842:. A complication with trawling for jelly-falls is the gelatinous carcass easily falls apart and as a result, opportunistic photography, videography, and chemical analysis have been primary methods of monitoring. This means that jelly-falls are not always observed in the time period in which they exist. Because jelly-falls can be fully processed and degraded within a number of hours by scavengers and the fact that some jelly-falls will not sink below 500 m in tropical and subtropical waters, the importance and prevalence of jelly-falls may be underestimated.
102:
679:
818:, environments with jellies present will have carbon pumps be more primarily supplied with jelly-falls. This could lead to issues of habitats with established biological pumps succumbing to nonequilibrium as the presence of jellies would change the food web as well as changes to the amount of carbon deposited into the sediment. Finally, decomposition is aided by the microbial community. In a case study on the
830:, which has impacts traveling up the trophic levels. In addition, with the exclusion of scavengers, jelly-falls develop a white layer of bacteria over the decaying carcasses and emit a black residue over the surrounding area, which is from sulfide. This high level of microbial activity requires a lot of oxygen, which can lead zones around jelly-falls to become hypoxic and inhospitable to larger scavengers.
20:
743:). Several circumstances can trigger the death of gelatinous organisms which would cause them to sink. These include high levels of primary production that can clog the feeding apparatuses of the organisms, a sudden temperature change, when an old bloom runs out of food, when predators damage the bodies of the jellies, and
822:, the number of bacteria increased in the presence of jelly-falls, and the bacteria were shown to preferentially use nitrogen released from decaying jelly carcasses while mostly leaving carbon. In a study conducted by Andrew Sweetman in 2016, it was discovered using core samples of the sediment in
779:
process starts after death and can proceed in the water column as the gelatinous organisms are sinking. Decay happens faster in the tropics than in temperate and subpolar waters as a result of warmer temperatures. In the tropics, a jelly-fall may take less than 2 days to decay in warmer, surface
1371:
Tinta, Tinkara; Kogovšek, Tjaša; Turk, Valentina; Shiganova, Tamara A.; Mikaelyan, Alexander S. & Malej, Alenka (2016). "Microbial transformation of jellyfish organic matter affects the nitrogen cycle in the marine water column — A Black Sea case study".
747:. In general, however, jelly-falls are linked to jelly-blooms and primary production, with over 75% of the jelly falls in subpolar and temperate regions occurring after spring blooms, and over 25% of the jelly-falls in the tropics occurring after
1401:"Jellyfish decomposition at the seafloor rapidly alters biogeochemical cycling and carbon flow through benthic food-websJellyfish decomposition at the seafloor rapidly alters biogeochemical cycling and carbon flow through benthic food-webs"
826:, the presence of jelly-falls significantly impacted the biochemical process of these benthic communities. Bacteria consume jelly carcasses rapidly, removing opportunities of acquiring sustenance for bottoming feeding
766:
to the lower ocean increases. With a possible slowing of the classic biological pump, the transport of carbon and nutrients to the deep sea through jelly-falls may become more and more important to deep ocean.
780:
water, but as many as 25 days when it is lower than 1000 m deep. However, lone gelatinous organisms may spend less time on the sea floor as one study found that jellies could be decomposed by
1340:"First assessment of flux rates of jellyfish carcasses (jelly-falls) to the benthos reveals the importance of gelatinous material for biological C-cycling in jellyfish-dominated ecosystems"
1243:
Lebrato, Mario; Pitt, Kylie A.; Sweetman, Andrew K.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Cartes, Joan E.; Oschlies, Andreas; Condon, Robert H.; Molinero, Juan Carlos & Adler, Laetitia (2012).
906:
Lebrato, Mario; Pitt, Kylie A.; Sweetman, Andrew K.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Cartes, Joan E.; Oschlies, Andreas; Condon, Robert H.; Molinero, Juan Carlos & Adler, Laetitia (2012).
754:
With global climates shifting towards creating warmer and more acidic oceans, conditions not favored by non-resilient species, jellies are likely to grow in population sizes.
1453:
West, Elizabeth Jane; Welsh, David Thomas & Pitt, Kylie Anne (2009). "Influence of decomposing jellyfish on the sediment oxygen demand and nutrient dynamics".
