39:
51:
196:
police force. Subsequently, the remaining members of Group 13 centered on
Gancwajch, and concentrated their efforts on setting up their own infirmary and ambulance service (the so-called Emergency Service, or the First Aid Station), which was created in May 1941. The organization's purpose was
197:
quickly subverted, and its resources were used predominantly for smuggling and contraband. They ran other illegitimate operations, such as a brothel at the
Britannica Hotel, and had near-total control over horse-drawn carriages and all other transportation within the Ghetto.
224:
Gancwajch and surviving members of the group later re-emerged posing as Jewish underground fighters, though in reality they were hunting for Poles in hiding or supporting other Nazi collaborationists. After closing the Jewish
Gestapo, Gancwajch remained in
1131:
212:
broke with
Gancwajch and established their own organizations. Kohn and Heller ultimately outlasted the Group. Their demise only came during the mass deportations of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to the Nazi
2696:
1940:
560:
2297:
2332:
2287:
2327:
2322:
2307:
348:
2312:
2317:
2292:
2050:
1124:
2550:
2261:
38:
105:. The rise and fall of the Group was likely a proxy for power struggles between various factions in the German military and bureaucracy, for their own financial benefit.
601:
553:
291:
1117:
691:
2256:
2764:
2759:
2266:
2593:
2271:
2729:
2346:
546:
2578:
2779:
1935:
785:
2734:
2302:
2043:
2543:
937:
2668:
1965:
1997:
1890:
90:
2401:
1895:
352:
2598:
2081:
2036:
684:
2536:
1096:
192:
In July 1941, Group 13 lost its political status to the
Judenrat, and the Office to Combat Usury and Profiteering was taken over by the
2719:
2076:
505:
449:
407:
332:
1627:
398:
2681:
875:
677:
50:
2654:
2009:
1985:
780:
476:
2132:
496:
323:
373:
2676:
2486:
1005:
728:
2142:
2127:
775:
755:
723:
214:
820:
2711:
1977:
855:
810:
800:
790:
733:
149:
Group 13 had between 300 and 400 uniformed Jewish officers, distinguished by caps with green bands. Membership in the
1722:
1224:
840:
2623:
2565:
2506:
2447:
2137:
2101:
2005:
1945:
1528:
1091:
805:
750:
631:
2608:
2396:
1981:
1672:
1617:
1086:
815:
795:
745:
651:
606:
2723:
2427:
1989:
870:
767:
706:
656:
641:
621:
611:
596:
591:
466:
2437:
1819:
1050:
845:
2366:
2091:
1925:
646:
636:
626:
616:
569:
440:
158:
2774:
2769:
2147:
1697:
1612:
177:. Its most important branch was the Office to Combat Usury and Profiteering. It also ran its own prison.
2686:
2106:
960:
2163:
2001:
1874:
1839:
1759:
1395:
1320:
1264:
860:
281:
204:. In mid-1941, shortly before the Office was closed, there was a split in the Group leadership, when
193:
98:
990:
2701:
2573:
2223:
2213:
2173:
1622:
1445:
1015:
984:
950:
885:
955:
209:
2411:
2198:
1950:
1498:
1435:
1365:
1355:
1274:
739:
715:
218:
205:
201:
2442:
2203:
1774:
1712:
995:
2691:
2466:
2376:
2193:
2188:
2168:
1844:
1571:
1536:
1488:
1330:
1269:
1194:
501:
472:
445:
403:
328:
261:
233:. He was rumored to have died in 1943; a hypothesis about his post-war collaboration with the
134:
114:
2628:
2233:
2183:
1973:
1794:
1652:
1632:
1602:
1440:
1430:
1405:
1380:
1289:
1279:
1254:
1209:
1204:
1045:
1040:
975:
945:
927:
917:
880:
865:
518:
251:
118:
2649:
2644:
2501:
2432:
2381:
2361:
2122:
1929:
1859:
1789:
1727:
1717:
1657:
1592:
1460:
1370:
1259:
1244:
1229:
1189:
1055:
907:
256:
74:
2371:
1702:
1284:
1164:
1020:
2391:
2386:
2218:
2086:
1993:
1915:
1869:
1784:
1682:
1643:
1607:
1566:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1385:
1375:
1325:
1214:
1199:
1179:
1169:
1030:
980:
922:
850:
538:
221:
in July 1942, during which German Nazis murdered approximately 2,000,000 Polish Jews.
