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727:, which added to the significance of Brébeuf. On 21 March 1649, Jesuit inspectors found the bodies of Brébeuf and Lalement. In the late spring of 1649, Christophe Regnault prepared the skeletal remains of Brébeuf and Lalemant for transportation to Québec for safekeeping. Regnault boiled away the remaining flesh and reburied it in the mission church, scraped the bones and dried them in an oven, wrapped each relic in separate silk, deposited them in two small chests, and sent them to Québec.
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said that Brébeuf appeared to her in a vision at the Québec Hôtel-Dieu while she was in a state of "mystical ecstasy", and he acted as her spiritual advisor. According to one account, Catherine de Saint-Augustin ground up part of Brébeuf's relic bone and gave it in a drink to a heretical and mortally
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To explain the low number of converts, Brébeuf noted that missionaries first had to master the Huron language. His commitment to this work demonstrates he understood that mutual intelligibility was vital for communicating complex and abstract religious ideas. He believed learning native languages was
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skills, especially in rainmaking. Despite his efforts to learn their ways, he considered Huron spiritual beliefs to be undeveloped and "foolish delusions"; he was determined to convert them to
Christianity. Brébeuf did not enjoy universal popularity with the Huron, as many believed he was a sorcerer.
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Fathers Brébeuf and
Lalement were recovered and buried together in a Sainte Marie cemetery. Brébeuf's relics later became important religious objects within Catholic New France. Historian Allan Greer notes that "his death seemed to fit the profile of a perfect martyr's end" and was preceded by what
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Potential martyrdom was a central component of the Jesuit missionary identity. Missionaries going to Canada knew they were at risk from harsh conditions, as well as from confronting alien cultures. They expected to die in the name of God; they believed the missionary life and its risks were a chance
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The
Jesuits Christophe Regnault and Paul Ragueneau provided the two accounts of the deaths of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant. According to Regnault, they learned of the tortures and deaths from Huron refugee witnesses who had escaped from Saint-Ignace. Regnault went to see the bodies to verify
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Throughout the torture, Brébeuf was reported to have been more concerned for the fate of the other
Jesuits and of the captive Native converts than for himself. As part of the ritual, the Iroquois drank his blood and ate his heart, as they wanted to absorb Brébeuf's courage in enduring the pain. The
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With increasing proficiency in the
Wyandot language, Brébeuf became optimistic about advancing his missionary goals. By understanding Huron religious beliefs and communicating Christian fundamentals, he could secure converts to Christianity. He realized the people would not give up all their
531:, they likely had difficulty with the very different conventions of the New World indigenous languages. Brébeuf's study of the languages was also shaped by his religious training. Current Catholic theology tried to reconcile knowledge of world languages with accounts in the
856:. A plaque near the grave of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant was unearthed during excavations at Ste Marie in 1954. The letters read "P. Jean de Brébeuf /brusle par les Iroquois /le 17 de mars l'an/1649" (Father Jean de Brébeuf, burned by the Iroquois, 17 March 1649).
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by the Hurons, Brébeuf was personally involved with teaching. His lengthy conversations with Huron friends left him with a good knowledge of their culture and spirituality. He learned their language and taught it to other missionaries and colonists. Fellow
Jesuits such as
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from French into Huron, and arranged to have it printed. It was the first printed text in that language (with French orthography). He also compiled a dictionary of Huron words, emphasizing translation of religious phrases such as from prayers and the Bible.
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and the losses disrupted their society. Many children and elders died. With their loved ones dying before their eyes, many Huron began to listen to the words of Jesuit missionaries who, unaffected by the disease, appeared to be men of great power.
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The religious communities in New France considered the Jesuit martyrs as imitators of previous saints in the
Catholic Church. In this sense, Brébeuf in particular, and others like him, reinforced the notion that "...Canada was a land of saints".
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prayed over Brébeuf's skull before fully joining in an outdoor ecumenical service on the grounds of the nearby
Martyrs' Shrine. The service was attended by an estimated 75,000 and mixed pre-Christian first-nation ritual with Catholic liturgy.
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was also martyred that year in the conflict between the Mohawk and other tribes. The
Jesuits considered the priests' martyrdom as proof that the mission to the Native Americans was blessed by God and would be successful.
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of the mission', stands out among them because of his giant frame, a man of noble birth, of vigorous passions tamed by religion," describing both the man and his defining drive according to formal terms of hagiography.
