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950:. In the fifth month of the year, Liu Yin's brother and successor was named military governor at Guangzhou only. In the last month of the year, an imperial envoy arrived at Đại La to confirm Thừa Mỹ as military governor there. The Vietnamese Khúc family maintained a relationship with the Later Liang court through the Min state in
889:
and northern
Vietnam. A campaign against local aboriginals in Jinghai was conducted from 874 to 879. In 880, the army in Đại La mutinied, forcing the commander Zeng Gun to flee north, ending de facto Chinese control. Tang troops returned north in small groups of their own initiative. From 880 to 905,
1085:
and deposed Tam Kha. Xương Văn declared himself the "King of
Southern Jin" in imitation of Chinese dynasties. In 951, Xương Văn invited his brother Xương Ngập to rule alongside him but Xương Ngập usurped his rule and declared himself "King of the Heavenly Plan" (Thien Sack Vuong). Ngập died in 954
1060:
as his royal capital. Although he had defeated the
Chinese dynasty of Southern Han, the government Ngô Quyền established afterward still largely followed a Chinese template down to the color of dress, which increasingly alienated his Viet subjects. He died in 944 and was succeeded by his
1133:. While observing the battle from a boat in the river, he was shot and killed by a crossbowman lying in ambush. After Xương Văn's death, warlords across northern Vietnam enlisted their own armies and took control the land. The kingdom dissolved into civil war, known as the
997:), raised a 3,000-men army of retainers whom he called his adopted sons. Dương Đình Nghệ attacked the Southern Han army. The Southern Han general, Cheng Bao, failed to retake Tĩnh Hải from Dương Đình Nghệ and therefore he was decapitated.
1120:
as a hostage of good faith. The Ngô brothers responded by denouncing Bộ Lĩnh for not coming in person, securing Liễn, and proceeding to attack Hoa Lư. After Liễn escaped back to Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh moved to make an alliance with
1008:, a former general and son-in-law of Dương Đình Nghệ, marched north from Ai to avenge the death of his patron. The pro-Southern Han Kiều Công Tiễn called Liu Yan for help. Liu Yan placed his own son,
769:
1065:, who styled himself the "King of Peace" (Binh Vuong). Tam Kha was part of the anti-Chinese faction while Ngô Quyền's sons were still part of the Chinese-influenced elite. Ngô Quyền's eldest son,
827:
of China administered by
Chinese governors, which then later became a quasi-independent regime ruled by successive local Vietnamese warlords and monarchs. It was centered around what is now
969:. In 923, the Later Liang dynasty collapsed, so the Khúc family could no longer look north for legal and moral support. The Southern Han at Guangzhou controlled all of the
762:
1073:
area, which was the center of
Chinese settlement and influence, and enlisted the help of Pham Bach Ho, a prominent member of a local noble family. He was also aided by
985:
and met no resistance. Khúc Thừa Mỹ was captured and taken to
Guangzhou, where he was allowed to live out his days quietly. In 931, a former vassal of the Khúc family,
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2119:
2443:
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2379:
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with 30,000 troops. Having gained the submission of Ngô Nhật Khánh, the grandson of Ngô Quyền, Bộ Lĩnh's force marched northwest in 966 and defeated warlord
755:
51:
2458:
447:
946:
to
Guangzhou to gather information on the Liu family. When Liu Yin died in 911, Thừa Mỹ sent gifts to the Later Liang court by a naval envoy from the
2433:
2372:
1971:
1812:
1077:, who came from the same family as Kiều Công Tiễn and held a grudge against the Dương family. Tam Kha tried to manipulate Ngô Quyền's second son,
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832:
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1988:
1884:
1325:
1033:
903:
2438:
1924:
Lau, Nap-yin; Huang, K’uan-Chung (1986), "Founding and consolidation of the Sung
Dynasty", in Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (eds.),
600:
877:, which had invaded and captured the area in 863. The area of the command was sometimes referred to as "circuit" (道 dao). In 875, the
2365:
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894:'s brother Quanyu tried to enter the region but was immediately dismissed the next year for being "stupid and without ability."