1037:"Towards a transformative understanding of the ocean's biological pump: Priorities for future research-Report on the NSF Biology of the Biological Pump Workshop"
69:. These events are common in protected areas with high levels of primary production and water quality suitable to support cnidarian species. These areas include
803:
and fish. However, which scavengers find their way to jelly-falls is highly reliant on each ecosystem. For example, in an experiment in the
Norwegian deep sea,
811:, and finally decapod shrimp. Photographs taken off the coast of Norway on natural jelly-falls also revealed caridean shrimp feeding on jelly carcasses.
762:
can become jelly hot spots with substantial blooms. As the climate changes and ocean waters warm, jelly blooms become more prolific and the transport of
189:
474:
147:
647:
174:
814:
With increased populations and blooms becoming more common, with favorable conditions and a lack of other filter feeders in the area to consume
710:
528:
1081:
Lebrato, Mario; Pahlow, Markus; Oschlies, Andreas; Pitt, Kylie A.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Molinero, Juan Carlos & Condon, Robert H. (2011).
652:
117:
1036:
1498:
1503:
1000:
Sweetman, Andrew K. & Chapman, Annelise (2011). "First observations of jelly-falls at the seafloor in a deep-sea fjord".
1184:
Lebrato, Mario; Molinero, Juan-Carlos; Cartes, Joan E.; Lloris, Domingo; Mélin, Frédéric & Beni-Casadella, Laia (2013).
1141:
Purcell, J.E. (2012). "Jellyfish and ctenophore blooms coincide with human proliferations and environmental perturbations".
577:
582:
567:
247:
1399:
Sweetman, Andrew; Chelsky, Ariella; Pitt, Kylie Ann; Andrade, Hector; van
Oevelen, Dick & Renaud, Paul (2016).
637:
535:
241:
235:
47:
642:
262:
703:
1508:
1493:
617:
545:
540:
523:
368:
229:
127:
74:
1291:"Rapid scavenging of jellyfish carcasses reveals the importance of gelatinous material to deep-sea food webs"
627:
142:
447:
223:
184:
152:
39:
696:
683:
632:
363:
1412:
1197:
1150:
1097:
1009:
965:
559:
461:
217:
122:
62:
878:
862:
838:
Researching jelly-falls relies on direct observational data such as video, photography, or benthic
759:
508:
324:
179:
1470:
1264:
1123:
927:
873:
587:
355:
339:
334:
257:
1320:
1225:
1166:
518:
297:
132:
1186:"Sinking jelly-carbon unveils potential environmental variability along a continental margin"
1462:
1430:
1420:
1381:
1351:
1310:
1302:
1256:
1245:"Jelly-falls historic and recent observations: a review to drive future research directions"
1215:
1205:
1158:
1113:
1105:
1017:
973:
919:
908:"Jelly-falls historic and recent observations: a review to drive future research directions"
823:
484:
378:
373:
101:
851:
612:
479:
412:
400:
329:
203:
66:
1162:
1416:
1201:
1154:
1101:
1013:
969:
1315:
1290:
1220:
1185:
1047:
755:
622:
592:
572:
513:
427:
310:
305:
166:
1487:
808:
776:
1474:
1289:
Sweetman, Andrew K.; Smith, Craig R.; Dale, Trine & Jones, Daniel O. B. (2014).
1268:
931:
1127:
763:
405:
319:
273:
211:
93:
51:
35:
19:
46:, sink to the seafloor and enhance carbon and nitrogen fluxes via rapidly sinking
1210:
1385:
469:
442:
432:
422:
392:
278:
137:
16:
Marine carbon cycling events whereby gelatinous zooplankton sink to the seafloor
1466:
1260:
1109:
1021:
978:
923:
868:
827:
800:
792:
744:
417:
1356:
1339:
1082:
807:
were the first scavengers to find the traps of decaying jellies, followed by
946:
856:
819:
788:
781:
748:
736:
728:
54:
1324:
1306:
1229:
1170:
61:. Jelly-falls have been implicated as a major “gelatinous pathway” for the
839:
815:
796:
732:
724:
58:
43:
1435:
1083:"Depth attenuation of organic matter export associated with jelly falls"
1118:
804:
500:
283:
70:
1425:
1400:
662:
1244:
907:
799:, have emerged as the primary consumer of jelly-falls, followed by
657:
27:
carcasses were found along an oil pipeline in West Africa in 2006.
18:
787:
Decomposition of jelly-falls is largely aided by these kinds of
740:
723:
Jelly-falls are primarily made up of the decaying corpses of
995:
993:
991:
989:
784:
in the
Norwegian deep sea in under two and a half hours.
