3043:), "a majority of the 923 respondents indicated that they were either neutral on Jews (27%) or associated them (35%) with “positive” qualities, including “respect, intelligent, smart, normal people, capable, ordinary, educated." The 19% percent who reported negative reactions associated Jews with such concepts as “greedy, calculating, cunning, traitors, crucifixion of Christ, bad people, foreign culture, charlatans, speculators, dirty, deceit, selfish.” Nearly half of respondents, or 48%, said they didn’t like Jews, with 13% saying they “really dislike” them, but 40% said they “really like” Jews. Compared to other ethnicities, Jews were more liked in the poll than
2971:
The
Romanian military administration of Transnistria kept very poor records of the people in the ghettos and camps. The only exact number found in Romanian sources is 59,392 died in the ghettos and camps from the moment those were open until mid-1943 This number includes all internees regardless of their origin, but does not include those that perished on the way to the camps, those that perished between mid-1943 and spring 1944, as well as those that perished in the immediate aftermath of the Romanian army's occupation of Transnistria (see for example the
2827:. This newspaper had been publishing rumors about the Jews that brought ruin to the local Jewish population. As for the murder, it reported that the victim visited the shop of a Jewish tobacconist before his disappearance. Other anti-Semitic newspapers called for a pogrom. Although the official investigation had determined the lack of any ritualism in the murder and eventually discovered that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), the unrest caused by these and other rumors had resulted in a major
2798:
44:
3348:
122:
104:
3001:
86:
3334:
3072:
2731:
2875:
2886:
Up to two-thirds of
Bessarabian Jews fled before the retreat of the Soviet troops. 110,033 people from Bessarabia and Bukovina (the latter included at the time the counties of Cernăuţi, Storojineţ, Rădăuţi, Suceava, Câmpulung, and Dorohoi – approximately 100,000 Jews) – all except a small minority of
2595:
Today, the Jewish community in
Moldova has been revived and are primarily represented by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova (JCM) organisation. The group was registered in its current form in 1997, but its roots stretch back to founding of the Union of Jewish Communities in Bessarabia on
3062:
In response to the poll, the director of the
European Jewish Association lobby group, Rabbi Menachem Margolin stated that "deep-rooted antisemitism persists in Moldova. There can be no rational explanation as to why a community that represents such a tiny fraction of the overall population bears the
3031:
However, antisemitism is still commonplace; several churches and political organisations still refer to antisemitic rhetoric. In addition, far-right and neo-Nazi groups are active in the country. Because religion was heavily restricted in Soviet times, it is likely that there are many more people of
2970:
In Nazi ghettos organized in several towns, as well as in Nazi concentration camps (there was also a comparable number of Jews from
Transnistria in those camps) many people died from starvation or bad sanitation, or were shot by special Nazi units right before the arrival of Soviet troops in 1944.
2966:
were involved in many massacres in
Bessarabia (over 10,000 in a single month of war, in June–July 1941), while deporting other thousands to Transnistria. From 1941 to 1942, those Jews deported to territories to distant regions of USSR and war zones on orders of Marshal Antonescu reached 56,089. A
2694:
symbols or ideology, unless used for art, science, or education. The law prohibits the promotion of xenophobia, racism, fascism, and hatred and violence on ethnic, racial, or religious grounds." Since 2015, 27 January is annually recognised as the
National Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 2016, the
3008:
As of 2014, there are an estimated 15,000 Jews in
Moldova, including over 10,000 in Chișinău alone. At the same time, there are 75,492 Moldovan Jews living in Israel, and also small communities in other parts of the world, such as Russia, the US, the UK, Germany, Romania, Australia, etc.
2764:
Bessarabia had a Jewish population of 50,000, or 46%, out of a total of approximately 110,000. While almost non-existent in the countryside, Jews had been present in all major towns since the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. Jewish life flourished with 16
2987:
increased significantly, peaking at 98,001 in 1970. During the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and immigration to the West and especially in the late 1980s, many of them emigrated to Israel, United States, Canada and some to
Australia and Western Europe. The last
4036:. Moldova: Department of Jewish History and Culture of Moldova at the Institute of Inter-Ethnic Research at the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of the Republic of Moldova. pp. 395–400.
2584:, government-directed pogroms and mass deportations led to the concentration and extermination of Jewish citizens followed, leading to the extermination of between 45,000-60,000 Jews across Bessarabia. The total number of
3255:
2948:
has made a series of barbaric acts from a contemporary point of view and, still, was the greatest political settlement. There has never been a more suitable moment. If necessary, shoot with the machine
2835:
holidays. The pogrom lasted for three days, without the intervention of the police. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed.
1180:
2639:. A Jewish newspaper, Nash Golos ("Our Voice"), is published twice a month by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova. There is a Jewish Cultural Center in Chişinău, as well as
2600:(of which the JCM is an affiliate member) states that there has been "a widespread development of a national self-consciousness and a return to their roots by the Jews of Moldova, with
1758:
1413:
1108:
1300:
4110:
2508:
272:
1295:
1543:
4238:
4514:
4168:
1797:
2674:
guarantees the right to freedom of religion and the total separation of church and state, while noting the "exceptional importance" of
Orthodox Christianity.