2753:
2588:
2406:
2178:
1919:
1854:
1849:
1834:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1769:
1707:
1662:
1576:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1513:
1503:
1483:
1455:
1345:
1315:
1234:
1219:
1174:
1065:
1035:
1010:
1000:
970:
965:
901:
583:
94:
137:(SD), and also known as the Jewish Gestapo, the unit reported directly to the local
122:
2496:
2208:
2015:
1955:
1864:
1829:
1824:
1692:
1677:
1518:
1450:
1420:
1390:
1340:
1310:
1305:
1159:
1060:
1025:
912:
271:
170:
162:
102:
59:
1350:
129:
took its informal name from the address of its main office at 13 Leszno Street in
2491:
2228:
1764:
1754:
1687:
1667:
1597:
1556:
1493:
1478:
1400:
1360:
1249:
1239:
276:
154:
33:
441:
Walls Around: The
Plunder of Warsaw Jewry During World War II and Its Aftermath
1814:
1779:
1335:
1184:
266:
17:
2071:
1508:
1081:
174:
2096:
246:
2511:
286:
181:
166:
138:
82:
468:
Poland's
Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces
2583:
230:
226:
130:
55:
54:
Building at 93 Solidarność Avenue, formerly 13 Leszno Street, in
27:
Group of Jewish collaborators with the Nazis in the Warsaw Ghetto
234:
2532:
2032:
1113:
673:
542:
200:
In April 1942, many former Group 13 members were executed in
1140:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
324:
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt
229:, outside the Ghetto, where he continued working for the
2697:
International Youth
Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
497:
Never Far Away: The
Auschwitz Chronicles of Anna Heilman
184:, and infiltrated Jewish opposition within the Ghetto.
32:
For the Group 13 elements of the periodic table, see
2710:
2667:
2637:
2616:
2607:
2564:
2479:
2459:
2420:
2354:
2345:
2280:
2249:
2242:
2156:
2115:
2064:
1964:
1908:
1883:
1747:
1740:
1641:
1585:
1527:
1469:
1298:
1152:
1145:
1074:
936:
894:
833:
766:
714:
705:
113:The group was founded in December 1940 and led by
180:Group 13 vied for control of the Ghetto with the
2059:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
460:
458:
2544:
2044:
1125:
685:
554:
8:
2730:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
700:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2613:
2551:
2537:
2529:
2351:
2246:
2051:
2037:
2029:
1744:
1149:
1132:
1118:
1110:
711:
692:
678:
670:
666:
561:
547:
539:
490:
488:
343:
341:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
49:
37:
2655:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
303:
2765:Polish collaborators with Nazi Germany
2760:Jewish collaboration with Nazi Germany
2638:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
1998:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
349:"The record at Warsaw Ghetto database"
161:. Although it was intended to curtail
378:www.holocausthistoricalsociety.org.uk
153:required payment of several thousand
7:
2559:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
570:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
500:University of Calgary Press, 2001,
58:, 2014, which was in 1940–1941 the
2720:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
444:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004,
292:Collaboration with the Axis Powers
25:
2780:Organizations established in 1940
2402:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
399:The Left, the Right, and the Jews
2579:Population transfers (1944–1946)
1628:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
523:www.holocaustresearchproject.org
327:Indiana University Press, 1982,
2682:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
2594:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2010:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
1986:36th Estonian Police Battalion
374:"Holocaust Historical Society"
1:
2677:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
2507:Human medical experimentation
471:. McFarland. pp. 66–67.
165:activity, the group actually
215:Treblinka extermination camp
169:large sums of money through
2712:Righteous Among the Nations
2599:Ministry of Public Security
1978:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
588:Related articles by country
465:Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998).
159:German Nazi-controlled bank
2796:
2624:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2006:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
31:
2528:
2397:Sobibor perpetrator album
2028:
1982:Estonian Auxiliary Police
1109:
1092:Human medical experiments
669:
665:
576:
2645:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
1990:Latvian Auxiliary Police
1723:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1225:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
145:Organizational structure
2735:Garden of the Righteous
2487:Identification in camps
2480:Technical and logistics
1926:Order Police battalions
91:Jewish collaborationist
2148:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1613:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
402:Universe Books, 1982,
78:
66:
47:
2687:Majdanek State Museum
1820:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
724:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
237:was never confirmed.
