Myall Creek massacre - Knowledge (XXG)

477:"Sir, in compliance with your suggestion to me yesterday, respecting the seven men executed on Tuesday morning, I have the honour to inform you, that frequently, during their confinement here, they each and all, at different times, acknowledged to me their guilt; but implied, that it was done solely in defense of their masters' property, that they were not aware that in destroying aboriginals they were violating the laws, or that it could take cognizance of their having done so, as it had (according to their belief) been so frequently done in the colony before." 416:

fires at which they were seated, resting secure in the protection of one of the prisoners. Unsuspecting harm, they were surrounded by a body of horsemen, 12 or 13 in number, from whom they fled to the hut, which provided the mesh of destruction. In that hut the prisoners, unmoved by the tears, groans, and sighs, bound them with cords — fathers, mothers, and children indiscriminately – and carried them away to a short distance, when the scene of slaughter commenced, and stopped not until all were exterminated, with the exception of one woman.

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the stockmen's huts and killing the white men. In the Liverpool Plains district, some cattle had been speared and huts attacked, with two whites killed (allegedly by Aboriginal people). The squatters complained to Acting Governor Snodgrass, who sent Major James Nunn and about 22 troopers up to the district. Nunn enlisted the assistance of up to 25 local stockmen and together they rode around the district killing any Aboriginal people they came across. Nunn's campaign culminated in the

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men had been found 'not guilty'. However, one juror immediately rose and stated that there had been a mistake. They had only acquitted the defendants on separate charges. However, they had found the men guilty of the murder of a single six-year-old Aboriginal child whose name was unknown. According to the indictment, the murder had been committed "by shooting with a pistol, cutting with a sword, and beating, casting into a fire, and keeping the child there until death ensued."

539:, the leader of the massacre, was never captured. He hid or was protected, either in the Hawkesbury district, on a relative's property inland from Moreton Bay, or in Van Diemen's Land (according to conflicting reports that remain unresolved). He later became a respected farmer, church warden and justice of the peace in the Hawkesbury district. John Blake, one of the four men acquitted at the first trial and not subsequently charged, committed 3699: 346:. He told the court how the eleven men had tied the victims together, and led them away. He also said that Edward Foley, one of the perpetrators, had shown him a sword covered with blood. Anderson's testimony was supported by William Hobbs and Magistrate Day, who had conducted the police investigation. The defence's case rested solely on the argument that the dismembered bodies could not be identified accurately. 377:– Attorney-General Plunkett requested the judge to remand the prisoners in custody awaiting further charges from the same incident. Although all eleven were remanded in custody, only seven faced a second trial. The second trial was held on 27 November. Only 28 of the 48 men called up for jury service turned up. Later it was learned that the Black Association had intimidated many into staying away. 461:"Are all these outrages to be enveloped in obscurity—is all this blood to be unavenged, and yet white men to be hanged for slaying blacks, perhaps in self-defence, perhaps in retaliation for injuries previously sustained? No attempt has been made, by means of a properly organized force on the frontiers of the Colony, to keep the blacks in subjection, by means, simply, of intimidation." 3711: 2799: 661:, the most populated section of the continent in terms of indigenous people, where it was the subject of numerous statements in the then newly separated parliament. In 1861, there was almost unanimous agreement that the prosecution and hanging in 1838 had been nothing less than '...judicial murder of white men in Sydney', as the government spokesman 501:... had been under the tuition of a competent person for two months, but it was now reported to that he was not so far instructed as to be a competent witness, and it was quite uncertain when he would be; and he did not think he should be doing his duty in risking public justice by prosecuting the case without his evidence. 415:

The murder was not confined to one man, but extended to many, including men, women, children, and babies hanging at their mothers’ breasts, in numbers not less than 30 human souls — slaughtered in cool blood. This massacre was committed upon a poor defenceless tribe of Blacks, dragged away from their

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The site was again reported as vandalised on 24 September 2021. There was damage to buildings, sandstone steps and railings. A memorial plaque was also vandalised, but the committee was unsure if this was done by the same perpetrators. Co-chair of the national Friends of Myall Creek committee, Keith

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boulders along the way, each with a plaque relating elements of the history, to a 14-tonne granite rock and plaque surrounded by a circle of crushed white granite and edged by stones from all around the state of New South Wales. It overlooks the site of the massacre. In 2001, a group of law students

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Over the years there has been some debate over the exact location of the massacre. An oral tradition developed among stockmen who worked on the Myall Creek station, many years after the massacre occurred, that it had happened in a stockyard to which the Wirrayaraay were led by the stockmen. Although

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When Nunn returned to Sydney, many of the local squatters and stockmen continued the "drive" against the Aboriginal people, including the Myall Creek massacre. However, because of community outrage, Governor Gipps did not encourage further prosecutions after this. Neither the Waterloo Creek massacre