4524:
2621:
782:
745:
3854:
Quote from "The Stenograms of the Ministers' Council, Ion Antonescu's Government", vol. IV, July–September 1941 period, Bucharest, year 2000, page 57 (
4375:
4188:
1721:
3947:
4213:
4103:
1744:
3684:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям. Бессарабская губерния
4385:
3508:
2537:
1094:
4473:
4425:
4300:
4295:
2501:
1671:
1606:
1488:
4065:
4041:
4017:
3985:
3880:
3786:
3759:
2613:
792:
3366:
4529:
4430:
4260:
1230:
2915:
entered Bessarabia. They were instrumental in the massacre of many Jews in Bessarabia, who did not flee in face of the German advancement.
4435:
4096:
3382:
3376:
3215:
2984:
1498:
1315:
1305:
545:
3012:
Since 2015, 27 January is annually recognised as the National Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 2016, the Moldovan parliament endorsed the
4360:
2625:
1894:
1844:
1809:
1503:
1368:
1235:
3776:
4519:
4330:
4290:
4270:
4250:
4153:
3600:
3039:) and the European Jewish Association published a poll surveying 1,000 Moldovans. According to the results of the poll (reported by
2720:
2545:
2494:
1586:
1548:
1523:
1443:
1428:
1275:
1215:
1170:
3686:
4534:
4509:
4463:
4265:
3927:
1879:
1861:
1767:
1661:
1513:
1508:
1433:
1398:
1265:
4468:
4415:
4390:
4345:
4340:
4315:
4173:
3537:
2397:
2296:
1851:
1834:
1787:
1686:
1596:
1533:
1483:
1463:
1458:
1378:
1352:
1327:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1165:
1160:
4458:
4380:
4370:
4320:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4178:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
3813:
3371:
3314:
2589:
2585:
1870:
1856:
1824:
1804:
1772:
1716:
1691:
1646:
1636:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1591:
1581:
1576:
1553:
1468:
1453:
1373:
1332:
1285:
1280:
1200:
1145:
3403:
4478:
4420:
4365:
4355:
4335:
4325:
4310:
4305:
4285:
4255:
4223:
4208:
4183:
4119:
2640:
2291:
1829:
1814:
1777:
1739:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1681:
1676:
1656:
1641:
1626:
1601:
1567:
1538:
1438:
1423:
1347:
1337:
1255:
1225:
1150:
1136:
3976:
Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) (1999).
3532:
3361:
772:
4395:
4350:
4275:
4245:
3595:
1899:
1819:
1782:
1706:
1651:
1518:
1493:
1418:
1393:
1383:
1322:
1245:
1240:
1220:
1210:
1190:
1175:
1068:
536:
531:
2773:
1889:
1884:
1839:
1792:
1478:
1448:
1408:
1403:
1260:
566:
4483:
2363:
2208:
1916:
1310:
506:
496:
232:
4453:
3829:
853:
4504:
3500:
2596:
3 November 1935. The group estimate that the total population of Moldovan Jews in 2022 to be approx. 20,000. The
2477:
2170:
2021:
1962:
2928:... With the risk of not being understood by some traditionalists which may be among you, I am in favour of the
3032:
ethnic Jewish heritage in Moldova than those who practice the religion, but many simply may not know about it.
3021:
2888:
2704:
2180:
2160:
1270:
750:
291:
3278:
2963:
2671:
2635:
There is one Jewish kindergarten in Chişinău, two Jewish schools and a municipal Jewish library named after
2321:
2311:
2276:
2155:
2145:
1928:
1099:
1041:
875:
554:
511:
226:
3318:
3250:
3437:
2440:
2175:
2089:
1155:
707:
326:
296:
702:
3636:
3227:
3100:
2742:
2597:
2576:
badly affected the region's Jewish population. In the 1930s and '40s, under the Romanian governments of
2331:
2326:
2271:
2059:
974:
689:
584:
301:
2989:
2972:
2402:
2354:
2094:
1952:
765:
630:
619:
577:
3222:
3706:
3040:
2855:
2455:
828:
695:
598:
591:
521:
409:
284:
3724:
2859:
2306:
2256:
2203:
2198:
2112:
1982:
1250:
1079:
838:
758:
612:
178:
3433:
2797:
4028:
3895:
4061:
4037:
4013:
3991:
3981:
3876:
3809:
3782:
3755:
3631:
3308:
3197:
2450:
2392:
2372:
2189:
1749:
1388:
848:
719:
649:
526:
439:
306:
146:
3803:
4052:
3262:
3234:
3092:
2929:
2839:
2817:
2675:
2420:
2301:
2261:
2225:
1923:
1473:
984:
740:
644:
559:
449:
241:
154:
150:
3925:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР.
3472:
2936:, which must be thrown over the border. Also, I am in favor of the forced migration of the
3931:
3911:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР
3736:
3690:
3269:
3180:
2940:
element, which does not belong here at this time. I don't care if we appear in history as
2896:
2879:
2842:, made an effort to defend the community. There was outcry from prominent Russian writers
2801:
2792:
2656:
2601:
2592:
who perished in territories under Romanian administration is between 280,000 and 380,000.