117:, the former head of
53:
41:
2164:Mordechai Anielewicz
1875:Elisabeth Volkenrath
1760:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
1396:Arthur Liebehenschel
1321:Hermine Braunsteiner
1265:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
282:Jewish Ghetto Police
99:occupation of Poland
93:organization in the
2702:March of the Living
2574:Holocaust survivors
2438:Vrba–Wetzler report
2214:Alexander Pechersky
2174:Mordechai Tenenbaum
1623:Alexander Palfinger
1446:Johann Schwarzhuber
1006:Międzyrzec Podlaski
985:Lviv pogroms (1941)
886:Sonderaktion Krakau
2617:West German trials
2412:Wannsee Conference
2199:Itzhak Katzenelson
1951:General Government
1436:Franz Reichleitner
1366:Fritz Hartjenstein
1356:Maximilian Grabner
1275:Bruno Streckenbach
1087:Grossaktion Warsaw
740:Operation Reinhard
396:W. D. Rubinstein,
219:Grossaktion Warsaw
202:Operation Reinhard
97:during the German
67:
48:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2663:
2662:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2475:
2474:
2467:Sonderaktion 1005
2341:
2340:
2024:
2023:
2002:Ypatingasis būrys
1904:
1903:
1845:Johanna Langefeld
1840:Hildegard Lächert
1736:
1735:
1572:Alfred Trzebinski
1537:Franz von Bodmann
1489:Lorenz Hackenholt
1331:Theodor van Eupen
1270:Jakob Sporrenberg
1105:
1104:
829:
828:
217:in the course of
135:Sicherheitsdienst
115:Abraham Gancwajch
103:World War II
16:(Redirected from
2787:
2629:Treblinka trials
2614:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2428:Graebe affidavit
2421:Witness accounts
2367:Frank memorandum
2352:
2247:
2234:Szmul Zygielbojm
2224:Frumka Płotnicka
2184:Leon Feldhendler
2169:Icchak Cukierman
2123:Ghetto uprisings
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
1974:Schutzmannschaft
1795:Feodor Fedorenko
1745:
1653:Wolfgang Birkner
1441:Heinrich Schwarz
1431:Josef Oberhauser
1406:Heinrich Matthes
1290:Dieter Wisliceny
1280:Richard Thomalla
1255:Heinz Reinefarth
1205:Heinrich Himmler
1150:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1075:Other atrocities
712:
694:
687:
680:
671:
667:
563:
556:
549:
540:
533:
532:
530:
529:
515:
509:
492:
483:
482:
462:
453:
436:
411:
394:
388:
387:
385:
384:
370:
364:
363:
361:
360:
351:. Archived from
345:
336:
319:
157:, issued by the
133:. Sanctioned by
119:Hashomer Hatzair
21:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2706:
2659:
2650:Stutthof trials
2633:
2603:
2560:
2557:
2516:
2502:Holocaust train
2471:
2455:
2443:Witold's Report
2433:Gerstein Report
2416:
2382:Katzmann Report
2362:Auschwitz Album
2337:
2276:
2238:
2204:Michał Klepfisz
2152:
2111:
2060:
2057:
2020:
1960:
1930:Ordnungspolizei
1900:
1879:
1860:Erich Muhsfeldt
1790:Margot Dreschel
1775:Alexander Bülow
1732:
1728:Udo von Woyrsch
1718:Hermann Schaper
1713:Emanuel Schäfer
1698:Josef Meisinger
1658:Helmut Bischoff
1637:
1593:Heinz Auerswald
1581:
1523:
1471:
1465:
1461:Christian Wirth
1371:Gottlieb Hering
1294:
1260:Julian Scherner
1245:Georg Michalsen
1230:Franz Kutschera
1190:Odilo Globocnik
1141:
1138:
1101:
1070:
932:
890:
871:Kielce cemetery
825:
762:
701:
698:
661:
572:
567:
537:
536:
527:
525:
517:
516:
512:
493:
486:
479:
464:
463:
456:
437:
414:
395:
391:
382:
380:
372:
371:
367:
358:
356:
347:
346:
339:
321:Israel Gutman,
320:
305:
300:
257:Chaim Rumkowski
243:
190:
147:
111:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Sobibór Museum
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:Sonderkommando
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Posen speeches
2389:
2387:Korherr Report
2384:
2379:
2377:Höfle telegram
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Witold Pilecki
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Henryk Iwański
2191:
2189:Paweł Frenkiel
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
1994:Arajs Kommando
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1916:Einsatzgruppen
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:Alice Orlowski
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:John Demjanjuk
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Gerhard Flesch
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1644:Einsatzgruppen
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1586:Ghetto command
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Horst Schumann
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Johann Niemann
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Hermann Michel
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:Karl-Otto Koch
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Irmfried Eberl
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Fritz Katzmann
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:Arthur Greiser
1197:
1195:Richard Glücks
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Ludwig Fischer
1177:
1172:
1170:Adolf Eichmann
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
898:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
835:
834:Mass shootings
831:
830:
827:
826:
824:
823:
821:Danzig-Matzkau
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Kraków-Płaszów
783:
778:
772:
770:
764:
763:
761:
760:
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758:
753:
748:
736:
731:
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720:
718:
709:
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689:
682:
674:
663:
662:
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654:
649:
644:
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629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
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589:
586:
581:
577:
574:
573:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
535:
534:
510:
494:Anna Heilman,
484:
477:
454:
438:Itamar Levin,
412:
389:
365:
337:
302:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
262:Rezső Kasztner
259:
254:
249:
242:
239:
189:
186:
146:
143:
110:
107:
87:דאָס דרײַצענטל
26:
24:
18:Jewish Gestapo
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Warsaw Ghetto
2773:
2771:
2770:Secret police
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2736:
2733:
2731:
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2725:
2721:
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2713:
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2703:
2700:
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2680:
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2675:
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2648:
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2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
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2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Kielce pogrom
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2549:
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2423:
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2407:Stroop Report
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2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
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2378:
2375:
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2348:
2347:Documentation
2344:
2334:
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2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
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2306:
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2255:
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2235:
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2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Marek Edelman
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:Organizations
2063:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1966:Collaboration
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:Organizations
1907:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Eduard Lorenz
1853:
1851:
1850:Anton Lechner
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Josef Kollmer
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Kurt Gerstein
1803:
1801:
1800:Hans Hoffmann
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Juana Bormann
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Erich Naumann
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Lothar Beutel
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1633:Jürgen Stroop
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Josef Blösche
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1577:Eduard Wirths
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Josef Mengele
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Horst Fischer
1550:
1548:
1547:Karl Gebhardt
1545:
1543:
1542:Carl Clauberg
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Ludwig Plagge
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Herbert Lange
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Kurt Bolender
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Gustav Wagner
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Franz Hössler
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Karl Fritzsch
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Wilhelm Boger
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
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1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Erwin Lambert
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Wilhelm Koppe
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Hermann Höfle
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Theodor Eicke
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
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1116:
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1112:
1108:
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1090:
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1080:
1079:
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1052:
1049:
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1037:
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1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
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1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
986:
982:
979:
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964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
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935:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
897:
893:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
876:Aktion Krakau
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:Bloody Sunday
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
832:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
769:
768:Concentration
765:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
717:
716:Extermination
713:
710:
708:
704:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
672:
668:
664:
658:
655:
653:
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648:
645:
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635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
587:
585:
584:The Holocaust
582:
579:
578:
575:
571:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
541:
524:
520:
514:
511:
507:
506:1-55238-040-8
503:
499:
498:
491:
489:
485:
480:
474:
470:
469:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:0-275-97649-1
447:
443:
442:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:0-87663-400-5
405:
401:
400:
393:
390:
379:
375:
369:
366:
355:on 2019-04-02
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
335:, pp. 90–94.
334:
333:0-253-20511-5
330:
326:
325:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
304:
297:
293:
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288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
252:Stella Kübler
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
222:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
198:
195:
187:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
95:Warsaw Ghetto
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
57:
52:
46:in the street
45:
42:Employees of
40:
35:
30:
19:
2448:
2372:Höcker Album
2355:Nazi sources
2243:Victim lists
2209:Miles Lerman
2016:Trawniki men
1956:Hotel Polski
1865:Detlef Nebbe
1830:Oswald Kaduk
1825:Karl Jeschke
1703:Bruno Müller
1693:Felix Landau
1678:Ernst Damzog
1673:Karl Brunner
1642:
1618:Franz Konrad
1519:Adolf Theuer
1472:executioners
1451:Franz Stangl
1421:Robert Mulka
1391:Josef Kramer
1341:Karl Frenzel
1311:Richard Baer
1306:Hans Aumeier
1299:Camp command
1285:Otto Wächter
1165:Josef Bühler
1160:Viktor Brack
1146:Perpetrators
738:
580:Main article
526:. Retrieved
522:
513:
495:
467:
452:, pp. 94–98.
