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241:, which had achieved its goals. The 1907 Married Woman's Earnings Act was often called the "Schmahl Law". The Act was incomplete. If a woman bought something with her earnings that she did not consume herself, such as a piece of furniture, it became her husband's property unless there was a marriage contract that specified otherwise. This would normally only be the case with prosperous couples.
957:
111:, born in Britain. She married a well-off husband who supported her while she worked as a midwife's assistant in Paris. She decided to avoid politics and religion and to focus on specific and practical feminist goals. She led a successful campaign to change the laws so women could legally bear witness and could control their own earnings. She launched the
250:
195:
easiest of conquest; at the same time choosing the point which should logically come first, as the foundation of women's freedom. We were not long in coming to the conclusion that, financial freedom being the root of all liberty, we must first set to work to obtain for married women the right to their own earnings.
296:(IWFA) congress in London in April 1909 as representing the French suffrage movement. Although national in scope, the UFSF was very much Paris-based. Schmahl stated that the campaign would be peaceable, and would start by asking for women to be able to vote in municipal elections and sit on municipal councils.
177:
and she believed a similar law would benefit French women. Schmahl thought that the strategy of the groups, led by Richer and
Deraismes, of mixing religion and politics with women's issues was a mistake. She thought this was "one of the great reasons for the movement's lack of success in France." She
131:
was trying to open the profession to women but had not yet succeeded. Schmahl was a friend of Jex-Blake, and in contact with the feminist movement in
England. She went to France to continue her medical studies, but interrupted them when she married Henri Schmahl, a Frenchman from Alsace, and took the
311:
Mme. Jeanne
Schmahl was before her day—a pioneer who did not claim to be a prophetess. She reasoned and persuaded... It was her deliberate intention and in kindness of heart that she wished to improve us by improving the condition of women... She kept her foot on solid earth. She did not forget
194:
Taking into consideration that the Civil Code is the one great obstacle to the emancipation of women in France, we decided to attack it. Not, however, in its entirety, as had previously been attempted, but piecemeal, beginning by what appeared to be least defended by our opponents and therefore
33:
265:) was founded by a group of feminists who had attended a national congress of French feminists in Paris in 1908. Most of them were from bourgeois or intellectual backgrounds. The leaders were Jeanne Schmahl and Jane Misme. Since 1901 Schmahl had belonged to the Women's Suffrage (
233:
managed to get the support of printing houses who printed posters at no charge for display across Paris and in major provincial cities. The law to allow women to bear witness passed the
Chamber of Deputies and the Senate in 1897.
182:(Forerunner) association, which called for the right of women to be witnesses in public and private acts, and for the right of married women to take the product of their labor and dispose of it freely. As Schmahl wrote in 1896,
126:
was born in Great
Britain in 1846. Her father was English and her mother was French. Her father was a lieutenant in the British Navy. She studied medicine in Edinburgh, but was not able to complete her course.
237:
The
Chamber of Deputies passed the earnings bill in 1896. The Senate stalled on this bill, and it was not until July 1907 that it finally approved a version of the act. Schmahl then dissolved the
770:
158:
170:. Schmahl was incensed when she discovered that a woman had been dismissed from her job after she asked her employer not to give her wages to her alcoholic spouse.
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166:'s group after she became interested in women's rights. Schmahl also joined the Society for the Amelioration of Woman's Condition which had been created by
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303:, although the reason given was health problems. She was succeeded as UFSF president first by Eliska Vincent and then by
307:, Jane Misme stayed with the UFSF, which had 12,000 members by 1914. Jeanne Schmahl died in 1915. Her obituary said,
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name of Jeanne
Schmahl. However, she acted as an assistant to professional midwives until 1893. She became a
312:
reality—that was her strength; that and the gentle but firm obstinacy with which she cultivated her garden.
940:
909:
133:
716:
Hause, Steven C. (2002). "Union Française Pour Le
Suffrage Des Femmes (UFSF)". In Helen Tierney (ed.).
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285:
199:
The campaign aimed to mobilize middle- and upper-class women who had moderate and conservative views.
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in 1873 through her marriage. She was supported by her husband and lived in comfort beside the
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decided to instead direct her efforts at specific issues. In
January 1893 Schmahl founded the
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128:
418:
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accepted the position of honorary vice-president. The UFSF was formally recognized by the
254:
167:
162:), which was mainly concerned with making alcohol and pornography illegal. Schmahl joined
149:
137:
351:
Jeanne-E. Schmahl (September 1896). "Progress of the Women's Rights
Movement in France".
273:(1848–1914). The UFSF provided a less militant and more widely acceptable alternative to
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737:
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to campaign for the right of women to vote, but that was not achieved in her lifetime.
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225:(1862–1926), the first woman to become a doctor of law. Schmahl published a journal,
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Raisons biologiques et économiques de l'inégalité de la femme dans le travail
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Deux petits discours: L'historique d'une loi [et] Le foyer français
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288:(1877–1946) was made secretary-general. Schmahl was the first president.
108:
281:
early in 1909, was to obtain women's suffrage through legal approaches.
405:
184:
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The founding meeting of 300 women was held in February 1909.