2382:
2341:
2336:
2316:
2238:
2232:
2165:
2117:
1957:
1938:
1089:
818:
730:
713:
257:
142:
3658:
3477:
City Council of Chișinău – 120 years anniversary of the Kishinev (Chisinau) Pogrom, 1903
204:
43:
3683:
3353:
3339:
3112:
3075:
3056:
3048:
2955:
2912:
2761:
2757:
2738:
2617:
2605:
2482:
2281:
2150:
2136:
2016:
1995:
1972:
1967:
1945:
1933:
1528:
1009:
943:
908:
886:
823:
661:
639:
501:
480:
456:
222:
4004:
3924:
3910:
2655:, and "Memorials to the Kishinev ghetto, to the Victims of Fascism, to the Victims of
4498:
3948:"Poll on antisemitism in Moldova shows much hostility alongside widespread affection"
3285:
3210:
3144:
3052:
3044:
2922:, Romania's ruler at the time, made a declaration in front of the Ministers' Council:
2919:
2908:
2851:
2766:
2679:
2581:
2577:
2533:
2430:
2425:
1631:
1558:
1084:
933:
928:
923:
913:
891:
843:
605:
444:
349:
311:
262:
2967:
huge number of this population perished during the occupation of those territories.
4054:
Cities and Towns in Moldova: Pages from the Past and Present: Historical Background
3274:
3239:
3153:
3128:
2945:
2847:
2820:
2636:
2569:
2460:
2286:
2127:
2122:
2080:
2033:
1127:
994:
979:
938:
903:
516:
358:
3978:
Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories
3411:
4088:
3261:(1914-1999). Conductor and composer, instrumental in the revitalization of folk
3243:
3165:
3025:
3017:
3000:
2843:
2824:
2813:
2708:
2700:
2549:
2445:
2387:
2052:
958:
953:
948:
918:
4027:
Jignea, Clara; Kopansky, Yakov; Shoikhet, Semion (1999). Weiner, Miriam (ed.).
2750:
1889: There were 180,918 Jews of a total population of 1,628,867 in Bessarabia.
17:
3329:
3302:
3290:
3188:
3169:
3149:
2937:
2809:
2691:
2573:
2103:
1117:
1046:
1004:
833:
813:
372:
279:
199:
3995:
2682:
are criminal offences. The "production, sale, distribution, or public use of
4006:
Jewish Genealogical Research in the Moldovan National Archives: Introduction
3858:, vol. IV, perioada iulie-septembrie 1941, București, anul 2000, pagina 57.)
3297:
3071:
2959:
2941:
2266:
2251:
1341:
1289:
1051:
999:
989:
670:
666:
656:
571:
331:
2730:
1019:
3501:"Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania"
2874:
2548:
have been living in the area for some time. Between the 4th-7th centuries
3856:
Stenogramele şedinţelor Consiliului de Miniştri, Guvernarea Ion Antonescu
3160:
3137:
3133:
3117:
3079:
3036:
2933:
2753:
1897: The Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392.
2652:
2435:
2045:
1977:
808:
316:
267:
3014:
Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
2697:
Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
4060:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 349.
3833:
3173:
2900:
2683:
2565:
2561:
2528:
2411:
2377:
2246:
2040:
1029:
1024:
896:
787:
682:
678:
674:
423:
418:
395:
377:
252:
247:
237:
215:
190:
166:
127:
109:
49:
3121:
3083:
2904:
2891:, a region which was under Romanian military control during 1941–44.
2832:
2828:
2687:
2648:
2609:
2557:
2541:
2071:
2066:
2026:
2011:
1122:
1014:
434:
400:
386:
321:
91:
53:
3063:
brunt of such an alarmingly high number of stereotypes and tropes.”
2659:
are sites for remembrance in Chişinău." Other organisations include
4012:. Kishinev, Moldova: Moldovan National Archives. pp. 381–385.
3832:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
2812:
Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of
3317:
and theoretical physicist known for discoveries pertaining to the
3105:
3070:
2999:
2958:, together with special non-military units attached to the German
2873:
2796:
2734:
2729:
2644:
2629:
2608:
being celebrated in a number of forms". Diplomatic relations with
1034:
463:
367:
336:
3305:, mayor of Orhei, and founder of Șor, a Moldovan political party.
2858:
wrote about the pogrom in his poem, "The City of Slaughter", and
3193:
2553:
2524:
186:
4092:
3473:"120 years anniversary of the Kishinev (Chisinau) Pogrom, 1903"
3184:(1895-1980). Film director, first winner of two Academy Awards.
2850:, as well as protests from Jews and non-Jews in Europe and the
2779:
1920: The Jewish population had grown to approximately 267,000.
4083:
3711:(in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. pp. XXIV
3559:
2823:
newspaper "Bessarabian" began to disseminate rumors about the
3458:
2628:
for official use. The Museum of Jewish History was opened in
3632:"Community in Moldova (Republic of) – World Jewish Congress"
3980:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.
2887:
the Jews that did not flee in 1941 – were deported to the
2620:. Since 2014, Moldova has been an observer country to the
3596:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova"
2552:, Moldova was part of an important trading route between
2660:
3024:
on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and
2707:
on the basis of religious affiliation is illegal, and
3533:"Archive Reveals New Details of Holocaust in Moldova"
3754:. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. pp. 36–37.