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by the aid of one of Brébeuf's ribs, again while under the care of
Catherine de Saint-Augustin. The exact circumstances of this event are disputed. Brébeuf's relics were also used by nuns who were treating wounded
412:(Saint-Joseph I) as the centre for missionary activity with the Huron. At the time, the Huron suffered epidemics of new Eurasian diseases contracted from the Europeans. Their death rates were high, as they had no
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imperative for the Jesuit missions, but noted that it was so difficult a task that it consumed most of the priest's time. Brébeuf felt his primary goal in his early years in New France was to learn the language.
441:". Brébeuf tried to find parallels between the Huron religion and Christianity, so as to facilitate conversion of the Huron to the European religion. Brébeuf was known by the Huron for his apparent
549:. People with a strong positive attitude towards the language often learn the language much more easily. Brébeuf was widely acknowledged to have best mastered the Native oratory style, which used
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territory, Brébeuf broke his collarbone. He was sent to Québec to recover, and worked there as a mission procurator. He taught the Huron, acting as confessor and advisor to the
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Jean de Brébeuf's remarkable facility with language was one of the reasons he was chosen for the Huron mission in 1626. He is distinguished for his commitment to learning the
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and pulled out material relating to the martyrs of New France. He formalized this material in a document, to be used as the foundation of canonization proceedings, entitled
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378:, but met with no success in trying to convert them to Catholicism. He was summoned to Québec because of the danger to which the entire colony was then exposed by the
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His record as a student was not particularly distinguished, but Brébeuf was already beginning to show an aptitude for languages. Later in New France, he would teach
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His efforts to develop a complete ethnographic record of the Huron has been described as "the longest and most ambitious piece of ethnographic description in all
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1995:
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in 1617 at the age of 24, spending the next two years under the direction of Lancelot Marin. Between 1619 and 1621, he was a teacher at the college of
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contribution. This breakthrough had enormous consequences for further study, becoming the foundation for all subsequent Jesuit linguistic work.
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in northern France as a steward, minister and confessor. He returned to New France in 1633, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life.
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647:(also known as St. Ignace), where they subjected the missionaries and native converts to ritual torture before killing them. The Iroquois then
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2482: », Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France 1995, Paris, Édition-diffusion de Boccard, 1997, p. 236–253, 6 ill.
2475: », Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France 1995, Paris, Édition-diffusion de Boccard, 1997, p. 229–235, 4 ill.
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as Christians. He claimed to have made 14 converts as of 1635 and, by the next year, he claimed 86. He wrote a detailed account in 1636 of
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Le buste reliquaire de saint Jean de Brébeuf par Charles de Poilly (1664), Un chef-d'œuvre de l'orfèvrerie parisienne conservé au Québec
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and the Ursuline convent from 1650 until 1925, when the relics were moved to the Québec Seminary for a ceremony to celebrate Brébeuf's
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priests but significantly advanced the study, particularly in his representations of sounds. He discovered and reported the feature of
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Leahey, Margaret J. (1995). "'Comment peut un muet prescher l'évangile' Jesuit Missionaries and the Native Languages of New France".
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in Europe. They, with our hindsight, rightly blamed the Europeans for the deaths, with none of the parties understanding the causes.
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Jesuit accounts of his torture emphasize his stoic nature and acceptance, claiming that he suffered silently without complaining.
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16 March, 26 September (Canada, also United States in General Roman Calendar 1962), 19 October (United States and elsewhere)
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the accounts, and his superior Ragueneau's account was based on his report. The main accounts of Brébeuf's death come from
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were ritually tortured and killed on 16 March 1649. Afterwards, his heart was eaten by Iroquois tribesmen. Brébeuf was
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469:; he was called to become Superior at his newly founded Saint-Joseph II. In 1640, after an unsuccessful mission into
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The Jesuits of Canada and the United States announced a tour of Brébeuf's relics throughout both countries in 2024.
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from 1629 to 1633. He learned their language and culture, writing extensively about each to aid other missionaries.
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ill man. It is said that the man was cured of his disease. In another instance, in 1660–61, a possessed woman was
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in 1620—a severe and usually fatal illness that prevented his studying and teaching for the traditional periods.
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Brébeuf worked tirelessly to record his findings for the benefit of other missionaries. He built on the work of
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Brébeuf's progress as a missionary in achieving conversions was slow. Not until 1635 did some Huron agree to be
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destroyed the Huron mission village at Saint-Louis. The Iroquois took the priests to the occupied village of
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After three years as Steward at the College of Rouen, Brébeuf was chosen by the Provincial of France, Father
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Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board, Agenda Board 29 March 2011.pdf (29 March 2011).