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1960:
Taylor, K. W. (1986), "Authority and
Legitimacy in 11th Cen. Vietnam", in Milner, Anthony Crothers; Marr, David G. (eds.),
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began challenging royal authority. As the two kings prepared to march against Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh sent his son
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basin; they were eager to add Tĩnh Hải quân to their realm and to reassemble the ancient inheritance of
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on the river by using barriers of sharpened stakes. When hearing the news that Liu
Hongcao was killed,
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431:
1926:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907-1279, Part 1
2016:
1984:
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origin. In 965, king Xương Văn campaigned against a pair of villages on the border of
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1153:. Two years later, he defeated all the warlords, proclaimed himself emperor of
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abolished the title of military governor and proclaimed himself king, with the
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878:
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Religion and social change among the indigenous people of the Malay Peninsula
2215:
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935:
882:
1158:
1113:
1032:, following his son's fleet with additional forces. In late 938, Ngô Quyền
1000:
Dương Đình Nghệ ruled Tĩnh Hải for 6 years. In 937, he was assassinated by
56:
Jinghai Circuit at the bottom in modern Northern Vietnam and Southern China
856:
Jinghai Circuit (Tĩnh Hải quân) was created in 866 by the Chinese general
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from 866 to 967 during the late Tang period and lasted until the late
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cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet and returned to Guangzhou.
978:
951:
798:
504:
145:
1855:
The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)
890:
named holders of the post never actually governed Jinghai. In 904,
2190:
1314:(劉龑) (913?–917, appointed by Later Liang but never assumed office)
1185:
1168:
873:(Protectorate General to Pacify the South) after retaking it from
881:
rebellion broke out in northern China. In 879, the rebels sacked
823:'Pacified South'), was an administrative division of the
1277:(曾袞) (878–880; last Chinese jiedushi actually stationed at post)
1227:
2088:
1347:(907–917) (de facto; recognized by Later Liang from 907 to 908)
801:: Jìnghǎi Jūn) (literally "Peaceful Sea Army"), also known as
1897:, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia,
930:
dynasty in northern China. In southern China, the powerful
926:(Chu Hao) succeeded as governor and was recognized by the
455:
1928:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–265
1597:
1595:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1661:
1636:
1634:
1570:
1568:
1020:, sailed to the coast of Annam and headed inland up the
1012:, in command of the expedition, granting him the titles
958:
called Thừa Mỹ's envoys "southern barbarian merchants".
1543:
1541:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1028:, to confront Ngô Quyền. Liu Yan himself set out from
1913:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
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32:
1426:; son of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, he received the titular
1137:. In the same year, Bộ Lĩnh subdued and mobilized
1086:and Văn returned to the throne. He sent envoys to
1964:, Cambridge: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
981:. In October 930, Liu Yan sent an army to occupy
1807:
1805:
1157:or Đại Việt and moved the Vietnamese capital to
1090:bearing tribute and requesting credentials from
427:
414:
400:
1836:A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc
2100:
1937:, Los Angeles: University of California Press
1935:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South
763:
333:
319:
27:Tang Dynasty administrative division of China
8:
2380:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
1962:Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries
818:
2107:
2093:
2085:
1141:tribes in the west, then attacked warlord
770:
756:
342:
50:
29:
1384:(939–944); proclaimed as the Grand Prince
2373:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
1972:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
1813:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
1778:
1730:
1706:
1601:
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2454:Former countries in Vietnamese history
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833:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
296:
1438:emperor from 975 to his death in 979.
916:came to power and proclaimed himself
904:Timeline of early independent Vietnam
190:
180:
176:
7:
2444:Military history of the Tang dynasty
1503:
1412:(968-979); proclaimed as Emperor of
2449:Former countries in Chinese history
1875:Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981),
1870:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1868:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
1820:: "二年，兼靜海軍節度、安南都護。...末帝即位，悉以隱官爵授龑。"
1694:
2459:Former countries in Southeast Asia
25:
2366:Old History of the Five Dynasties
2008:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1430:in 973 and promoted to the title
2071:
2057:
2043:
1955:, University of California Press
1879:, Macmillan Education, Limited,
446:
279:
265:
251:
226:
2434:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
1933:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967),
1034:defeated the Southern Han fleet
942:. In 908 Khúc Hạo sent his son
1838:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
965:proclaimed himself emperor of
869:("buffer town") in the former
415:
378:
364:
334:
320:
1:
1951:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983),
1946:. Cambridge University Press.