3293:, mayor of Jora de Mijloc, and member of parliament.
3035:
In 2024, the Action and Protection League (based in
2664:
2050:
2031:
454:
4444:
4406:
4126:
160:
136:
118:
100:
82:
77:
60:
4003:Berzoy, Antonina A. (1999). Weiner, Miriam (ed.).
3875:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 196.
3459:"Introduction and History of the Jews in Moldova"
2816:(Dubossary), 37 km northeast of Chișinău. A
2992:registered 65,672 Jews in the Soviet Republic.
3404:"Ambasada Republicii Moldova în Statul Israel"
2932:of the entire Jew element from Bessarabia and
4104:
2782:1930: Romanian census registers 270,000 Jews.
2502:
8:
3214:(1911-1967). Poet and writer, author of the
2622:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
32:
3663:Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova
3564:Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova
2572:, violent antisemitic movements across the
746:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4111:
4097:
4089:
4084:JewishMemory, a site about Jews in Moldova
3750:Cohen, Richard; Cohen, Richard M. (2014).
3096:(1829-1894). Composer, pianist, conductor.
2983:After World War II, the number of Jews in
2509:
2495:
2359:
2000:
1073:
880:
485:
354:
173:
42:
31:
3026:incitement to religious and ethnic hatred
2737:scrolls presented by Jewish community of
2709:incitement to religious and ethnic hatred
2769:and over 2,000 pupils in Chișinău alone.
3805:Easter in Kishinev: Anatomy of a Pogrom
3509:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3395:
2979:The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
2540:lived in the cities of the province of
2410:
2362:
2188:
2135:
2102:
2079:
2003:
1869:
1757:
1731:
1566:
1360:
1135:
1107:
966:
800:
729:
629:
544:
488:
408:
385:
357:
185:
3871:Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007).
3732:
3722:
3659:"Opening of Orhei Jewish Museum – JCM"
2624:, and since 2019 has adopted the IHRA
3866:
3864:
2568:was the state religion. Prior to the
7:
4515:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3495:
3493:
2903:mobile killing units drawn from the
2838:Many of the younger Jews, including
2825:murder being part of a Jewish ritual
78:Regions with significant populations
4525:History of ethnic groups in Moldova
3775:Rossner, Rena (25 September 2018).
3383:Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova
3377:History of the Jews in Transnistria
3004:Synagogue of the Glaziers, Chișinău
2985:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
3830:"The Jewish Community of Kishinev"
3434:"The Jewish Virtual World—Moldova"
2643:, with synagogues also present in
2626:Working Definition of Antisemitism
25:
3601:United States Department of State
2721:History of the Jews in Bessarabia
2695:Moldovan parliament endorsed the
537:Historical population comparisons
3873:Historical Dictionary of Moldova
3531:Solash, Richard (8 April 2012).
3346:
3332:
3051:(34%); immigrants (34%) and the
2878:Jewish population per county in
2678:and insulting the memory of the
2616:is located in the capital city,
2532:reaches back to the 1st century
1181:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1095:Historical population by country
120:
102:
84:
3538:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3367:History of the Jews in Chișinău
4120:History of the Jews in Europe
3778:The Sisters of the Winter Wood
3372:History of the Jews in Romania
3315:Academy of Sciences of Moldova
3028:was made illegal in May 2022.
2882:, according to the 1930 census
2711:was made illegal in May 2022.
1:
3808:. NYU Press. pp. 42–47.
3136:of Israel's national anthem '
752:Christianity and Judaism
3116:(1861-1936). First mayor of
3078:(1861-1936), first mayor of
4530:Jews and Judaism in Moldova
2051:
2032:
1759:Latin America and Caribbean
455:
4551:
3313:(1928-present). Member of
2790:
2718:
2364:Jewish political movements
2061:Conversion to Judaism
52:(dark and light green) in
3802:Judge, Edward H. (1995).
767:Hinduism and Judaism
165:
141:
65:
41:
4520:Jewish Ukrainian history
3362:Israel–Moldova relations
2889:Transnistria Governorate
2772:19 - 21 April 1903: The
2661:Chabad Lubavitch Moldova
593:Temple in Jerusalem
286:Bar and bat mitzvah
4535:Jewish Moldovan history
4510:Jewish Romanian history
4051:Weiner, Miriam (1999).
3930:25 January 2016 at the
3752:Israel: Can it Survive?
2672:constitution of Moldova
555:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4169:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3438:Jewish Virtual Library
3206:(1910-1982), sculptor.
3087:
3005:
2996:Contemporary situation
2954:The killing squads of
2911:(SS) and commanded by
2883:
2805:
2746:
2612:began in 1992 and the
114:4,000 to 15,000–20,000
3896:Maresal Ion Antonescu
3637:World Jewish Congress
3101:Yehuda Leib Tsirelson
3074:
3003:
2990:Soviet census of 1989
2877:
2800:
2733:
2598:World Jewish Congress
1301:São Tomé and Príncipe
1296:Republic of the Congo
690:Second Temple Judaism
561:Kingdom of Judah
532:Modern historiography
3708:Populaţia pe Neamuri
2632:on 30 January 2023.