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raid took over a Huron village (referred to in French as St. Louis). Together with Huron captives, the
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with Father Anne Nouée. From then on Brébeuf worked mostly as a missionary to the Huron, who spoke an
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Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant stand ready for boiling water/fire "Baptism" and flaying by the
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was first coined by Brébeuf who thought that the sticks used in the game reminded him of a bishop's
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on 16 October 1940. A contemporary newspaper account of the canonization declares: "Brébeuf, the '
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774:(Protestant) soldiers, and they "reported that his assistance helped rescue these patients from
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Becoming Holy in Early Canada: Performance and the Making of Holy Persons in Society and Culture
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Greer, Allan (April 2000). "Colonial Saints: Gender, Race and Hagiography in New France".
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354:, together with the lay brothers Francois Charton and Gilbert Burel. He worked at the
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1017:, a 2013 novel by Joseph Boyden, is based on Jean de Brebeuf. The novel won the 2014
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Brébeuf, J. (2008). "The Mission to the Hurons (1635–37)". In Calloway, C.G. (ed.).
382:. He reached Québec on 17 July 1628 after an absence of two years. On 19 July 1629,
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The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America
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488:", Canada's oldest Christmas song, written around 1642. He wrote the lyrics in the
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Masters and Students: Jesuit Mission Ethnography in Seventeenth-Century New France
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Bressani map of 1657 depicts the martyrdom of Jean de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant
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Volume the Eighth: July – Part II. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. pp. 733–788.
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Harvest of Souls: The Jesuit Missions and Colonialism in North America, 1632–1650
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He is buried in the Church of St. Joseph at the reconstructed Jesuit mission of
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prepared missionaries to acquire native languages. But, as they had learned the
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In 1638, Brébeuf turned over direction of the mission at Saint-Joseph I to
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region of Gatineau, Quebec is named in his honour, and features a statue.
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Iroquois mocked baptism by pouring boiling water over his head. Then they
2268:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 323–348.
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2070:"Joseph Boyden explains why readers must wait for the end of his trilogy"
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to the Catholic church orders in Québec. It was held by the women of the
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competition, a reality show with elimination-style voting on CBC Radio.
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named after Jean de Brébeuf. The Catholic camp is named for all of the
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on 29 June 1930, and proclaimed one of the patron saints of Canada by
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vows in 1630. Between 1631 and 1633, Brébeuf worked at the College of
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were considered religious signs pointing to correspondences with the
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2213:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 751–752.
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language. Brébeuf briefly took up residence with the Bear Tribe at
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296:. Brébeuf was nearly expelled from the Society when he contracted
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Le buste-reliquaire de saint Jean de Brébeuf, histoires et mythes
932:, which is part of St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish, part of the
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2489:(M.A.). "THE JESUIT MARTYRS IN CANADA. (A.D. 1644–1649.)." In:
1990:
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217:) (25 March 1593 – 16 March 1649) was a French
1516:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 551.
1493:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 388.
1470:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 621.
481:. On Sundays and feast days, he preached to French colonists.
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to missionaries and French traders. Brébeuf was ordained as a
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In 1649, Brébeuf and another missionary were captured when an
182:
2098:"The Orenda faces tough criticism from First Nations scholar"
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describe his ease and adaptability to the Huron way of life.
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Memoires touchant la mort et les vertus (des Pères Jesuits),
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Natives and Newcomers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Reconsidered
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The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century
888:, which is part of the St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish
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First People: A Documentary of American Indian History
1955:
Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board
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surrendered, and the missionaries returned to France.
358:. For about five months Brébeuf lived with a tribe of
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Brébeuf's family later donated his skull in a silver
228:(Canada) in 1625. There he worked primarily with the
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had been killed in a similar Iroquois raid in 1648.
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people. The song's melody is based on a traditional
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for the rest of his life, except for a few years in
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Saint Among the Hurons: The Life of Jean de Brébeuf
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1000:, is named after him, as is rue de Brébeuf on the
906:St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Elementary School in
900:St. Jean de Brébeuf Catholic Secondary School in
635:on 16 March 1649. He had been taken captive with
3221:International Association of Jesuit Universities
2186:(3rd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Bedford.
