376:
short on suitable rock outcrops, and who had to get them through long-distance trade and exchange networks. Once nearby purchase became accessible, the facility had a revolutionizing ripple down effect of disruption on the earlier exchange system, breaking the monopoly of the elders. Older men avoided initially the missions, and thus the young men and women could obtain the much-sought axes there without having to wait on their male elders, obey the ritual traditions, but simply in exchange for their labour at the missions.
355:
cited the essay to question the very notion of a perduring and stable tradition within
Aboriginal society, since it appeared that crucial events could vanish from memory within a brief period. Nonie Sharp however stated much later that the event was still fresh in the memories of the dispersed tribes
334:
landed in 1623 on the coast where the Yir-Yoront dwelt, in order to trade for necessities. The logbook reports that the Dutch found a people who had "no knowledge of precious metals or spices". All the goods the Dutch gave in exchange were still in use among the Yir-Yoront save for pieces of iron and
375:
name, Pormpuraaw), with the ready availability of steel axes and fishhooks living on the missions afforded, together with sugar and tobacco. The introduction of steel tools, it is argued, radically disrupted the culture, since even rock axes were not fashioned by the Yir-Yoront, whose territory was
404:
and, citing for this
Sahlins' ostensible authority, also the Yir-Yoront, who, he asserted 'use the same word for work and play'. Barry Alpher showed that though their word 'woq' looks like a post-colonial borrowing from English 'work', it can be paralleled in other aboriginal languages cf. 'wuku'
487:
The word for 'woman' comes from the reduplication of the word for 'bad'. Alpher notes:'It is probably through some such associations ('fertility' or 'taboo'- perhaps via the prohibition against women viewing sacred things) that 'woman' has come to be expressed by a reduplicated form of 'bad' in
346:
and the probable forebears of the Yir-Yoront led to the death of some 30 odd tribesman with many more probably injured. It is judged to have been one of the rare instances in which
Australian aboriginals stood their ground in the face of withering European gunfire for any length of time. During
244:). This territory extended into the tribal areas of the Kuuk-Thaayorre and Yirrq-mayn (Bakanh) to their north and northwest through political alliances and exogamous marriages that led to Yir-Yoront people adopting other languages ). Their clan system was composed of two moieties, the
221:
Yir-Yoront land divisions were based on patrilineal clans, each of which had a swathe of territory segments of which, on the birth of individual clan-members was then assigned to members according to their respective conception
163:(sand), sandridges constituting the core geomorphic feature of Yir Yoront traditional territory. To support this interpretation he notes that an alternative voice for both the people and the language is
1228:
201:
were the ancestral supernatural beings responsible for both the creation of the world and for the way the group was organized socially. Every site was associated with its ancestral
2946:
392:
who argued that while what we call institutional differentiation exists among them, they do not, as civilized people do, draw a clear line between work and play. The economist
384:
In 1958 Lauriston Sharp argued that the Yir-Yoront were devoid of politics because they could only think of relationship in terms of kinship system. This was cited in turn by
327:
2981:
2974:
182:
The earliest explorers came across the Yir-Yoront in their traditional lands, each sectioned according to patrilineal clan divisions, at the separate mouths of the
2939:
1221:
359:
Down to the 1930s the Yir-Yoront were relatively autonomous, living in areas not at that time subject to pastoralist expropriation. They were then drawn into the
205:
owner, to whom living Yir-Yoront owners were related through the male line. The word also signified a doppelganger or guardian spirit, distinct from both one's
3004:
2953:
1214:
159:(thus, like this), this-style denominations for tribal languages being not infrequent in Australia. Alpher argues that the more convincing etymon is
308:, literally spirit-child, was the animating figure at conception, the natural object that was the agent of concept was conceived of as an 'image' (
2967:
338:
A clash that in white man's memory became known as the "Battle of the
Mitchell River," in 1864 between European colonists driving cattle under
2960:
1176:
1152:
1131:
1059:
1028:
1007:
983:
958:
935:
914:
890:
136:
413:
is applied to 'activity of any kind done for a boss and/or (for) pay.' Heilbroner's prominent claim was flawed from the start.
975:
3009:
1162:
352:
1047:
183:
1072:(June 1934). "The Social Organization of the Yir-Yoront Tribe, Cape York Peninsula (Part 1. Kinship and the Family".