2403:World Agudath Israel
1544:United Arab Emirates
631:Second Temple period
621:Babylonian captivity
4407:States with limited
4030:The Jews of Moldova
3952:The Times of Israel
3689:30 May 2016 at the
3041:The Times of Israel
2856:Haim Nachman Bialik
2560:, and bordered the
696:Hellenistic Judaism
274:Land of Israel
233:Principles of faith
38:
3512:. 11 November 2004
3319:Jahn-Teller effect
3279:Nobel Prize winner
3196:and member of the
3088:
3006:
2884:
2860:Vladimir Korolenko
2806:
2804:(19-21 April 1903)
2747:
2574:Bessarabian region
2257:Jewish Koine Greek
1799:Dominican Republic
1080:Judaism by country
759:Jews and Christmas
614:Assyrian captivity
35:Evreii din Moldova
4492:
4491:
4067:978-0-965-65080-9
4043:978-0-965-65080-9
4019:978-0-965-65080-9
3987:978-0-96-565081-6
3882:978-0-8108-6446-7
3788:978-0-316-48329-2
3761:978-1-4165-7568-9
3665:. 1 February 2023
3204:Lazar Dubinovschi
3198:French Resistance
2808:In 1903, a young
2614:Israeli consulate
2519:
2518:
2468:
2467:
2216:
2215:
1963:Reconstructionist
1907:
1906:
1059:
1058:
866:
865:
703:Jewish–Roman wars
651:Hasmonean dynasty
567:Kingdom of Israel
471:
470:
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
4542:
4505:Bessarabian Jews
4445:Dependencies and
4386:Northern Ireland
4127:Sovereign states
4113:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4071:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3859:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3628:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3560:"About Us – JCM"
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3414:on 30 March 2018
3410:. Archived from
3400:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3301:(1987-present).
3289:(1986-present).
3273:(1959–present).
3263:music in Moldova
3259:
3093:Anton Rubinstein
2930:forced migration
2897:Einsatzkommandos
2840:Mendel Portugali
2818:Russian language
2715:Bessarabian Jews
2676:Holocaust denial
2641:seven synagogues
2570:Second World War
2562:Khazar Khaganate
2546:Bessarabian Jews
2511:
2504:
2497:
2360:
2241:
2062:
2056:
2037:
2001:
1948:
1895:New Zealand
1847:
1810:El Salvador
1800:
1732:Northern America
1724:
1318:
1074:
985:Crimean Karaites
881:
859:
857:
778:
776:
768:
762:
753:
741:Rabbinic Judaism
722:
716:
710:
698:
686:
652:
645:Maccabean Revolt
622:
615:
609:
601:
594:
588:
580:
562:
486:
460:
355:
287:
275:
174:
126:
124:
123:
108:
106:
105:
90:
88:
87:
61:Total population
48:The location of
46:
39:
21:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4446:
4440:
4426:Northern Cyprus
4408:
4402:
4301:North Macedonia
4122:
4117:
4080:
4068:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4009:
4002:
3988:
3975:
3972:
3970:Further reading
3967:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3946:Lidor, Canaan.
3945:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3932:Wayback Machine
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3836:on 24 June 2018
3828:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3731:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:Wayback Machine
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3270:Saul Perlmutter
3253:
3181:Lewis Milestone
3069:
3067:Notable figures
3059:ethnic group."
2998:
2981:
2973:Odessa massacre
2956:Einsatzgruppe D
2880:Greater Romania
2872:
2802:Kishinev pogrom
2795:
2793:Kishinev pogrom
2789:
2787:Kishinev pogrom
2774:Kishinev pogrom
2728:
2723:
2717:
2657:Chişinău Pogrom
2602:Jewish identity
2523:history of the
2515:
2470:
2469:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2337:Judeo-Malayalam
2317:Judaeo-Georgian
2237:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2118:Yiddish theatre
2060:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1946:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1845:
1798:
1722:
1316:
1100:Genetic studies
1071:
1061:
1060:
878:
868:
867:
855:
854:
774:
773:
766:
756:
751:
733:and Middle Ages
731:Rabbinic period
718:
712:
705:
693:
664:
650:
620:
613:
604:
596:
592:
583:
578:in Judaism
575:
560:
483:
473:
472:
352:
342:
341:
285:
273:
218:
121:
119:
103:
101:
85:
83:
56:
37:יהודים מולדובים
36:
34:
30:
23:
22:
18:Jews in Moldova
15:
12:
11:
5:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4497:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4447:other entities
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4376:United Kingdom
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Czech Republic
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4078:External links
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4048:
4042:
4024:
4018:
3986:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3938:
3917:
3903:
3888:
3881:
3860:
3847:
3821:
3814:
3794:
3787:
3767:
3760:
3742:
3698:
3676:
3650:
3614:
3576:
3551:
3523:
3489:
3464:
3450:
3425:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3354:Moldova portal
3343:
3340:Judaism portal
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3310:Isaac Bersuker
3306:
3294:
3282:
3275:Astrophysicist
3266:
3247:
3231:
3223:Yaakov Yardaur
3219:
3207:
3201:
3185:
3177:
3157:
3141:
3125:
3113:Meir Dizengoff
3109:
3097:
3076:Meir Dizengoff
3068:
3065:
3022:Discrimination
2997:
2994:
2980:
2977:
2952:
2951:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2913:Otto Ohlendorf
2871:
2868:
2791:Main article:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2770:
2767:Jewish schools
2760:(Kishinev) in
2754:
2751:
2727:
2724:
2719:Main article:
2716:
2713:
2705:Discrimination
2590:Ukrainian Jews
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2398:Territorialism
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:Judaeo-Spanish
2279:
2277:Judaeo-Iranian
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:United Kingdom
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:Bilad-el-Sudan
1153:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1109:Land of Israel
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
969:
968:
967:Related groups
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
900:
899:
894:
879:
874:
873:
870:
869:
864:
863:
862:
861:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
824:Jewish atheism
821:
816:
811:
803:
802:
798:
797:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:Islamic–Jewish
770:
763:
748:
743:
735:
734:
727:
726:
725:
724:
700:
687:
659:
654:
647:
642:
640:Yehud Medinata
634:
633:
627:
626:
625:
624:
617:
610:
602:
589:
581:
569:
564:
557:
549:
548:
546:Ancient Israel
542:
541:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:Land of Israel
499:
491:
490:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
469:
468:
467:
466:
461:
457:Shulchan Aruch
452:
447:
442:
437:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
413:
412:
406:
405:
404:
403:
398:
390:
389:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
362:
361:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
282:
277:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
235:
230:
223:God in Judaism
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
194:
193:
183:
182:
170:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
116:
115:
112:
98:
97:
96:80,000–100,000
94:
80:
79:
75:
74:
63:
62:
58:
57:
47:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4547:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Faroe Islands
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:South Ossetia
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Liechtenstein
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3900:(in Romanian)
3897:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3726:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3413:
3409:
3408:israel.mfa.md
3405:
3399:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3341:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3286:Marina Tauber
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3251:Isidor Burdin
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:(1920-1988).
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:(1912-1997),
3225:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:Liviu Deleanu
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:(1900-1955).
3191:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:(1876-1950).
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:(1875-1951).
3147:
3146:
3145:Anna Tumarkin
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:(1870-1940).
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:(1859-1941).
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:Romanian army
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:Ion Antonescu
2918:8 July 1941:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:Schutzstaffel
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2876:
2870:The Holocaust
2869:
2867:
2865:
2862:in his book,
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:United States
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:Early history
2725:
2722:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:Ion Antonescu
2579:
2578:Octavian Goga
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Judeo-Aramaic
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Judeo-Italian
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Ghardaïa Sign
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:Denominations
1913:
1912:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:United States
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Guinea-Bissau
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Lists of Jews
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
877:
872:
871:
860:
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:The Holocaust
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
771:
769:
764:
760:
754:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
732:
728:
721:
715:
709:
704:
701:
697:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
632:
628:
623:
618:
616:
611:
607:
603:
600:
595:
590:
586:
582:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
550:
547:
543:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
476:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Mishneh Torah
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
411:
407:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
391:
388:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
360:
356:
351:
346:
345:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
283:
281:
278:
276:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