1771:
1571:Encyclopedia Britannica online — Jean de Brebeuf
1106:Encyclopedia Britannica online — Jean de Brebeuf
1094:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Jean de Brébeuf
1947:"BHNCDSB Board Meeting Agenda – March 29, 2011"
1448:Encyclopedia Britannica online —Jean de Brebeuf
1040:, for which Pratt was awarded one of his three
251:in 1925 and with eight Jesuit missionaries was
16:French Jesuit missionary and martyr (1593–1649)
877:St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School in
19:"Brebeuf" redirects here. For other uses, see
2515:
2439:. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.
2418:. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press.
2299:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
711:Statue of Jean de Brébeuf on the site of the
670:was killed by Iroquois in December 1649 in a
8:
3373:Catholic Church and minority language rights
2222:The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder
2167:. Montréal: McGill–Queens University Press.
1996:Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
1875:"St. John Brebeuf Regional Secondary School"
973:, and a St. John Brebeuf Catholic Parish in
1975:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1658:
809:Statue of Jean de Brébeuf at Trois-Rivières
446:By 1640, nearly half the Huron had died of
389:In Rouen, Brébeuf served as a preacher and
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2500:
2047:Centre de services scolaire de la Capitale
1168:
969:There is the Église St-Jean de Brebeuf in
867:Numerous schools are named in his honour:
833:, and with the feminine definite article,
27:
2561:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
1374:
1362:
1350:
3172:Superior General of the Society of Jesus
2345:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1131:
914:St. Jean de Brebeuf Catholic High School
599:
580:in Huron, which may have been his major
484:Brébeuf is credited with composing the "
3214:List of Jesuit educational institutions
1850:"St. Jean Brebeuf School – School Home"
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813:It is said that the modern name of the
745:In 1652 Paul Raguenau went through the
366:. He was later assigned in 1626 to the
1968:
1821:Hluchy, Patricia (24 September 1984).
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703:Relics, beatification and canonization
3423:Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada
2383:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
2316:(1). Duke University Press: 105–131.
1299:
1251:
1239:
1207:
624:Gravesite of Brébeuf and Lalemant in
212:
7:
2145:– via www.library.utoronto.ca.
1991:"St. Jean Brebeuf Elementary School"
1808:
1551:"Saint Who? Saint Jean de Brébeuf".
1116:St. Jean de Brébeuf: Canadian Martyr
928:St. John Brebeuf Catholic School in
922:St. Jean Brebeuf Catholic School in
631:Brébeuf was killed at St. Ignace in
519:The educational rigor of the Jesuit
3353:17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
2614:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
2293:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
2068:Bethune, Brian (6 September 2013).
408:and Ambroise Davost, Brébeuf chose
3383:French Roman Catholic missionaries
2407:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
2363:"8 Jesuit Martyrs Declared Saints"
2018:"St. John Brebeuf Catholic School"
1559:(3). Magnificat USA: 93. May 2019.
1024:Jean de Brébeuf is the subject of
272:Brébeuf was born 25 March 1593 in
14:
3403:Jesuit missionaries in New France
2471:Bimbenet-Privat, Michèle, «
2360:Cortesi, Arnaldo (30 June 1930).
1004:in Montreal. Parc Brébeuf in the
955:Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School
781:Jean de Brébeuf was canonized by
654:Three priests had been killed in
342:In June 1625, Brébeuf arrived in
3300:
3287:
3286:
3207:Jesuit missions in North America
2630:
2394:(PhD thesis). McGill University.
2296:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2207:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1510:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1487:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1464:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1070:List of incidents of cannibalism
1054:
965:Statue in Parc Brébeuf, Gatineau
50:
3413:Martyred Roman Catholic priests
3179:Pontifical Gregorian University
2245:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
2131:University of Toronto Libraries
2022:stjohnbrebeuf.wellingtoncdsb.ca
1011:The character of Christophe in
699:to save converts and be saved.
335:, to embark on the missions to
3363:Canadian Roman Catholic saints
2462:Free scores by Jean de Brébeuf
2262:The William and Mary Quarterly
674:(Tobacco People) village, and
1:
3343:17th-century Christian saints
3338:17th-century Canadian Jesuits
3228:Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm
3193:Pontifical Oriental Institute
3186:Pontifical Biblical Institute
2588:Regimini militantis Ecclesiae
2096:King, Hayden (7 March 2014).
842:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
626:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
356:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
103:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons
3388:French Roman Catholic saints
2818:Roque González de Santa Cruz
2466:Choral Public Domain Library
2388:Pearson, Timothy G. (2008).
1504:Spillane, Edward P. (1908).
1458:Spillane, Edward P. (1908).