1295:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1002:
Deep Sea
Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
1448:
1446:
1374:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
1338:Sweetman, Andrew & Chapman, Annaleise (2015).
704:
8:
73:and several studies have been conducted in
945:Lebrato, M. & Jones, D. O. B. (2009).
711:
697:
84:
1434:
1424:
1355:
1314:
1219:
1209:
1117:
977:
951:carcasses off Ivory Coast (West Africa)"
1044:OCB: Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry
889:
648:Territorialisation of carbon governance
92:
65:of labile biogenic carbon through the
653:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
7:
1163:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142751
50:. These events provide nutrition to
14:
678:
677:
100:
1143:Annual Review of Marine Science
613:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
1211:10.1371/journal.pone.0082070
583:Carbonate compensation depth
248:Particulate inorganic carbon
1386:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.10.018
1344:Frontiers in Marine Science
1525:
1405:Limnology and Oceanography
1090:Limnology and Oceanography
958:Limnology and Oceanography
947:"Mass deposition event of
638:Carbon capture and storage
242:Particulate organic carbon
236:Dissolved inorganic carbon
48:particulate organic matter
1467:10.1007/s10750-008-9586-7
1261:10.1007/s10750-012-1046-8
1110:10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1917
1022:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.08.006
979:10.4319/lo.2009.54.4.1197
924:10.1007/s10750-012-1046-8
643:Carbon cycle re-balancing
1357:10.3389/fmars.2015.00047
618:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
578:Carbonate–silicate cycle
546:Carbon dioxide clathrate
541:Clathrate gun hypothesis
369:Net ecosystem production
230:Dissolved organic carbon
1499:Biological oceanography
628:Deep Carbon Observatory
88:Part of a series on the
1307:10.1098/rspb.2014.2210
448:Continental shelf pump
224:Total inorganic carbon
190:Satellite measurements
40:gelatinous zooplankton
28:
1504:Chemical oceanography
633:Global Carbon Project
364:Ecosystem respiration
23:A mass deposition of
22:
462:Carbon sequestration
218:Total organic carbon
1417:2016LimOc..61.1449S
1202:2013PLoSO...882070L
1155:2012ARMS....4..209P
1102:2011LimOc..56.1917L
1014:2011DSRI...58.1206S
970:2009LimOc..54.1197L
949:Pyrosoma atlanticum
863:Pyrosoma atlanticum
834:Research challenges
509:Atmospheric methane
475:Soil carbon storage
325:Reverse Krebs cycle
180:Ocean acidification
25:Pyrosoma atlanticum
1301:(1796): 20142210.
1053:on 27 October 2016
874:Deep sea community
588:Great Calcite Belt
536:Aerobic production
356:Carbon respiration
298:Metabolic pathways
258:Primary production
29:
1426:10.1002/lno.10310
1008:(12): 1206–1211.
721:
720:
519:Methane emissions
175:In the atmosphere
1516:
1479:
1478:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1411:(4): 1449–1461.
1396:
1390:
1389:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1096:(5): 1917–1928.
1087:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1046:. Archived from
1041:
1032:
1026:
1025:
997:
984:
983:
981:
964:(4): 1197–1209.
955:
942:
936:
935:
903:
824:Norwegian fjords
749:upwelling events
713:
706:
699:
686:
681:
680:
485:pelagic sediment
379:Soil respiration
374:Photorespiration
104:
85:
75:fjords of Norway
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1509:Biogeochemistry
1494:Aquatic ecology
1484:
1483:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1337:
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1332:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
999:
998:
987:
953:
944:
943:
939:
905:
904:
891:
887:
852:Biological pump
848:
836:
773:
717:
676:
669:
668:
667:
607:
599:
598:
597:
562:
552:
551:
550:
503:
493:
492:
491:
480:Marine sediment
464:
454:
453:
452:
413:Solubility pump
401:Biological pump
395:
385:
384:
383:
358:
348:
347:
346:
330:Carbon fixation
315:
300:
290:
289:
288:
269:
253:
206:
204:Forms of carbon
196:
195:
194:
169:
159:
158:
157:
112:
83:
67:biological pump
38:events whereby
17:
12:
11:
5:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1461:(1): 151–160.
1442:
1391:
1363:
1330:
1274:
1255:(1): 227–245.
1235:
1196:(12): e82070.