243:
239:
236:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:
217:
212:
211:
206:
205:Who is a Jew?
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
145:(in Israel),
144:
140:
135:
131:
129:
117:
113:
111:
99:
95:
93:
81:
76:
73:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
33:Moldovan Jews
27:
19:
4436:Transnistria
4280:
4053:
4029:
4005:
3977:
3955:. Retrieved
3951:
3941:
3935:(in Russian)
3920:
3914:(in Russian)
3906:
3891:
3872:
3855:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3834:the original
3824:
3804:
3797:
3777:
3770:
3751:
3745:
3713:. Retrieved
3707:
3701:
3695:(in Russian)
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3662:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3635:
3605:. Retrieved
3599:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3536:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3507:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3407:
3398:
3381:
3309:
3296:
3284:
3268:
3249:
3240:Screenwriter
3233:
3221:
3209:
3203:
3187:
3179:
3166:Icthyologist
3159:
3154:psychologist
3143:
3129:Shmuel Cohen
3127:
3111:
3099:
3091:
3061:
3034:
3030:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2982:
2969:
2953:
2946:Roman Empire
2927:
2885:
2864:House No. 13
2863:
2848:Maksim Gorky
2837:
2807:
2696:
2669:
2637:Itzik Manger
2634:
2594:
2542:Lower Moesia
2522:
2520:
2461:Post-Zionism
2332:Judeo-Berber
2327:Judeo-Arabic
2287:Judeo-Gascon
2034:Pidyon haben
1953:Conservative
1666:
1499:Saudi Arabia
1317:South Africa
1306:Sierra Leone
1128:Israeli Jews
1042:Mosaic Arabs
995:Kaifeng Jews
856:Arab–Israeli
829:Emancipation
708:Great Revolt
517:Anti-Judaism
512:Antisemitism
507:Name "Judea"
302:Baal teshuva
71:
67:
29:Ethnic group
26:
4474:Isle of Man
4409:recognition
4361:Switzerland
4296:Netherlands
3733:|work=
3443:14 December
3418:15 December
3254: [
3244:Oscar Award
3235:Izi Diamond
3150:Philosopher
3018:Elie Wiesel
2844:Leo Tolstoy
2831:during the
2821:antisemitic
2743:Nicholas II
2701:Elie Wiesel
2456:Revisionist
2446:Neo-Zionism
2053:Zeved habat
1846:Puerto Rico
1672:Netherlands
1504:South Korea
1489:Philippines
1369:Afghanistan
1236:Ivory Coast
1010:Crypto-Jews
975:Bnei Anusim
954:Bene Israel
919:Beta Israel
876:Communities
783:Middle Ages
522:Persecution
297:Bereavement
4499:Categories
4331:San Marino
4291:Montenegro
4271:Luxembourg
4251:Kazakhstan
4154:Azerbaijan
3815:0814742238
3390:References
3303:Politician
3291:Politician
3189:Dovid Knut
3170:geographer
2942:barbarians
2895:1941: The
2692:xenophobic
2538:Roman Jews
2441:Maximalism
2393:Secularism
2373:Autonomism
2190:Literature
1983:Humanistic
1587:Azerbaijan
1549:Uzbekistan
1524:Tajikistan
1444:Kyrgyzstan
1429:Kazakhstan
1276:Mozambique
1251:Madagascar
1171:Cape Verde
1123:New Yishuv
1118:Old Yishuv
1069:Population
1047:Subbotniks
1005:Samaritans
944:Romanyotim
887:Ashkenazim
834:Old Yishuv
814:Sabbateans
801:Modern era
793:Golden Age
720:Bar Kokhba
440:Beit Yosef
307:Philosophy
4464:Gibraltar
4266:Lithuania
3996:607423469
3781:. Orbit.
3735:ignored (
3725:cite book
3298:Ilan Shor
3174:zoologist
3108:, writer.
3055:(39%), a
2960:Wehrmacht
2938:Ukrainian
2810:Christian
2680:Holocaust
2451:Religious
2307:Zarphatic
2297:Bukharian
2267:Judeo-Tat
2252:Yeshivish
2226:Languages
2181:Sephardic
2171:Israelite
2161:Ethiopian
2151:Ashkenazi
2090:Religious
1880:Australia
1862:Venezuela
1768:Argentina
1750:Greenland
1662:Lithuania
1514:Sri Lanka
1509:Singapore
1434:Kurdistan
1399:Indonesia
1389:Hong Kong
1342:Abayudaya
1266:Mauritius
1000:Igbo Jews
990:Krymchaks
909:Sephardim
777:relations
671:Sadducees
667:Pharisees
657:Sanhedrin
572:Jerusalem
332:Synagogue
200:Etymology
137:Languages
4484:Svalbard
4469:Guernsey
4416:Abkhazia
4391:Scotland
4346:Slovenia
4341:Slovakia
4316:Portugal
4174:Bulgaria
3928:Archived
3687:Archived
3669:4 August
3643:4 August
3607:4 August
3569:4 August
3544:4 August
3516:4 August
3482:4 August
3326:See also
3246:-winner.
3230:militant
3161:Lev Berg
3138:Hatikvah
3134:Composer
3118:Tel Aviv
3080:Tel Aviv
3037:Brussels
2962:and the
2934:Bukovina
2814:Dubăsari
2758:Chișinău
2739:Chișinău
2653:Tiraspol
2618:Chişinău
2586:Romanian
2564:, where
2478:Category
2436:Kahanism
2383:Feminism
2355:Politics
2239:Biblical
2209:American
2156:Bukharan
2146:American
2046:Shidduch
2022:Clothing
1978:Haymanot
1924:Orthodox
1852:Suriname
1835:Paraguay
1788:Colombia
1687:Portugal
1597:Bulgaria
1534:Thailand
1484:Pakistan
1464:Mongolia
1459:Malaysia
1379:Cambodia
1353:Zimbabwe
1328:Tanzania
1206:Eswatini
1196:Ethiopia
1186:Djibouti
1166:Cameroon
1161:Botswana
1090:Diaspora
1052:Noahides
1025:Marranos
949:Cochinim
934:Bukharim
924:Gruzinim
914:Teimanim
904:Mizrahim
892:Galician
858:conflict
819:Hasidism
809:Haskalah
714:Diaspora
585:timeline
497:Timeline
410:Rabbinic
317:Kabbalah
292:Marriage
268:Tzedakah
258:Holidays
216:Religion
179:a series
177:Part of
161:Religion
147:Romanian
4381:England
4371:Ukraine
4321:Romania
4281:Moldova
4239:Ireland
4234:Iceland
4229:Hungary
4219:Germany
4214:Georgia
4204:Finland
4199:Estonia
4194:Denmark
4179:Croatia
4164:Belgium
4159:Belarus
4149:Austria
4144:Armenia
4139:Andorra
4134:Albania
3957:12 June
3840:24 June
3715:20 July
3218:anthem.
3047:(28%),
2776:occurs.