879:Abbotsford, British Columbia
101:village of St. Ignace, near
3348:17th-century French Jesuits
2399:Talbot, Francis X. (1949).
2301:University of Toronto Press
1823:"A healing hand on history"
1772:NY Times & 30 June 1930
989:and those who helped them.
884:St. John Brebeuf School in
871:St. Jean Brebeuf School in
762:Catherine de Saint-Augustin
460:The Huron Feast of the Dead
3439:
3358:Battles of the Beaver Wars
3264:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre
3131:List of Jesuit theologians
3096:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2337:McGee, Timothy J. (1985).
2291:"Brébeuf, Jean de (Échon)"
2289:Latourelle, René (1979) .
2241:Greer, Allan, ed. (2000).
977:. There is also a unit at
284:(He was the uncle of poet
18:
3418:People murdered in Canada
3280:
2628:
2377:Parkman, Francis (1888).
2310:French Historical Studies
2161:Blackburn, Carol (2000).
1900:"St. John Brebeuf School"
1042:Governor General's Awards
948:École Jean-de-Brébeuf in
305:Native American languages
143:29 June 1930, Canada, by
49:
3021:Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo
2218:Gray, Charlotte (2004).
1854:stjeanbrebeuf.cssd.ab.ca
1481:Lindsay, Lionel (1909).
1026:Brébeuf and his Brethren
957:in Indianapolis, Indiana
587:He translated Ledesma's
547:Huron (Wyandot) language
21:Brebeuf (disambiguation)
2762:Claude de la Colombière
2492:The Lives of the Saints
2478:Derome, Robert, «
2412:Trigger, Bruce (1986).
2204:"Jean de Brébeuf"
2201:Campbell, T.J. (1907).
2043:"École Jean-de-Brébeuf"
1484:"Charles Garnier"
983:Shawnee National Forest
940:Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
3393:French torture victims
3307:Catholicism portal
2570:Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
2546:Protestant Reformation
2127:Canadian Poetry Online
2123:"E.J. Pratt:Biography"
1659:Greer & April 2000
1461:"Anthony Daniel"
987:North American Martyrs
966:
934:Roman Catholic Diocese
892:Brebeuf College School
810:
719:
628:
617:
605:
479:Religious Hospitallers
328:
327:North American Martyrs
214:[ʒɑ̃dəbʁe.bœf]
3378:French murder victims
3200:Jesuit China missions
2210:Catholic Encyclopedia
1513:Catholic Encyclopedia
1507:"Noel Chabanel"
1490:Catholic Encyclopedia
1467:Catholic Encyclopedia
1032:by the Canadian poet
964:
852:Catholic Church near
815:Native North American
808:
710:
693:The Jesuit Relations.
623:
611:
603:
569:traditional beliefs.
541:The Jesuit Relations.
416:to the diseases long
326:
61:Apostle of the Hurons
3254:Madonna Della Strada
3165:General Congregation
3157:La Civiltà Cattolica
3110:John Courtney Murray
2433:True, Micah (2015).
1879:www.stjohnbrebeuf.ca
1044:for Poetry in 1940.
975:Niles, Illinois, USA
936:in Hamilton, Ontario
736:Hôtel-Dieu de Québec
438:The Jesuit Relations
3368:Cannibalised people
2979:Alphonsus Rodriguez
2916:Lèon-Ignance Mangin
2867:Francis de Geronimo
2839:Melchior Grodziecki
2553:Counter-Reformation
2487:Sabine Baring-Gould
2341:The Music of Canada
1785:"Brebeuf Tour 2024"
1425:, pp. 115–116.
994:parish municipality
859:In September 1984,
755:Manuscript of 1652.
393:, taking his final
384:Samuel de Champlain
364:Algonquian language
3246:Church of the Gesù
2972:John Francis Regis
2965:Bernardino Realino
2860:Ignatius of Loyola
2369:The New York Times
2137:on 10 January 2015
1254:, pp. 41, 61.
1002:Plateau Mont-Royal
967:
908:Brantford, Ontario
886:Winnipeg, Manitoba
811:
720:
662:in 1642 and 1646.
629:
618:
606:
511:" (A Young Maid).
399:Eu, Seine-Maritime
329:
315:in February 1622.
313:Pontoise Cathedral
288:.). He joined the
286:Georges de Brébeuf
162:, Midland, Ontario
122:Anglican Communion
3315:
3314:
3271:Claudio Acquaviva
2951:Joseph Pignatelli
2888:Stanislaus Kostka
2825:John Soan de Goto
2741:Juan del Castillo
2671:Robert Bellarmine
2664:Edmund Arrowsmith
2193:978-0-3126-5362-0
1789:Brebeuf Tour 2024
1595:, pp. 96–97.