80:nominally under Tang dynasty
2429:Circuits of the Tang dynasty
1304:(劉隱) (908–911, appointed by
1125:, a merchant and warlord of
1944:A History of the Vietnamese
2485:
1877:History of South East Asia
1373:
1365:(937–938; self-proclaimed)
1359:(931–937; self-proclaimed)
1286:An Youquan (安友權) (897–900)
1135:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
1104:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
1101:
1098:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
901:
885:, headed north, bypassing
2169:Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)
1942:Taylor, Keith W. (2013).
1866:Elverskog, Johan (2011).
1320:(劉弘操) (938, appointed by
1308:but never assumed office)
908:In 905, the native chief
814:
751:
744:
739:
476:7th century–258 BC
458:
454:
422:
341:
304:
234:Annan (Tang protectorate)
205:
201:
177:
49:
44:
1953:The Birth of the Vietnam
1265:Wang Yanquan (王晏權) (866)
1165:Administrative divisions
1024:, a northern arm of the
989:from Aizhou (modern-day
938:and was a close ally of
315:Traditional Chinese
138:Vietnamese folk religion
2439:China–Vietnam relations
2414:10th century in Vietnam
1917:Oxford University Press
1893:Kasimin, Amran (1991),
1853:Coedes, George (2015).
1834:Chapuis, Oscar (1995).
1280:Gao Maoqing (高茂卿) (882)
1236:(Chinese: Fúlùzhōu/福祿州)
1212:(Chinese: Chángzhōu/長州)
1200:(Chinese: Wǔānzhōu/武安州)
329:Simplified Chinese
2409:9th century in Vietnam
2329:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
1292:Zhu Quanyu (朱全昱) (905)
1289:Sun Dezhao (孫德昭) (901)
1271:Gao Xun (高潯) (868–873)
1230:(Chinese: Huānzhōu/驩州)
1206:(Chinese: Fēngzhōu/峰州)
1188:(Chinese: Jiāozhōu/交州)
1181:
401:
193:• Disestablished
2469:967 disestablishments
2424:10th century in China
2036:. Harvard University.
2013:Zhonghua Book Company
2005:Juzheng, Xue (1995).
1981:Zhonghua Book Company
1911:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
1374:Further information:
1224:(Chinese: Yǎnzhōu/演州)
1194:(Chinese: Luózhōu/羅州)
1172:
902:Further information:
116:Common languages
2419:9th century in China
2264:independent entities
1969:Xiu, Ouyang (1995).
1859:Taylor & Francis
1779:Lau & Huang 1986
1428:Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải
1400:(950–965; co-rulers)
1218:(Chinese: Àizhōu/愛州)
1799:: "辛酉，以劉隱為清海、靜海節度使"
1283:Xie Zhao (謝肇) (884)
463:2879–2524 BC
396:Vietnamese alphabet
183:• Established
86:Independent kingdom
2464:866 establishments
2317:Neighboring states
1268:Gao Pian (866–868)
1182:
922:. In 907, his son
746:History of Vietnam
155:Military governor
2396:
2395:
1990:978-7-101-00322-2
1886:978-1-349-16521-6
1432:Prince of Jiaozhi
1048:In February 939,
898:Autonomous period
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1014:Jinghai jiedushi
839:established the
829:northern Vietnam
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704:1839–1945
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2033:An Nam chí lược
2030:Lê Tắc (1884).
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1999:Further reading
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1108:From 951, Duke
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1100:
1061:brother-in-law
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1022:Bạch Đằng River
987:Dương Đình Nghệ
906:
900:
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791:Jinghai Circuit
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512:111 BC – 40 AD
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379:Ching-hai Ch'un
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2051:History portal
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1709:, p. 140.
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1697:, p. 818.
1687:
1685:, p. 277.
1672:
1670:, p. 274.
1657:
1655:, p. 213.
1645:
1643:, p. 141.
1630:
1628:, p. 269.
1618:
1616:, p. 268.
1606:
1604:, p. 127.
1591:
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1564:
1562:, p. 126.
1552:
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1537:
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1525:
1508:
1506:, p. 215.
1496:
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1484:
1482:, p. 258.
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1460:
1458:, p. 123.