848:
Alpher, Barry (1972). "On the
Genetic Subgrouping of the Languages of Southwestern Cape York Peninsula, Australia".
339:
947:"Guns or barter? Indigenous exchange networks and the mediation of conflict in post-contact western Arnhem Land"
1195:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
2881:
1370:
72:
174:
The Yoront adopt sign language when people withdraw from their social world, or are ashamed of themselves.
1587:
1363:
1249:
1237:
364:
140:
121:
105:
360:
113:
1881:
396:
took this to mean that the concept of work was absent from the most primitive societies, such as the
393:
343:
312:). While the father's role in conception is acknowledged, pregnancy itself takes place only when the
351:
failed to elicit any hint of a memory that the incident had occurred. The
Australian anthropologist
272:
denotes 'real', from beings in the other world or realm of the dead, spirits and malevolent beings (
850:
397:
190:
estimated their overall tribal grounds as covering approximately 500 square miles (1,300 km).
132:
109:
88:
56:
2821:
2606:
2294:
1531:
1190:
1091:
867:
1051:
1206:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1142:
1127:
1119:
1074:
1055:
1024:
1018:
1003:
979:
954:
946:
931:
910:
900:
886:
997:
969:
925:
904:
2189:
1958:
1083:
993:
880:
859:
385:
331:
80:
60:
186:, and also the mouth of the Coleman River, and the land on the coastal strip between them.
2825:
2809:
2550:
2077:
1580:
1115:
1103:
1069:
348:
927:
Sign
Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives
401:
2829:
2340:
1874:
1790:
1727:
1461:
1186:
1087:
1040:
187:
2998:
2911:
2870:
2833:
2817:
2753:
2529:
2487:
2112:
2105:
1972:
1965:
1888:
1818:
1685:
1524:
1482:
1349:
1307:
2767:
2711:
2704:
2452:
2438:
2389:
2333:
2302:
2231:
2168:
2140:
2119:
2084:
1930:
1895:
1846:
1811:
1678:
1468:
1412:
1335:
1314:
1265:
1106:(1958). "People without Politics: The Australian Yir Yoront". In Ray, V. F. (ed.).
143:. Etymologically their language and the ethnonym derived from it are composed of
2890:
2795:
2655:
2634:
2627:
2557:
2494:
2459:
2375:
2210:
2161:
2070:
2042:
2028:
1951:
1923:
1832:
1804:
1643:
1552:
1545:
1356:
1321:
951:
The
Archaeology of Difference: Negotiating Cross-Cultural Engagements in Oceania
2918:
2863:
2788:
2774:
2739:
2683:
2648:
2641:
2620:
2613:
2347:
2326:
2287:
2203:
2175:
2049:
2014:
1909:
1776:
1699:
1629:
1601:
1573:
1454:
1328:
1300:
1241:
2746:
2732:
2690:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2543:
2508:
2501:
2473:
2466:
2410:
2361:
2245:
2224:
2126:
2098:
1986:
1944:
1860:
1748:
1741:
1657:
1636:
1566:
1496:
1433:
1405:
1398:
1384:
1377:
1198:
372:
290:). By metaphoric extension whites fall outside the category of real beings (
2897:
2676:
2592:
2522:
2515:
2424:
2368:
2273:
2238:
2217:
2196:
2154:
2035:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1916:
1902:
1853:
1839:
1825:
1797:
1762:
1755:
1706:
1692:
1671:
1664:
1622:
1510:
1440:
1426:
1419:
1342:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1258:
406:
335:
beads. The iron had never been incorporated into their totemic ideology.
76:
17:
1095:
2904:
2856:
2849:
2725:
2697:
2669:
2599:
2536:
2480:
2417:
2396:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2280:
2266:
2147:
2133:
2063:
2056:
2000:
1769:
1734:
1713:
1650:
1608:
1594:
1559:
1489:
1447:
1391:
1293:
871:
2842:
2781:
2718:
2662:
2585:
2445:
2431:
2403:
2354:
2252:
2091:
1979:
1937:
1720:
1538:
1503:
1475:
84:
863:
882:
Yir-Yoront
Lexicon: Sketch and Dictionary of an Australian Language
2760:
2259:
2182:
1867:
1783:
1517:
223:
2382:
1615:
1210:
1108:
Systems of Political Control and Bureaucracy in Human Societies
906:
Behind the Veil of Economics: Essays in the Worldly Philosophy
347:
intensive field work in 1933–1935 the American anthropologist
284:), and the ancestral beings of the primal time of Creation (
1126:(2nd ed.). Transaction Publishers. pp. 116–127.