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Anderson said he wanted to speak the whole truth at the second trial. He also said he did not seek to be rewarded for testifying, rather he asked "only for protection". The trial continued until 2 am on 30 November, when the jury found the seven men guilty. Initially, the foreman had stated that the

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Testimony was later given at trial that the stockmen had beheaded the children. They forced the men and women to run as far as they could between the stockyard fence and a line of sword-wielding stockmen, who hacked at them as they passed. After the massacre, Fleming and his gang rode off looking to

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It appears that extraordinary pains have been taken by the prisoners, or by some persons deeply interested in the concealment of their crime, to prevent the murder from coming to light. But, it has pleased Almighty God to conduct a person to that heap of human remains, to be a witness of the scene,

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Anderson testified that the Aboriginal people in the hut had cried out to him for assistance. He said two women were left behind at the huts, one "because she was good-looking, they said so." He said that a young girl who had been left behind attempted to follow her mother (who was tied up with the

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The letter writer said he did not hear these statements directly, but had spoken to a second man who told him he had heard a juror say it. The letter writer continued, "I leave you, Sir, and the community to determine on the fitness of this white savage to perform the office of a juryman under any

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When William Hobbs, the manager of Myall Creek station, returned several days later and discovered the bodies, he counted up to twenty-eight (as they were beheaded and dismembered, he had difficulty determining the exact number). He decided to report the incident but Kilmeister initially talked him

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All the evidence collected by Police Magistrate Edward Denny Day and provided in evidence at the two trials contradicts the suggestion that it occurred in a stockyard. Witnesses William Hobbs, Thomas Foster, Andrew Burrowes and Edward Denny Day himself describe the massacre site without making any

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The Myall Creek massacre was the latest of many massacres that took place in that district (the Liverpool Plains) around that time. As elsewhere in the colony, the Aboriginal people at times resisted the expanding invasion of their land by spearing sheep and cattle for food and sometimes attacking

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While Master was away, some men came on a Saturday, about 10; I cannot say how many days after master left; they came on horseback, armed with muskets and swords and pistols; all were armed ... the blacks, when they saw the men coming, ran into our hut, and the men then, all of them, got off their

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old men. Ten younger men were away on a neighbouring station, having been hired to ring-bark trees. Apparently most of the people were slaughtered with swords. George Anderson, who refused to join the massacre, said he heard only two shots. Unlike Anderson, Charles Kilmeister joined the slaughter.

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The stockmen took the group to a gully on the side of the ridge about 800 m (2,600 ft) to the west of the station huts. There they killed them all except for one woman, whom they kept with them for the next couple of days. The 28 corpses found at the site were mostly women, children, and

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George Anderson, the station hut keeper, asked the white men what they were going to do with the Aboriginal people. John Russell said they were going to "take them over the back of the range and frighten them". The stockmen entered the hut, tied the Aboriginal people to a long tether rope and led

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that apologised for its part in "spreading racist views and misinformation while campaigning for the killers to escape justice". It said that its disapproval of the death sentence for the 7 of the 12 men involved was "not due to a lack of evidence or genuine doubts over the integrity of any legal

670:, spokesman for the opposition (later three times Premier of Queensland) agreed, equally using the term "judicial murder". The notion seemingly almost unanimously agreed to by the first Queensland parliament was that no white man should ever be prosecuted in Queensland for the killing of a black. 552:

was particularly strident, declaring in October 1838 that "the whole gang of black animals are not worth the money the colonists will have to pay for printing the silly documents on which we have already wasted too much time". In November 1838 the paper's editorial said if Aboriginal Australians,

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This was one of the few alleged massacres of Aboriginal people to have been proven in court. After two trials, seven perpetrators of twelve accused were found guilty of murder and sentenced to execution by hanging. Four men were never retried on additional charges following their acquittal in the

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Day conducted a thorough investigation although the bodies had by then been removed from the massacre site, and only a few bone fragments remained. He arrested eleven of the twelve perpetrators. The only one to escape was John Fleming, the leader and only free man. George Anderson was crucial in

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I saw smoke in the same direction they went; this was soon after they went with the firesticks ... Fleming told Kilmeister to go up by-and-by and put the logs of wood together, and be sure that all was consumed ... the girls they left, and the two boys, and the child I sent away with 10 black

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This secret group called themselves The Black Association. They were led by a local magistrate, who apparently used the influence of his office to gain access to the prisoners in Sydney. He told them to "stick together and say nothing". Not one of the eleven accused gave evidence against their

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According to Plunkett, in mid-February 1839 Davey was alive and "under tuition", however, Plunkett could not proceed with the case against the remaining accused because of the uncertainty surrounding the time it would take to complete that tuition. It was for this reason that the accused were