1447:
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1407:
1401:
1396:(950–954) and
1394:Ngô Xương Ngập
1391:
1385:
1371:
1368:
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1363:Kiều Công Tiễn
1360:
1354:
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1299:
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1262:(高駢) (864–866)
1255:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1241:List of rulers
1239:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1166:
1163:
1143:Ngô Nhật Khánh
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1071:Nam Sách River
1069:, fled to the
1067:Ngô Xương Ngập
1045:
1042:
1002:Kiều Công Tiễn
977:’s kingdom of
899:
896:
853:
852:Chinese period
850:
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620:866–968
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596:757–766
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584:679–757
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120:Middle Chinese
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2303:Guiyi Circuit
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2221:Southern Tang
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2035:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1904:9-8362-2265-0
1900:
1896:
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1845:0-313-29622-7
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1769:, p. 81.
1768:
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1523:, p. 80.
1522:
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1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:Ngô Xương Văn
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:Dương Tam Kha
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:Viet jiedushi
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
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1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
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1234:Phúc Lộc Châu
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
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1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:Kiều Công Hãn
1148:
1144:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1079:Ngô Xương Văn
1076:
1075:Kiều Công Hãn
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Dương Tam Kha
1059:
1055:
1051:
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1023:
1019:
1015:
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984:
980:
976:
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964:
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949:
945:
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940:Zhu Quanzhong
937:
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929:
925:
921:
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868:
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846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
812:
808:
804:
800:
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792:
788:
787:Tĩnh Hải quân
773:
768:
766:
761:
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625:Tĩnh Hải quân
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619:
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536:43–203
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411:
407:
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402:Tĩnh Hải quân
399:
397:
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388:
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300:Tĩnh Hải quân
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60:
53:
48:
43:
36:Tĩnh Hải quân
31:
19:
2387:Wudai Huiyao
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2334:Liao dynasty
2285:
2271:Yiwu Circuit
2261:
2235:Other states
2226:Northern Han
2206:Southern Han
2079:China portal
2031:
2006:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1912:
1894:
1876:
1867:
1854:
1835:
1828:Bibliography
1811:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1731:Kiernan 2019
1726:
1714:
1707:Kiernan 2019
1702:
1690:
1648:
1621:
1609:
1602:Kiernan 2019
1582:
1560:Kiernan 2019
1555:
1528:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1468:Kiernan 2019
1463:
1456:Kiernan 2019
1451:
1431:
1427:
1418:Đinh dynasty
1404:Ngô Xương Xí
1351:Khúc Thừa Mỹ
1339:Khúc Thừa Dụ
1322:Southern Han
1249:(Tiết Độ Sứ)
1138:
1110:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
1107:
1092:Southern Han
1083:Đỗ Cảnh Thạc
1047:
1044:Independence
1018:King of Jiao
1017:
1013:
999:
967:Southern Han
960:
956:Wang Shenzhi
944:Khúc Thừa Mỹ
917:
910:Khúc Thừa Dụ
907:
871:Annan Duhufu
864:
855:
841:Đinh dynasty
837:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
825:Tang dynasty
806:
802:
790:
786:
785:
731:
728:1945–
719:
707:
695:
683:
671:
659:
647:
635:
624:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
539:
527:
524:40–43
515:
503:
491:
479:
466:
359:Hanyu Pinyin
309:Chinese name
275:Dali Kingdom
261:Đinh dynasty
216:Succeeded by
215:
210:
70:Tang dynasty
2294: [
2135:Later Liang
1767:Coedes 2015
1755:Taylor 1983
1743:Taylor 1983
1719:Taylor 1983
1683:Taylor 1983
1668:Taylor 1983
1653:Taylor 1983
1641:Taylor 1986
1626:Taylor 1983
1614:Taylor 1983
1587:Taylor 1983
1575:Taylor 1983
1548:Taylor 1983
1533:Taylor 1983
1521:Coedes 2015
1492:Taylor 1983
1480:Taylor 1983
1414:Đại Cồ Việt
1376:Ngô dynasty
1318:Liu Hongcao
1306:Later Liang
1298:(獨孤損) (905)
1210:Trường Châu
1174:Ngô dynasty
1155:Đại Cồ Việt
1010:Liu Hongcao
948:Min Kingdom
934:ruled over
928:Later Liang
637:Đại Cồ Việt
365:Jìnghǎi Jūn
211:Preceded by
2403:Categories
2181:Former Shu
2160:Later Zhou
2145:Later Tang
2022:7101003214
1443:References
1204:Phong Châu
1198:Vũ An Châu
879:Huang Chao
721:Đông Dương
373:Wade–Giles
152:Government
2358:Histories
2216:Later Shu
2155:Later Han
2150:Later Jin
1504:Hall 1981
1424:Đinh Liễn
1406:(965–966)
1390:(944–950)
1382:Ngô Quyền
1353:(917–930)
1341:(905–907)
1228:Hoan Châu
1222:Diễn Châu
1186:Giao Châu
1127:Cantonese
1118:Đinh Liễn
1088:Guangzhou
1050:Ngô Quyền
1030:Guangdong
1006:Ngô Quyền
991:Thanh Hoá
936:Guangzhou
914:Khúc clan
883:Guangzhou
577:Giao Châu
553:Giao Châu
162:(939–967)
160:Monarchy
157:(866–938)
134:Religion
110:(939–967)
103:(866–939)
89:(939–967)
82:(905–938)
73:(866–880)
2349:Đại Việt
2262:De facto
2120:Timeline
1797:vol. 267
1695:Xiu 1995
1370:Monarchs
1345:Khúc Hạo
1296:Dugu Sun
1275:Zeng Gun
1260:Gao Pian
1247:Jiedushi
1192:Lục Châu
1123:Trần Lãm
1056:town of
975:Zhao Tuo
971:Xi River
961:In 917,
924:Khúc Hạo
919:jiedushi
858:Gao Pian
733:Việt Nam
697:Việt Nam
685:Đại Việt
673:Giao Chỉ
649:Đại Việt
601:Trấn Nam
565:Vạn Xuân
541:Giao Chỉ
529:Lĩnh Nam
517:Giao Chỉ
505:Nam Việt
481:Văn Lang
468:Xích Quỷ
247:Đại Việt
142:Buddhism
101:(Hanoi)
78:jiedushi
2211:Jingnan
1977:Beijing
1434:by the
1312:Liu Yan
1302:Liu Yin
1216:Ái Châu
1176:ruling
1147:Sơn Tây
1054:ancient
1038:Liu Yan
995:Nghệ An
963:Liu Yan
932:Liu Yin
912:of the
892:Zhu Wen
887:Guangxi
875:Nanzhao
866:fanzhen
847:History
811:Chinese
797:: 靜海軍,
795:Chinese
709:Đại Nam
661:Đại Ngu
436:Vietnam
432:History
410:Chữ Hán
95:Capital
68:of the
66:Fanzhen
45:866–967
2324:Balhae
2019:
1987:
1901:
1883:
1842:
1818:vol.65
1180:in 938
1159:Hoa Lư
1114:Hoa Lư
1058:Cổ Loa
983:Đại La
979:Nanyue
952:Fujian
813::
807:An Nam
799:pinyin
613:An Nam
589:An Nam
493:Âu Lạc
146:Taoism
107:Cổ Loa
99:Đại La
62:Status
2298:]
2191:Wuyue
1139:Ô man
1131:Phong
860:as a
835:when
803:Annan
128:Muong
2344:Dali
2247:Zhao
2143:) /
2017:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1436:Song
1016:and
993:and
862:Tang
820:lit.
439:(by
2252:Yan
2200:Yin
2198:/ (
2196:Min
2186:Chu
2141:Jin
1145:in
1112:of
805:or
789:or
434:of
416:靜海軍
335:靜海軍
321:靜海軍
197:967
187:866
39:靜海軍
2405::
2296:zh
2242:Qi
2176:Wu
2015:.
2011:.
1983:.
1979::
1975:.
1915:.
1857:.
1816:,
1804:^
1795:,
1675:^
1660:^
1633:^
1594:^
1567:^
1540:^
1511:^
1324:;
1161:.
954:.
843:.
817:;
815:安南
443:)
144:,
140:,
126:,
122:,
2202:)
2139:(
2122:)
2118:(
2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
2025:.
1993:.
1919:.
1861:.
1848:.
1420:)
1416:(
1328:)
809:(
793:(
771:e
764:t
757:v
20:)
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