683:
681:
313:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
239:
233:
227:
971:
Frontier Justice: A History of the Gulf Country to 1900
668:
666:
664:
155:
have been proposed, one suggesting it is derived from
2880:
1248:
302:, vagrant other world beings of malevolent intent.
66:
50:
40:
1039:
1020:Behavioral Archaeology: Principles and Practice
1110:. American Ethnological Society. pp. 1–8.
260:The Yir-Yoront distinguishes ordinary humans (
124:, both towns outside their traditional lands.
1222:
356:living in Kowanyama down to the present day.
8:
318:immigrates into the body during copulation.
287:pam-wolhlvm, pam-nhing, pam-kopw, pam-ngulgl
35:
949:. In Clarke, Anne; Torrence, Robin (eds.).
1229:
1215:
1207:
807:
213:or inner soul, pulse, breath of a person.
34:
831:
759:
687:
1124:Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present
795:
711:
699:
655:
547:
504:
480:
449:
1120:"Steel Axes for Stone–Age Australians"
819:
747:
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
535:
523:
511:
489:
1042:Saltwater People: The Waves of Memory
783:
771:
735:
723:
672:
238:) were drawn from their clan totems (
7:
1199:Australian National University Press
342:to the newly established station at
41:Regions with significant populations
438:KokoMindjin, Kokominjan, KokoMinjen
1088:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1934.tb00120.x
409:. For the Yir-Yoront, therefore,
363:and also, soon after, in 1942, at
25:
3005:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland
1147:. University of Chicago Press.
1141:Shershow, Scott Cutler (2005).
953:. Routledge. pp. 187–220.
976:University of Queensland Press
930:. Cambridge University Press.
909:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1:
1122:. In Cohen, Yehudi A. (ed.).
1017:Schiffer, Michael B. (2016).
367:(known to the Yir-Yoront as
314:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
240:
234:
228:
209:(reflection, image) and the
141:Pama-Nyungan language family
106:Indigenous Australian people
27:Indigenous Australian people
1171:. Sydney University Press.
1048:University of Toronto Press
296:) and are classified under
3026:
1588:Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji
1002:. Transaction Publishers.
488:Coastal Southwest Pama.' (
428:KokoMandjoen, Koko-manjoen
379:
371:, though now known by its
278:), from dreamed entities (
2928:
340:Francis Lascelles Jardine
328:Dutch exploratory mission
232:). That is, their names (
71:
55:
45:
945:Mitchell, Scott (2003).
2882:Torres Strait Islanders
1371:Bidjara (Warrego River)
1187:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1364:Bidjara (Bulloo River)
1168:On Aboriginal Religion
968:Roberts, Tony (2005).
879:Alpher, Barry (1991).
361:Mitchell River Mission
2934:By state or territory
2439:Uw Oykangand/Kwantari
1574:Gungganyji/Kongkandji
1546:Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun
1238:Indigenous Australian
1144:The Work and the Gift
1038:Sharp, Nonie (2002).
924:Kendon, Adam (1988).
901:Heilbroner, Robert L.
885:. Walter de Gruyter.
171:denotes a sandridge.
112:now living mostly in
67:Related ethnic groups
3010:Far North Queensland
394:Robert L. Heilbroner
365:Edward River Mission
151:. Several roots for
100:, also known as the
1116:Sharp, R. Lauriston
1104:Sharp, R. Lauriston
1070:Sharp, R. Lauriston
999:Stone Age Economics
851:Oceanic Linguistics
798:, p. 18, n.14.
562:, pp. 389–391.
398:Trobriand Islanders
390:Stone Age Economics
110:Cape York Peninsula
37:
2947:Northern Territory
834:, p. 231 n.3.
538:, pp. 46, 67.
122:Lirrqar/Pormpuraaw
2992:
2991:
2982:Western Australia
1581:Gunggari/Kunggari
1427:Djabugay/Tjapukai
1191:"Jirjoront (QLD)"
1178:978-1-743-32388-5
1163:Stanner, W. E. H.