255:, 30 kilometres to the south-east. There between 10 and 20 Aboriginal people were soon reported as murdered and their bodies were burned on a large fire. Many suspect this massacre was committed by the same stockmen as at Myall Creek. After several days of heavy drinking, the party dispersed. 644:

says that the successful prosecutions of the Myall Creek massacre resulted in pacts of silence among whites becoming a common practice to avoid sufficient evidence becoming available for future prosecutions. Two Sydney newspapers reported that poisoning Aboriginal people became more common,

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people. They had been invited a few weeks before by Charles Kilmeister (or Kilminister), one of the convict stockmen, to camp at the station for safety and protection from the gangs of marauding stockmen in the district. These whites were slaughtering any Aboriginal people they could find.

453:"Are the white settlers and their servants to be protected against the outrages of the blacks? Are blacks to be hanged for murder as well as whites? And if so, what steps have been taken to apprehend and hang the scores of black murderers who have shed the blood of white British subjects?" 620:

Kirby and Thompson were both tried for "willful murder". All the European witnesses testified that "no blow was struck by any native" before Kirby attacked Burragong. Thompson was acquitted, but Kirby was found guilty and sentenced to death, with his body to be "dissected and anatomised".

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mention of a stockyard. Hobbs stated in evidence to the Supreme Court that the stockyard was close to the huts whereas the massacre site was "about half a mile from my house in a westerly direction". Historians dismiss the stockyard as the location of the massacre as a "bush myth".

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The Myall Creek massacre is often cited as the only massacre of its kind in colonial Australia for which white people were subsequently convicted and executed for killing Aboriginal people. But there was at least one case prior to Myall Creek in which whites were held responsible.

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The four remaining accused, Blake, Toulouse, Palliser and Lamb, were remanded until the next session to allow time for the main witness against them, an Aboriginal boy named Davey, to be prepared in order to take a Bible oath. It has been claimed that according to missionary

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phrased it in his speech in the Legislative Assembly on 25 July, and that 'white troopers were "useless" as they could not be "acting against the blackfellows as they wished, lest an outcry should be raised against them, and they could be prosecuted for murder." '

574:", on 13 December 1838, about a week after the seven men were found guilty, but several days before they were hanged. The poem expresses Dunlop's sorrow over the massacre and expresses sympathy for the Aboriginal people of Australia. Dunlop responded to criticism by the 247:

Those Aboriginal men returned to Myall Creek that night and left after being warned that the killers would be returning. When the whites returned to Myall two days later, they dismembered and burnt the bodies before resuming the search for the remaining people.

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process, but because the perpetrators were white and the dead black". It admitted that its coverage was out of step with other reporting at the time, and also apologised for other articles encouraging readers to kill Aboriginal people if they felt "threatened".

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Justice Dowling advised the jury that the law made no distinction between the murder of an Aboriginal person and the murder of a European person. The jury, after deliberating for twenty minutes, found all eleven men 'not guilty.' A letter to the editor of

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The Myall Creek massacre and the subsequent trial and hanging of some of the offenders had a profound effect on the "outside" settlers and their dealing with indigenous people throughout all sections the colonial Australian frontiers. The

449:. One writer claimed that the executions would be "nothing short of legal murder", and if carried out would "incite an actual war of extermination" against the natives. The paper also attacked Gipps's sympathies for the Aboriginal people. 279:

identifying the arrested men. He had initially refused to name any but, after learning that the massacre had been planned more than a week earlier to coincide with the absence of Hobbs, he agreed to identify the killers to the magistrate.

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considered "much safer" for whites than outright attacks. Many massacres went unpunished due to these practices, as what is variously called a 'conspiracy' or 'pact' or 'code' of silence fell over the killings of Aboriginal people.

743:. A ceremony is held each year on 10 June commemorating the victims. The memorial is maintained and funded by the Friends of Myall Creek, an Australian non-profit organisation made up of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal members. 419:

I do not mention these circumstances to add to the agony of that moment, but to portray to those standing around the horrors which attended this merciless proceeding, in order, if possible, to avert similar consequences hereafter.

493:... for Mr Arndell, who was here last week, states that on his recent return from the Gwyder he was informed by a Gentleman that Davey was put out of the way, but whether with his throat cut, or only hid, could not be ascertained. 468:

Gipps refused to grant clemency in the case. The seven men, Charles Kilmeister, James Oates, Edward Foley, John Russell, John Johnstone, William Hawkins and James Parry, were executed early on the morning of 18 December 1838 at

361:"I look on the blacks as a set of monkeys and the sooner they are exterminated from the face of the earth, the better. I knew the men were guilty of murder but I would never see a white man hanged for killing a black." 228:

for a few months. They were well known to the whites. Most of them had been assigned such English names as Daddy, King Sandy, Joey, Martha and Charley. Some of the children already spoke a certain amount of English.