924:Brampton, Ontario
902:Hamilton, Ontario
861:Pope John Paul II
725:Passion of Christ
529:Romance languages
509:Une Jeune Pucelle
224:who travelled to
198:
197:
114:Venerated in
3430:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3133:
3126:
3124:Alonso Rodriguez
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3075:Francisco Suárez
3070:
3063:
3043:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
3000:André de Soveral
2995:
2993:Robert Southwell
2988:
2986:José María Rubio
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2958:Stephen Pongracz
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2902:Gabriel Lalemant
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2811:Aloysius Gonzaga
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2713:Alexander Briant
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2685:Jacques Berthieu
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2657:Modeste Andlauer
2652:
2650:José de Anchieta
2634:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2597:Exposcit debitum
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2450:
2429:
2408:
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2395:
2384:
2373:
2365:
2356:
2344:
2333:
2304:
2285:
2256:
2237:
2226:. Random House.
2225:
2214:
2206:
2197:
2178:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2133:. Archived from
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2033:
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2030:
2028:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1921:"The Buzz Board"
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
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1896:
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1107:
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1091:
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1059:
1058:
1057:
1028:, a blank-verse
971:Sudbury, Ontario
950:Gatineau, Québec
944:Montreal, Quebec
918:Vaughan, Ontario
896:Toronto, Ontario
873:Calgary, Alberta
854:Midland, Ontario
717:Midland, Ontario
637:Gabriel Lalemant
348:Charles Lalemant
290:Society of Jesus
216:
211:
207:
156:
107:Midland, Ontario
95:
75:
73:
54:
28:
3438:
3437:
3433:
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3428:
3427:
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3205:
3198:
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3184:
3177:
3170:
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3154:
3147:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3117:Joseph Fitzmyer
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3046:
3039:
3026:
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2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
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2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2895:Jean de Lalande
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2846:Alberto Hurtado
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2804:Charles Garnier
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2706:Jean de Brébeuf
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2635:
2626:
2621:List of Jesuits
2619:
2612:
2606:Ratio Studiorum
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2533:
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2274:10.2307/2674478
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2240:
2234:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2181:
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2140:
2138:
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2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
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2090:
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2078:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
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1710:
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1642:
1635:
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1611:
1603:
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1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1550:
1549:
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1525:
1521:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1480:
1479:
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1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
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1357:
1349:
1342:
1334:
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1306:
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1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1169:Latourelle 1979
1167:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
998:Brébeuf, Quebec
850:Martyrs' Shrine
803:
713:Martyrs' Shrine
705:
668:Charles Garnier
598:
517:
515:Linguistic work
490:native language
467:Jérôme Lalemant
362:, who spoke an
321:
270:
265:
257:Catholic Church
209:
203:
201:Jean de Brébeuf
160:Martyrs' Shrine
151:
118:Catholic Church
97:
93:
77:
71:
69:
60:
45:
40:
39:
38:Jean de Brébeuf
36:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Jesuit martyrs
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
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3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3103:Henri de Lubac
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3068:Luis de Molina
3064:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3014:Francis Xavier
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2769:Antoine Daniel
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2734:Peter Canisius
2730:
2727:Edmund Campion
2723:
2720:John de Britto
2716:
2709:
2702:
2699:Francis Borgia
2695:
2688:
2681:
2678:John Berchmans
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2624:
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2565:
2556:
2549:
2541:
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2535:
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2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2457:
2456:External links
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2430:
2424:
2409:
2396:
2385:
2374:
2357:
2351:
2334:
2322:10.2307/286901
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2009:
1982:
1937:
1912:
1891:
1866:
1841:
1813:
1801:
1776:
1764:
1762:, p. 125.
1752:
1750:, p. 124.
1740:
1738:, p. 165.
1728:
1726:, p. 116.
1716:
1714:, p. 128.
1704:
1702:, p. 123.
1687:
1685:, p. 112.
1675:
1673:, p. 101.
1663:
1661:, p. 333.
1648:
1646:, p. 391.
1633:
1621:
1609:
1607:, p. 297.
1597:
1585:
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1573:
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1519:
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1473:
1450:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1413:, p. 129.
1403:
1401:, p. 122.
1391:
1389:, p. 116.
1379:
1377:, p. 117.