1154:978-0-226-75257-0
1133:978-0-202-36721-7
1061:978-0-802-08549-8
1030:978-1-134-90372-6
1009:978-0-202-36931-0
994:Sahlins, Marshall
985:978-0-702-24083-6
960:978-1-134-82842-5
937:978-0-521-36008-1
916:978-0-393-24263-8
892:978-3-110-87265-1
622:, pp. 89–90.
417:Alternative names
407:Djabugay language
380:"They don't work"
118:or 'many waters')
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
3017:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2106:Mingin/Mingginda
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1182:
1158:
1137:
1111:
1099:
1065:
1045:
1034:
1013:
989:
964:
941:
920:
896:
875:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
676:
670:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
493:
485:
405:attested in the
386:Marshall Sahlins
332:Jan Carstenszoon
317:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
271:
265:
243:
237:
231:
137:Pama-Maric group
38:
21:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2961:South Australia
2959:
2952:
2945:
2940:New South Wales
2938:
2933:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1235:
1205:
1185:
1179:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1114:
1102:
1068:
1062:
1037:
1031:
1016:
1010:
992:
986:
967:
961:
944:
938:
923:
917:
899:
893:
878:
864:10.2307/3622803
847:
843:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
808:Heilbroner 1989
806:
802:
794:
790:
786:, pp. 1–8.
782:
778:
770:
766:
758:
754:
750:, pp. 1–2.
746:
742:
734:
730:
722:
718:
710:
706:
698:
694:
686:
679:
671:
662:
658:, pp. 3–4.
654:
650:
642:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
546:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
510:
506:
502:
497:
496:
486:
482:
477:
458:
419:
382:
349:Lauriston Sharp
324:
258:
219:
196:
180:
135:belongs to the
130:
73:Yirrk-Thangalkl
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1875:Kugu Nganhcara
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1539:Kutjala/Gudjal
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1183:
1177:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1112:
1100:
1082:(4): 404–431.
1066:
1060:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1008:
990:
984:
965:
959:
942:
936:
921:
915:
897:
891:
876:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:
824:
822:, p. 629.
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
762:, p. 188.
752:
740:
738:, p. 240.
728:
726:, p. 118.
716:
714:, p. 278.
704:
702:, p. 274.
692:
690:, p. 219.
677:
675:, p. 117.
660:
648:
636:
634:, p. 336.
624:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
552:
550:, p. 171.
540:
528:
516:
503:
501:
498:
495:
494:
479:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
465:
457:
454:
452:, p. 171
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
418:
415:
381:
378:
373:Kuuk-Thaayorre
323:
320:
257:
254:
218:
215:
195:
192:
188:Norman Tindale
184:Mitchell River
179:
176:
129:
126:
92:
91:
69:
68:
64:
63:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3022:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2871:Yurlayurlanya
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Wanggeriburra
2819:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:Kuku Nyungkal
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:Kokokulunggur
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:Goreng goreng
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:. Routledge.
1022:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
981:
977:
973:
972:
966:
962:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
933:
929:
928:
922:
918:
912:
908:
907:
902:
898:
894:
888:
884:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
846:
845:
840:
833:
832:Shershow 2005
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
810:, p. 83.
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
760:Mitchell 2003
756:
753:
749:
744:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
688:Schiffer 2016
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
646:, p. 94.
645:
640:
637:
633:
628:
625:
621:
616:
613:
610:, p. 87.
609:
604:
601:
597:
592:
589:
586:, p. 86.
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
561:
556:
553:
549:
544:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
508:
505:
499:
492:, p. 83)
491:
484:
481:
474:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
455:
453:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
414:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
353:W.E.H Stanner
350:
345:
341:
336:
333:
329:
321:
319:
316:
311:
307:
303:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
255:
253:
251:
247:
242:
236:
230:
225:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
193:
191:
189:
185:
177:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:(speech) and
146:
142:
138:
134:
127:
125:
123:
119:
117:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
39:
30:
19:
2802:
2334:Rungarungawa
1896:Kuku Yalanji
1847:Kokowalandja
1812:Kokobujundji
1194:
1167:
1143:
1123:
1107:
1079:
1073:
1041:
1019:
998:
970:
950:
926:
905:
881:
858:(2): 67–87.
855:
849:
827:
815:
803:
796:Sahlins 1974
791:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
719:
712:Stanner 2014
707:
700:Stanner 2014
695:
656:Roberts 2005
651:
639:
627:
615:
603:
598:, p. 2.