2762:Russian
2745:in 1914
2684:fascist
2606:culture
2566:Judaism
2536:, when
2529:Moldova
2421:General
2412:Zionism
2388:Leftism
2378:Bundism
2302:Knaanic
2262:Yevanic
2247:Yiddish
2204:Yiddish
2199:Israeli
2176:Mizrahi
2166:Israeli
2137:Cuisine
2113:Ancient
2095:Secular
2041:Kashrut
2017:Wedding
2004:Customs
1996:Culture
1973:Science
1968:Renewal
1958:Karaite
1939:Hasidic
1871:Oceania
1857:Uruguay
1825:Jamaica
1805:Ecuador
1773:Bolivia
1717:Ukraine
1692:Romania
1667:Moldova
1647:Hungary
1637:Germany
1632:Georgia
1622:Finland
1617:Estonia
1612:Denmark
1607:Czechia
1592:Belarus
1582:Austria
1577:Armenia
1554:Vietnam
1469:Myanmar
1454:Lebanon
1374:Bahrain
1333:Tunisia
1311:Somalia
1286:Nigeria
1281:Namibia
1271:Morocco
1201:Eritrea
1146:Algeria
1030:Neofiti
939:Italkim
929:Juhurim
839:Zionism
788:Khazars
683:Sicarii
679:Zealots
675:Essenes
662:Schisms
527:Leaders
489:General
481:History
424:Tosefta
419:Midrash
396:Mishnah
378:Ketuvim
373:Nevi'im
322:Customs
253:Shabbat
248:Halakha
240: (
238:Mitzvot
225: (
191:Judaism
167:Judaism
155:Yiddish
151:Russian
128:Romania
110:Moldova
72:120,000
50:Moldova
4479:Jersey
4421:Kosovo
4366:Turkey
4356:Sweden
4336:Serbia
4326:Russia
4311:Poland
4306:Norway
4286:Monaco
4256:Latvia
4224:Greece
4209:France
4184:Cyprus
4064:
4040:
4016:
3994:
3984:
3879:
3812:
3785:
3758:
3172:, and
3122:Israel
3084:Israel
3057:Turkic
3053:Gagauz
2944:. The
2901:German
2833:Easter
2829:pogrom
2756:1903:
2688:racist
2651:, and
2649:Soroca
2610:Israel
2558:Europe
2483:Portal
2342:Domari
2272:Shassi
2233:Hebrew
2128:Humour
2072:Hiloni
2067:Aliyah
2027:Niddah
2012:Minyan
1947:Reform
1934:Haredi
1929:Modern
1830:Mexico
1815:Guyana
1778:Brazil
1740:Canada
1712:Sweden
1702:Serbia
1697:Russia
1682:Poland
1677:Norway
1657:Latvia
1642:Greece
1627:France
1602:Cyprus
1568:Europe
1539:Turkey
1529:Taiwan
1439:Kuwait
1424:Jordan
1414:Israel
1348:Zambia
1338:Uganda
1256:Malawi
1226:Guinea
1216:Gambia
1151:Angola
1137:Africa
1020:Dönmeh
1015:Anusim
959:Berber
897:Litvak
849:Israel
755:
692:
606:Second
574:
435:Targum
401:Gemara
387:Talmud
359:Tanakh
312:Ethics
263:Prayer
143:Hebrew
132:~1,000
125:
107:
92:Israel
89:
68:85,000
54:Europe
4454:Åland
4396:Wales
4351:Spain
4276:Malta
4246:Italy
4058:(PDF)
4034:(PDF)
4010:(PDF)
3504:(PDF)
3258:]
3106:Rabbi
3049:Poles
2735:Torah
2690:, or
2665:Kedem
2645:Orhei
2630:Orhei
2431:Labor
2426:Green
2123:Dance
2081:Music
1900:Palau
1820:Haiti
1783:Chile
1707:Spain
1652:Italy
1559:Yemen
1519:Syria
1494:Qatar
1474:Nepal
1419:Japan
1394:India
1384:China
1323:Sudan
1246:Libya
1241:Kenya
1221:Ghana
1211:Gabon
1191:Egypt
1176:Benin
1035:Xueta
980:Lemba
599:First
464:Zohar
368:Torah
350:Texts
337:Rabbi
327:Rites
227:names
66:est.
4062:ISBN
4038:ISBN
4014:ISBN
3992:OCLC
3982:ISBN
3959:2024
3877:ISBN
3842:2018
3810:ISBN
3783:ISBN
3756:ISBN
3737:help
3717:2008
3671:2023
3645:2023
3609:2023
3571:2023
3546:2023
3518:2023
3484:2023
3445:2015
3420:2015
3228:Lehi
3216:MSSR
3194:Poet
3152:and
3045:Roma
2949:gun.
2905:Nazi
2846:and
2670:The
2663:and
2604:and
2588:and
2580:and
2556:and
2554:Asia
2525:Jews
2521:The
1890:Guam
1885:Fiji
1840:Peru
1793:Cuba
1479:Oman
1449:Laos
1409:Iraq
1404:Iran
1361:Asia
1290:Igbo
1261:Mali
280:Brit
189:and
187:Jews
3016:by
2975:).
2741:to
2699:by
2527:in
2104:Art
450:Tur
242:613
70:to
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3729::
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