1375:Blackburn 2000
1367:
1365:, p. 111.
1363:Blackburn 2000
1355:
1351:Blackburn 2000
1340:
1338:, p. 113.
1328:
1326:, p. 112.
1316:
1314:, p. 109.
1304:
1292:
1290:, p. 121.
1280:
1278:, p. 290.
1268:
1266:, p. 202.
1256:
1244:
1229:
1227:, p. 119.
1212:
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1195:, p. 229.
1185:
1183:, p. 106.
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979:Camp Ondessonk
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875:
802:
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664:Antoine Daniel
645:Taenhatenteron
597:
594:
578:compound words
555:circumlocution
537:tower of Babel
516:
513:
471:Neutral Nation
430:Paul Ragueneau
406:Antoine Daniel
320:
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274:Condé-sur-Vire
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79:Condé-sur-Vire
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3408:Jesuit saints
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3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
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3086:
3083:
3082:Jean Daniélou
3079:
3076:
3072:
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3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:Henry Walpole
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:Nicholas Owen
2941:
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2798:
2797:Thomas Garnet
2794:
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2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:Noël Chabanel
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:Andrew Bobola
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
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2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
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2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2446:9780773545137
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2425:0-7735-0595-4
2421:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2352:0-393-02279-X
2348:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:0-3122-2744-2
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2233:0-6793-1220-X
2229:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2174:0-7735-2047-3
2170:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1925:sjb.hwcdsb.ca
1922:
1916:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1692:
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1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:, p. 72.
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:, p. 74.
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1541:, p. 98.
1540:
1535:
1532:
1529:, p. 68.
1528:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:, p. 96.
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1353:, p. 88.
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1302:, p. 13.
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242:, p. 38.
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:, p. 37.
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:Campbell 1907
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:Saints portal
1052:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
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1027:
1022:
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1007:
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984:
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976:
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947:
945:
941:
938:
935:
931:
930:Erin, Ontario
927:
925:
921:
919:
915:
912:
910:(Closed 2009)
909:
905:
903:
899:
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
880:
876:
874:
870:
869:
868:
865:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
807:
800:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:Pope Pius XII
784:
779:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
740:beatification
737:
733:
728:
726:
718:
714:
709:
702:
700:
696:
694:
688:
686:
680:
677:
676:Noel Chabanel
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
622:
615:
610:
602:
595:
593:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
449:
444:
440:
439:
433:
431:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Énemond Massé
349:
346:with Fathers
345:
340:
338:
334:
325:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
215:
206:
202:
193:
191:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
149:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:16 March 1649
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:25 March 1593
68:
64:
57:
53:
48:
44:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3291:
3252:
3155:
3061:Diego Laynez
2937:John Ogilvie
2874:Isaac Jogues
2783:Philip Evans
2755:Peter Claver
2705:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2490:
2468:(ChoralWiki)
2435:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2379:
2367:
2340:
2313:
2309:
2294:
2265:
2261:
2242:
2221:
2208:
2183:
2163:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2073:
2063:
2053:18 September
2051:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2027:18 September
2025:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2002:17 September
2000:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1959:. Retrieved
1953:
1940:
1930:18 September
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1905:18 September
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1859:18 September
1857:. Retrieved
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:
1760:Pearson 2008
1755:
1748:Pearson 2008
1743:
1736:Pearson 2008
1731:
1724:Pearson 2008
1719:
1712:Pearson 2008
1707:
1700:Pearson 2008
1683:Pearson 2008
1678:
1671:Pearson 2008
1666:
1644:Parkman 1888
1629:Pearson 2008
1624:
1617:Pearson 2008
1612:
1600:
1593:Parkman 1888
1588:
1581:Parkman 1888
1576:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1539:Pearson 2008
1534:
1527:Pearson 2008
1522:
1511:
1499:
1488:
1476:
1465:
1453:
1442:
1435:Pearson 2008
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1288:Brébeuf 2008
1283:
1276:Trigger 1986
1271:
1264:Trigger 1986
1259:
1247:
1193:Trigger 1986
1188:
1176:
1146:, p. 7.