439:
397:
392:
381:. Retrieved
377:
368:
357:. Retrieved
353:the original
322:
272:Ans van Dijk
223:
210:Zelig Heller
199:
191:
179:
171:racketeering
163:black market
150:
148:
127:The Thirteen
126:
112:
86:
70:
68:
63:
43:
29:
2492:Gas chamber
2460:Concealment
2451:photographs
2298:Gross-Rosen
2267:Lviv (Lwów)
2229:Roza Robota
2133:Częstochowa
1765:Herta Bothe
1755:Hans Anhalt
1748:Camp guards
1688:Ludwig Hahn
1668:Paul Blobel
1608:Franz Bürkl
1598:Hans Biebow
1557:Fritz Klein
1494:Josef Klehr
1479:Erich Bauer
1470:Gas chamber
1416:Karl Möckel
1401:Maria Mandl
1376:Rudolf Höss
1361:Otto Hantke
1250:Oswald Pohl
1240:Ernst Lerch
1051:Stanisławów
961:Częstochowa
851:Bronna Góra
781:Gross-Rosen
776:Auschwitz I
277:Moshe Merin
206:Morris Kohn
188:Dissolution
34:Boron group
2754:Categories
1815:Irma Grese
1810:Paul Götze
1780:Luise Danz
1529:Physicians
1336:Kurt Franz
1185:Hans Frank
1153:Organizers
1097:Heidelager
528:2018-02-15
519:"The "13""
478:0786403713
383:2023-07-05
359:2008-01-29
298:References
267:Jacob Gens
109:Background
79:Trzynastka
64:Trzynastka
44:Trzynastka
2669:Memorials
2566:Aftermath
2333:Treblinka
2288:Auschwitz
2143:Treblinka
2128:Białystok
2116:Uprisings
1896:Treblinka
1741:Personnel
1509:Otto Moll
1499:Hans Koch
1351:Amon Göth
1082:Action T4
1046:Sosnowiec
1016:Nowy Sącz
951:Białystok
918:Szczuczyn
866:Erntefest
856:Bydgoszcz
841:Białystok
756:Treblinka
632:Lithuania
410:, p. 136.
175:blackmail
73:network (
2512:Zyklon B
2328:Trawniki
2323:Stutthof
2308:Majdanek
1056:Tarnopol
996:Lubartów
908:Jedwabne
811:Trawniki
801:Stutthof
791:Potulice
734:Majdanek
652:Slovakia
508:, p. 52.
287:Judenrat
241:See also
182:Judenrat
167:extorted
141:office.
89:) was a
71:Group 13
2497:Gas van
2313:Sobibór
2250:Ghettos
2157:Leaders
2138:Sobibor
1891:Sobibor
1884:By camp
1031:Siedlce
938:Ghettos
923:Tykocin
895:Pogroms
881:Palmiry
806:Szebnie
751:Sobibor
729:Chełmno
657:Ukraine
642:Romania
622:Germany
612:Estonia
607:Denmark
602:Croatia
597:Belgium
592:Belarus
139:Gestapo
83:Yiddish
2609:Trials
2584:Bricha
2318:Soldau
2303:Izbica
2293:Bełżec
2272:Warsaw
2257:Kraków
2097:Żegota
1066:Warsaw
1041:Słonim
1036:Sambor
1011:Mizocz
1001:Lublin
976:Kraków
971:Kielce
966:Grodno
946:Będzin
928:Wąsosz
904:(1946)
902:Kielce
816:Warsaw
796:Soldau
746:Belzec
647:Russia
637:Norway
627:Latvia
617:France
504:
475:
448:
406:
331:
247:Żagiew
227:Warsaw
155:zlotys
131:Warsaw
75:Polish
56:Warsaw
2281:Camps
1941:RKFDV
1061:Wilno
1026:Radom
1021:Pińsk
956:Brest
861:Dynów
707:Camps
231:Nazis
2724:List
2262:Łódź
2082:Bund
1946:VoMi
1936:WVHA
991:Łódź
981:Lwów
913:Lviv
502:ISBN
473:ISBN
446:ISBN
404:ISBN
329:ISBN
235:NKVD
208:and
194:Jupo
173:and
123:Łódź
69:The
2107:ŻZW
2102:ŻOB
2092:PKB
2077:AOB
121:in
101:in
62:of
2756::
2087:GL
2072:AK
2008:/
2004:,
2000:,
1996:,
1992:,
1988:,
1984:/
1980:,
1920:SS
521:.
487:^
457:^
415:^
376:.
340:^
306:^
151:13
125:.
85::
81:,
77::
60:HQ
2726:)
2722:(
2552:e
2545:t
2538:v
2052:e
2045:t
2038:v
2012:)
1976:(
1932:)
1928:(
1922:)
1918:(
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
987:)
983:(
693:e
686:t
679:v
562:e
555:t
548:v
531:.
481:.
386:.
362:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