591:
579:
574:, p. 1.
567:
555:
548:Tindale 1974
543:
531:
526:, p. 3.
519:
514:, p. 4.
507:
483:
467:
461:
450:Tindale 1974
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
410:
389:
383:
368:
358:
337:
325:
309:
305:
304:
259:
249:
245:
220:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
181:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
131:
120:but also in
115:
101:
97:
95:
89:Uw Oykangand
32:Ethnic group
29:
2796:Yirrganydji
2656:Wulgurukaba
2635:Wongkadjera
2607:Wik-Mungkan
2495:Wakka Wakka
2460:Wadjabangai
2376:Tjongkandji
2295:Quandamooka
2211:Ngulungbara
2162:Ngandangara
2071:Mayi-Kutuna
2043:Mandandanji
1924:Kungkalenja
1833:Kokonyekodi
1805:Kokobididji
1553:Gugu Rarmul
1532:Gubbi Gubbi
1357:Birri Gubba
1240:peoples in
820:Alpher 1991
748:Alpher 1991
644:Alpher 1991
632:Alpher 1991
620:Alpher 1991
608:Alpher 1991
596:Alpher 1991
584:Alpher 1991
572:Alpher 1991
560:Alpher 1991
536:Kendon 1988
524:Alpher 1991
512:Alpher 1991
490:Alpher 1972
433:Kokomindjan
423:Koka-mungin
165:Yirr-Thuchm
114:Kowanyama (
2999:Categories
2954:Queensland
2864:Yungkurara
2826:Kombumerri
2803:Yir-Yoront
2789:Yirandhali
2775:Yintyingka
2740:Yetimarala
2684:Yadhaykenu
2649:Woppaburra
2642:Wongkumara
2621:Winduwinda
2614:Wiknatanja
2348:Taribelang
2327:Ringaringa
2288:Punthamara
2204:Nguburinji
2176:Ngathokudi
2050:Maranganji
2015:Maithakari
1910:Kungadutji
1630:Julaolinja
1602:Injilarija
1455:Djindubari
1329:Barungguan
1301:Bakanambia
1250:Aboriginal
1242:Queensland
1050:. p.
784:Sharp 1958
772:Sharp 1968
736:Sharp 2002
724:Sharp 1968
673:Sharp 1968
456:Some words
443:Yir-yiront
315:lerrn nerp
306:Lerrn nerp
229:lerrn nerp
211:pam-ngerrr
133:Yir-Yoront
116:kawn yamar
102:Yir Yiront
98:Yir-Yoront
57:Yir-Yoront
36:Yir-Yoront
2898:Kaurareg
2830:Mununjali
2747:Yetteneru
2733:Yalarnnga
2691:Yagalingu
2579:Wikatinda
2572:Wikapatja
2565:Wikampama
2544:Warakamai
2509:Walmbaria
2502:Walangama
2474:Wakabunga
2467:Wadjalang
2411:Umpithamu
2362:Thaayorre
2246:Nyuwathai
2225:Ngurawola
2190:Ngaygungu
2127:Muluridji
2099:Mimungkum
1987:Madjandji
1959:Lama Lama
1945:Kuungkari
1861:Kongabula
1749:Karingbal
1742:Karendala
1700:Kalkadoon
1658:Kabalbara
1637:Jupangati
1567:Gumakudin
1434:Djagaraga
1406:Bwgcolman
1399:Butchulla
1385:Bugulmara
1378:Biyaygiri
996:(1974) .
500:Citations
468:wart'uwər
203:pam-nhing
199:Pam-nhing
194:Mythology
104:, are an
85:Uw Olkola
81:Thaayorre
51:Languages
46:Australia
18:Jirjoront
2975:Victoria
2968:Tasmania
2834:Tulgigin
2818:Gugingin
2810:Yugambeh
2677:Wuthathi
2593:Wikianji
2551:Warrongo
2523:Wanamara
2516:Waluwara
2425:Unduyamo
2369:Thereila
2301:Hordes:
2274:Pitapita
2239:Nyawagyi
2218:Ngundjan
2197:Nggamadi
2155:Ngajanji
2078:Mbabaram
2036:Manbarra
2022:Malintji
2008:Maikulan
1994:Maiawali
1917:Kunggara
1903:Kulumali
1854:Kokowara
1840:Kokopera
1826:Kokomini
1798:Kokangol
1791:Koinjmal
1763:Kaurareg
1756:Karuwali
1707:Kambuwal
1693:Kalibamu
1672:Kaiadilt
1665:Kaiabara
1623:Jarowair
1511:Girramay
1441:Djakunda
1420:Darumbal
1343:Bigambul
1322:Baruŋgam
1287:Ayapathu
1280:Ayabakan
1273:Atjinuri
1259:Ankamuti
1189:(1974).