1176:
1133:
1064:
1035:Burd, Adrian.
1027:
985:
937:
918:(1): 227–245.
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
844:
835:
832:
809:squat lobsters
791:. In general,
772:
769:
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
671:
670:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Deep biosphere
620:
615:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
593:Redfield ratio
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Nutrient cycle
570:
564:
563:
560:Biogeochemical
558:
557:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
532:
531:
526:
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514:Methanogenesis
511:
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477:
472:
466:
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435:
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428:Microbial loop
425:
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397:
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371:
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342:
337:
327:
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316:
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311:Chemosynthesis
308:
306:Photosynthesis
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296:
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208:
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177:
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167:Carbon dioxide
165:
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160:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
90:
89:
82:
79:
36:carbon cycling
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1521:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Hydrobiologia
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Hydrobiologia
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
990:
986:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Hydrobiologia
909:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
778:
777:decomposition
771:Decomposition
770:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
685:
675:
674:
673:
672:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
603:
602:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Marine cycles
566:
565:
561:
556:
555:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
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502:
497:
496:
486:
483:
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481:
478:
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471:
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463:
458:
457:
449:
446:
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431:
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424:
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402:
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398:
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375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
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338:
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333:
332:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
312:
309:
307:
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303:
299:
294:
293:
285:
282:
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277:
275:
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264:
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249:
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191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
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168:
163:
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154:
151:
149:
148:Boreal forest
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
108:
107:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
87:
86:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:sequestration
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1458:
1454:
1436:10072/142821
1408:
1404:
1394:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1298:
1294:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1093:
1089:
1055:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1043:
1030:
1005:
1001:
961:
957:
948:
940:
915:
911:
861:
837:
813:
786:
774:
764:jelly-carbon
753:
722:
437:
406:Martin curve
393:Carbon pumps
320:Calvin cycle
274:Black carbon
212:Total carbon
153:Geochemistry
94:Carbon cycle
42:, primarily
31:
30:
24:
1149:: 209–235.
1119:10072/43275
801:crustaceans
793:echinoderms
470:Carbon sink
433:Viral shunt
423:Marine snow
279:Blue carbon
133:Deep carbon
128:Atmospheric
118:Terrestrial
34:are marine
32:Jelly-falls
1488:Categories
1057:30 October
885:References
869:Whale fall
828:macrofauna
795:, such as
789:scavengers
782:scavengers
760:dead zones
758:areas and
745:parasitism
733:Pyrosomida
443:Whale pump
438:Jelly pump
418:Lipid pump
143:Permafrost
111:By regions
81:Initiation
44:cnidarians
1380:: 19–30.
879:Dead zone
857:Jellyfish
820:Black Sea
797:sea stars
756:Eutrophic
737:Doliolida
729:Thaliacea
71:estuaries
55:megafauna
1475:46695384
1325:25320167
1269:15428213
1230:24367499
1190:PLOS ONE
1171:22457974
932:15428213
846:See also
816:plankton
725:Cnidaria
684:Category
59:bacteria
1413:Bibcode
1316:4213659
1221:3867349
1198:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
1128:3693276
1098:Bibcode
1010:Bibcode
966:Bibcode
805:hagfish
741:Salpida
529:Wetland
501:Methane
284:Kerogen
185:Removal
52:benthic
1473:
1323:
1313:
1267:
1228:
1218:
1169:
1126:
930:
840:trawls
739:, and
682:
663:CO2SYS
524:Arctic
263:marine
123:Marine
1471:S2CID
1265:S2CID
1124:S2CID
1086:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
954:(PDF)
928:S2CID
658:C4MIP
606:Other
250:(PIC)
244:(POC)
238:(DIC)
232:(DOC)
226:(TIC)
220:(TOC)
1321:PMID
1226:PMID
1167:PMID
1059:2016
775:The
727:and
214:(TC)
138:Soil
57:and
1463:doi
1459:616
1431:hdl
1421:doi
1382:doi
1378:475
1352:doi
1311:PMC
1303:doi
1299:281
1257:doi
1253:690
1216:PMC
1206:doi
1159:doi
1114:hdl
1106:doi
1018:doi
974:doi
920:doi
916:690
1490::
1469:.
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1192:.
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1094:56
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1006:58
1004:.
988:^
972:.
962:54
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910:.
892:^
751:.
735:,
340:C4
335:C3
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1024:.
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705:t
698:v
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