1139:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1025:
1023:
1019:Canada Reads
1012:
1010:
991:
968:
866:
858:
839:
834:
826:
812:
796:
783:Pope Pius XI
780:
760:
754:
750:
746:
744:
729:
721:
697:
692:
689:
685:cannibalized
681:
653:
649:cannibalized
630:
586:
571:
567:
563:
544:
540:
518:
483:
464:
453:
436:
434:
424:
422:
409:
403:
388:
341:
333:Pierre Coton
330:
302:
298:tuberculosis
271:
245:missionaries
238:
200:
199:
145:Pope Pius XI
133:12 June 1925
94:(1649-03-16)
81:, Normandy,
25:
3333:1649 deaths
3328:1593 births
3089:Karl Rahner
2930:Henry Morse
2909:David Lewis
2881:James Kisai
2832:René Goupil
2790:Peter Faber
2049:(in French)
1605:Talbot 1949
1423:Leahey 1995
1411:Leahey 1995
1399:Leahey 1995
1387:Leahey 1995
1336:Leahey 1995
1324:Leahey 1995
1312:Leahey 1995
1225:Leahey 1995
1181:Leahey 1995
1144:Talbot 1949
1034:E. J. Pratt
658:country at
486:Huron Carol
443:shamanistic
404:Along with
268:Early years
3322:Categories
3149:Bollandist
2853:Rémy Isoré
1961:2 February
1794:8 February
1553:Magnificat
1300:McGee 1985
1252:Greer 2000
1240:Greer 2000
1208:Greer 2000
1076:References
1014:The Orenda
846:Highway 12
801:Modern era
660:Ossernenon
651:his body.
582:linguistic
574:Recollects
559:repetition
521:seminaries
410:Ihonatiria
360:Montagnais
337:New France
319:Missionary
226:New France
222:missionary
178:Attributes
72:1593-03-25
2923:Paul Miki
2776:Paul Denn
2075:Maclean's
1884:21 August
1828:Maclean's
1809:Gray 2004
1081:Citations
1030:epic poem
848:from the
835:la crosse
817:sport of
767:exorcised
747:Relations
732:reliquary
639:when the
589:catechism
525:classical
475:Ursulines
391:confessor
372:Iroquoian
263:Biography
259:in 1930.
253:canonized
249:beatified
190:Patronage
139:Canonized
129:Beatified
3293:Category
3052:Theology
2107:16 March
2102:CBC News
2081:16 March
1971:cite web
1048:See also
819:lacrosse
772:Huguenot
641:Iroquois
616:in 1649.
614:Iroquois
551:metaphor
456:baptized
448:smallpox
414:immunity
278:Normandy
241:Iroquois
109:, Canada
3238:Related
3141:General
3041:Francis
2538:History
2531:Jesuits
2464:in the
2282:2674478
2154:Sources
2141:25 June
1834:22 June
981:in the
844:across
823:crosier
753:or the
633:Huronia
535:of the
507:song, "
492:of the
423:Called
418:endemic
380:English
376:Toanché
255:in the
210:French:
105:, near
59:Martyr
3285:
2641:Saints
2443:
2422:
2349:
2330:286901
2328:
2280:
2249:
2230:
2190:
2171:
831:French
827:crosse
776:heresy
656:Mohawk
502:French
498:Wendat
395:Jesuit
344:Québec
309:priest
282:France
234:France
219:Jesuit
194:Canada
154:shrine
152:Major
83:France
3032:Popes
2579:Magis
2485:Rev.
2326:JSTOR
2278:JSTOR
1950:(PDF)
687:him.
672:Petun
596:Death
533:Bible
494:Huron
425:Échon
368:Huron
294:Rouen
230:Huron
168:Feast
99:Huron
33:Saint
2441:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2143:2019
2109:2020
2083:2020
2055:2021
2029:2021
2004:2021
1977:link
1963:2022
1932:2021
1907:2021
1886:2018
1861:2021
1836:2019
1796:2024
1038:FRSC
1006:Hull
992:The
791:Ajax
557:and
527:and
505:folk
477:and
350:and
89:Died
66:Born
43:S.J.
2318:doi
2270:doi
996:of
942:in
916:in
894:in
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829:in
778:".
311:at
183:Pyx
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2276:.
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2125:.
2100:.
2072:.
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2020:.
1993:.
1973:}}
1969:{{
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1232:^
1215:^
1200:^
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1122:^
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715:,
553:,
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280:,
276:,
205:SJ
120:,
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2355:.
2332:.
2320::
2303:.
2284:.
2272::
2255:.
2236:.
2196:.
2177:.
2111:.
2085:.
2057:.
2031:.
2006:.
1979:)
1965:.
1934:.
1909:.
1888:.
1863:.
1838:.
1811:.
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1774:.
1171:.
1134:.
881:.
825:(
496:/
208:(
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70:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