1165:(2014).
1118:(1968).
1096:27976162
903:(1989).
448:Source:
344:Somerset
266:) where
263:pam-morr
256:Ontology
248:and the
167:, where
128:Language
77:Kokopera
2905:Mabuiag
2857:Yukulta
2850:Yuibera
2816:Clans:
2726:Yanggal
2698:Yambina
2670:Wulpura
2600:Wikmean
2537:Wanjuru
2481:Wakaman
2418:Undanbi
2397:Turrbal
2341:Tagalag
2320:Rakkaia
2311:Goenpul
2307:Nunukul
2281:Pontunj
2267:Pakadji
2148:Mutumui
2134:Muragan
2064:Marulta
2057:Marrago
2001:Maijabi
1882:Kukatja
1770:Kawadji
1735:Kareldi
1728:Karanja
1714:Kangulu
1651:Kaantju
1609:Injinoo
1595:Iningai
1560:Gulngai
1490:Geynyon
1462:Dyirbal
1448:Djankun
1392:Buluwai
1294:Badjiri
1075:Oceania
872:3622803
841:Sources
470:(woman)
388:in his
369:Lirrqar
322:History
281:pitthar
250:Pam-Lul
246:Pam-Pip
217:Society
178:Country
157:yorr(l)
153:Yorront
149:yorront
139:of the
108:of the
61:English
2912:Meriam
2843:Yugara
2782:Yinwum
2754:Yidiny
2719:Yangga
2663:Wulili
2586:Wikepa
2530:Wangan
2488:Wakara
2446:Waanyi
2432:Unjadi
2404:Umpila
2355:Tepiti
2253:Olkola
2113:Mitaka
2092:Mbewum
1980:Lotiga
1973:Lardil
1966:Lanima
1938:Kutjal
1721:Kanolu
1686:Kalali
1504:Giabal
1483:Garrwa
1476:Ewamin
1350:Bindal
1308:Barada
1175:
1151:
1130:
1094:
1058:
1027:
1006:
982:
957:
934:
913:
889:
870:
400:, the
330:under
299:wangrr
275:wangrr
235:nhaprr
224:totems
2768:Yiman
2761:Yilba
2712:Yanga
2705:Yanda
2453:Wadja
2390:Tulua
2303:Ngugi
2260:Otati
2232:Nguri
2183:Ngaun
2169:Ngaro
2141:Murri
2120:Miyan
2085:Mbara
1931:Kunja
1868:Kooma
1784:Koamu
1679:Kairi
1518:Goeng
1469:Djiru
1413:Dalla
1336:Bidia
1315:Barna
1266:Araba
1092:JSTOR
868:JSTOR
475:Notes
464:(bad)
462:wart'
402:!Kung
241:purrn
169:thuch
145:yirrq
2891:Badu
2628:Wiri
2383:Totj
2029:Mamu
1952:Laia
1644:Juru
1616:Ithu
1173:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1025:ISBN
1004:ISBN
980:ISBN
955:ISBN
932:ISBN
911:ISBN
887:ISBN
326:The
310:mang
293:morr
269:morr
207:mang
161:yorr
96:The
2919:Mua
2558:Wik
1777:Koa
1497:Gia
1084:doi
1052:240
860:doi
411:woq
3001::
2832:,
2828:,
2824:,
2820:,
2309:,
2305:,
1197:.
1193:.
1090:.
1078:.
1054:.
1046:.
978:.
974:.
866:.
856:11
854:.
680:^
663:^
252:.
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
59:,
1230:e
1223:t
1216:v
1201:.
1181:.
1157:.
1136:.
1098:.
1086::
1080:4
1064:.
1033:.
1012:.
988:.
963:.
940:.
919:.
895:.
874:.
862::
774:.
226:(
20:)
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