Peoples
1763:1207234
1730:2555049
1435:InDaily
1414:14 July
1329:AIATSIS
1299:at the
865:Central
747:Lateral
649:Plosive
627:Palatal
605:Laminal
574:wi:kwai
552:maikari
531:mularpi
502:– 'man'
483:kondoli
368:AIATSIS
278:Yaraldi
231:Yaraldi
204:AIATSIS
66:Yarilde
5444:Waanyi
5434:Garrwa
5411:Minkin
5406:Lardil
5338:Ngandi
5298:Jawoyn
5179:Bindal
5148:Djinaŋ
5143:Djinba
5133:Dhuwal
5106:Other
5084:Yardli
4988:Diyari
4975:Karnic
4932:Wanman
4927:Ngardi
4881:Ngawun
4812:Wagaya
4677:Nyamal
4662:Ngarla
4596:Nhanda
4479:Nukunu
4459:Kuyani
4454:Kaurna
4238:Yidiny
4223:Anewan
4154:Dharug
4098:Yaygir
4065:Janday
4022:Dappil
3890:Gugadj
3780:Norman
3751:Kunjen
3628:Umpila
3612:Uradhi
3607:Ngkoth
3349:Cases:
3262:Words:
3134:Kaurna
2482:Yalata
2432:Gerard
2405:Akenta
2397:Other:
2337:Mimili
2330:Makiri
2189:Wailpi
2133:Nukunu
2070:Ngalia
1993:Kuyani
1979:Kaurna
1783:223327
1781:
1761:
1728:
1720:
1705:180661
1703:
1637:
1601:
1567:
1514:
1506:
1383:
1358:
1307:
944:Vowel
850:Vowels
786:Rhotic
632:Dental
617:Labial
610:Apical
455:Berndt
451:Berndt
343:Kaurna
40:Region
5357:Other
5308:Waray
5282:Yugul
5272:Marra
5262:Alawa
5167:Other
5158:Nhaŋu
5138:Djaŋu
5128:Dhaŋu
5120:Yolŋu
5050:Other
5008:Ngura
4578:Kartu
4366:Drual
4313:Kulin
4216:Other
4179:Wormi
4060:Guwar
3976:Maric
3873:Other
3560:North
3420:Maria
3127:Dieri
2373:Umuwa
2323:Kaṉpi
2308:Kalka
2294:Iltur
2287:Amaṯa
2196:Warki
1953:Dieri
1747:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1136:ABS.
1104:]
1100:[
1096:]
1092:[
1088:]
1084:[
1074:]
1070:[
1066:]
1062:[
1058:]
1054:[
1044:]
1040:[
1036:]
1032:[
1028:]
1024:[
1020:]
1016:[
1006:]
1002:[
998:]
994:[
990:]
986:[
976:]
972:[
968:]
964:[
960:]
956:[
860:Front
698:Nasal
622:Velar
539:yanun
499:korne
491:korni
357:elder
309:Bible
262:Warki
143:Warki
78:Warki
4919:Wati
4863:Mayi
4469:Nauo
4426:Yuyu
3989:Biri
3291:Laws
3220:Yuyu
2860:muda
2042:Nauo
1635:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1472:2021
1442:2021
1416:2021
1381:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1337:2021
1305:ISBN
1220:2021
1150:2017
1080:/u/
1050:/o/
1012:/a/
982:/e/
952:/i/
877:High
870:Back
408:Name
333:and
280:(or
276:and
3638:Wik
1779:NLA
1759:NLA
1751:hdl
1726:NLA
1701:NLA
1693:doi
1674:hdl
1233:S11
1188:",
1170:S69
923:Low
900:Mid
385:in
374:".
284:).
218:ELP
210:S69
180:nay
5469::
3189:,
2866:,
2862:,
1849:.
1837:.
1822:.
1757:.
1724:.
1699:.
1661:64
1659:.
1655:.
1621:;
1593:.
1510:/
1502:.
1498:,
1480:^
1463:.
1459:.
1433:.
1407:.
1395:^
1327:.
1209:.
1158:^
1140:.
1098:,
1090:,
1068:,
1060:,
1038:,
1030:,
1022:,
1000:,
992:,
970:,
962:,
764:l̪
725:n̪
676:t̪
577:–
566:–
555:–
469:.
453:,
426:rr
363:.
352:.
345:.
272:,
268:,
264:,
248:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
3528:e
3521:t
3514:v
3406:)
3402:(
3193:)
2858:(
2411:)
2407:(
2279::
1966:)
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1853:.
1841:.
1829:.
1785:.
1765:.
1753::
1732:.
1707:.
1695::
1682:.
1676::
1643:.
1607:.
1573:.
1474:.
1444:.
1418:.
1389:.
1364:.
1339:.
1313:.
1222:.
1152:.
1102:ʉ
1094:ʊ
1086:u
1072:ɒ
1064:ɔ
1056:o
1042:ɑ
1034:ʌ
1026:ɐ
1018:a
1004:æ
996:ɛ
988:e
974:ɨ
966:ɪ
958:i
931:a
915:o
906:e
892:u
883:i
830:j
821:w
807:ɽ
800:r
778:ɭ
771:l
757:ʎ
739:ɳ
732:n
718:ɲ
711:ŋ
704:m
690:ʈ
683:t
669:c
662:k
655:p
527:/
511:,
495:/
430:r
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.