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Schmahl resigned from the UFSF in 1911 due to disputes with
771:"Jeanne Schmahl et la loi sur le libre salaire de la femme"
148:
By 1878 Jeanne Schmahl had become active in groups led by
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France and Women, 1789–1914: Gender, Society and Politics
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156:. She joined the League for Raising Public Morality (
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Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
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691:Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe
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423:The Woman Movement In France and Its Leader 1911
159:Ligue pour le relèvement de la moralité publique
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144:Women's rights to witness and dispose of income
326:La Question de la femme, par Mme Henri Schmahl
887:"The Woman Movement In France and Its Leader"
261:The French Union for Women's Suffrage (UFSF:
8:
821:Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer
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335:Le Préjugé de sexe, par Mme Henri Schmahl..
263:Union française pour le suffrage des femmes
253:Jeanne Schmahl visiting the French Premier
215:(1865–1935), who later founded the journal
406:Schmahl, Jeanne ... Women in World History
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628:Women, the Family, and Freedom: 1880–1950
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523:
511:
496:
484:
624:Bell, Susan G.; Offen, Karen M. (1983).
441:
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818:Rudd, Jill; Gough, Val (1 April 1999).
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355:(22). Philadelphia and New York: 88–89.
229:. The society grew to 200 members. The
16:French-British suffragette and feminist
924:. New York, New York. 12 December 1909
793:Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers
333:Jeanne-E. Schmahl (Mme Henri) (1895).
324:Jeanne-E. Schmahl (Mme Henri) (1894).
277:. The sole objective, as published in
1018:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
632:. Stanford University Press. p.
595:
544:
294:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
7:
472:
658:Charles, Ernest (1 November 1915).
735:McMillan, James (8 January 2002).
14:
775:Bulletin du Archives du FĂ©minisme
688:Clark, Linda L. (17 April 2008).
211:, and Schmahl found support from
203:(1847–1933), Duchess of Uzès and
201:Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart
175:Married Women's Property Act 1882
113:French Union for Women's Suffrage
1013:French people of English descent
1008:English people of French descent
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939:
908:
31:
846:"Schmahl, Jeanne (1846–1916)".
660:"Obituary: Mme. Jeanne Schmahl"
305:Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberger
1028:Naturalized citizens of France
867:"Les françaises veulent voter"
865:Tartakowsky, Danielle (2015).
694:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
769:Metz, Annie (December 2007).
893:. New York. 4 September 1911
824:. University of Iowa Press.
719:Women's Studies Encyclopedia
207:(1836–1936) soon joined the
173:Schmahl admired the British
62:1915 (aged 68–69)
1023:British emigrants to France
1044:
378:Jeanne E. Schmahl (1905).
360:Jeanne E. Schmahl (1898).
107:; 1846–1915) was a French
790:Rappaport, Helen (2001).
581:What Women Are Doing 1909
369:Jeanne-E. Schmah (1901).
342:Jeanne-E. Schmah (1896).
30:
891:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
666:. Taylor & Francis.
244:
101:Jeanne Elizabeth Schmahl
37:Schmal in September 1911
25:Jeanne Elizabeth Schmahl
124:Jeanne Elizabeth Archer
47:Jeanne Elizabeth Archer
998:French women activists
918:"What Women Are Doing"
871:L’Histoire par l’image
314:
258:
197:
190:
189:Jeanne Schmahl in 1895
743:. Routledge. p.
524:Bell & Offen 1983
512:Rudd & Gough 1999
497:Bell & Offen 1983
485:Bell & Offen 1983
317:Selected publications
269:) association led by
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188:
964:at Wikimedia Commons
382:. l'Avant-Courrière.
346:. l'Avant-Courriere.
371:Économie domestique
364:. L'Avant-Courière.
344:L'avenir Du Mariage
275:Suffrage des femmes
267:Suffrage des femmes
328:. May et Motteroz.
301:CĂ©cile Brunschvicg
286:CĂ©cile Brunschvicg
259:
191:
960:Media related to
831:978-1-58729-310-8
803:978-1-57607-101-4
754:978-1-134-58958-6
722:. Greenwood Press
701:978-0-521-65098-4
673:978-0-415-25738-1
643:978-0-8047-1173-9
271:Hubertine Auclert
239:l'Avant-Courrière
227:L'Avant-Courrière
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86:Feminist activism
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988:French feminists
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852:. 1 January 2002
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231:Avant-Courrière
209:Avant-Courrière
180:Avant-Courrière
168:Maria Deraismes
152:and the pastor
150:Maria Deraismes
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138:Parc Montsouris
134:French national
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70:British, French
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950:External links
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932:– via
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835:. Retrieved
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809:14 September
807:. Retrieved
796:. ABC-CLIO.
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677:. Retrieved
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983:1915 deaths
978:1846 births
873:(in French)
164:LĂ©on Richer
119:Early years
67:Nationality
972:Categories
596:Clark 2008
545:Hause 2002
389:References
373:. C. Lamy.
213:Jane Misme
75:Occupation
473:Metz 2007
928:23 March
897:23 March
877:13 March
856:22 March
837:23 March
781:22 March
760:23 March
726:13 March
679:23 March
649:23 March
109:feminist
922:The Sun
707:2 April
617:Sources
257:in 1909
78:Midwife
828:
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105:Archer
91:Spouse
353:Forum
103:(née
930:2015
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858:2015
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826:ISBN
811:2013
798:ISBN
783:2015
762:2015
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638:ISBN
221:and
59:Died
50:1846
43:Born
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