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on 7 December. Governor Gipps later reported that that no mitigating circumstances could be shown for any of the defendants, and it could not be said that any of the men were more or less guilty than the rest.

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on 8 December 1838 alleged that one of the jurors had said privately that although he considered the men guilty of murder, he could not convict a white man of killing an Aboriginal person, purportedly saying:

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On 5 December, the convicted defendants were each sentenced to death by hanging. Prior to sentencing, Justice Burton gave a speech. A reporter present summarized what Burton, who teared up as he spoke,

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others). Anderson took her back to he hut. He said two young Aboriginal boys escaped by hiding in the creek. Anderson also testified about the perpetrators' return and the burning of the bodies.

2819: 1866: 486:, Henry Dangar had arranged for Davey "to be put out of the way", and he was never seen again. With Davey unable to be located, the government released the four suspects in February 1839. 2563: 179:

people. They ran livestock and cultivated crops, competing for resources. The Aboriginal people resisted, sometimes attacking livestock or settlers, and there was violence on both sides.

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Australian Aborigines: Copies of Extracts of Despatches Relative to the Massacre of Various Aborigines in Australia, in the Year 1838, and Respecting the Trial of Their Murderers

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Baal Belbora, the End of the Dancing: The Agony of the British Invasion of the Ancient People of the Three Rivers – the Hastings, the Manning, and the Macleay in New South Wales

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I have just returned from seeing the seven men all launched into eternity at the same moment it was an awful sight and has made me feel quite sick – I shall never forget it.

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of 1838 at Waterloo Creek. Although no definitive historical records are available of the event, estimates of Aboriginal people murdered range from 40 to more than 100.

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out of it. Hobbs discussed it with a neighbouring station overseer, Thomas Foster. He told squatter Frederick Foot, who rode to Sydney to report it to the new Governor,

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In fact, the British had carried out punitive actions against Aboriginal people since the 1790s, and the lawyers for the defendants had never claimed self-defence.

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this oral tradition is strongly held by some local descendants of the stockmen and others, there is no primary source evidence from the time to support the idea.

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In 1820, two convicts, John Kirby and John Thompson, attempted to escape from the colony but were captured by local Aboriginal people and returned to

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horses; I asked what they were going to do with the blacks, and Russel said, "We are going to take them over the back of the range, to frighten them".

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The Myall Creek case led to significant uproar among sections of the population and the press, sometimes voiced in favour of the perpetrators.

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Bronwyn Batten, "The Myall Creek Memorial: history, identity and reconciliation", in William Logan, William Stewart Logan, Keir Reeves (eds.)

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nor the later McIntyre's Station massacre were prosecuted, although each was said to have resulted in a greater number of Aboriginal deaths.

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Aborigines in White Australia: A documentary history of the attitudes affecting official policy and the Australian Aborigines, 1697–1973

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Aborigines in White Australia: A documentary history of the attitudes affecting official policy and the Australian Aborigines, 1697–1973

587: 155:, evaded arrest and was never tried. The trials and guilty verdicts sparked extreme controversy within New South Wales settler society. 3829: 3001: 2975: 2234: 2180: 1860: 1769: 1300: 1240: 1183: 3715: 3779: 3703: 2632: 2052: 1477: 1374: 1212: 758: 3679: 1675: 1555:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, vol. 2, p. 275, from a letter to Mr Justice Burton dated 8 February 1839. 657:, typically classified the trial and execution of the offenders as "judicial murder". Similar opinions were voiced years later in 1597: 497:

Further, when the remaining four accused came before the Court on 14 February 1839, Attorney General Plunkett informed the Court:

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J. H. Bannatyne, Letter from J. H. Bannatyne to Other Windsor Berry Esq. relating to the Myall Creek Massacre, 17 December 1838

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and the spokesmen for the settlers in the remote districts of New South Wales and Victoria, frequently leading men such as

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But, Threlkeld made no such statement regarding Dangar. What Threlkeld wrote about Davey's whereabouts at the time was:

144: 75: 2359:, Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1995, pp. 1–4 208:

A group of approximately thirty-five Aboriginal people were camped near the huts of the station. They were part of the

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The remains of at least 28 corpses were later observed at the site, but the final death toll has never been confirmed.

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in January 2005, with the words "murder", "women" and "children" chiselled off, in an attempt to make it unreadable.

719:, a descendant of victims of the massacre, worked long and hard toward getting a memorial erected to mark the event. 3839: 3789: 3774: 3769: 3581: 3280: 3166: 3154: 3094: 1050: 603: 221: 3814: 3124: 3112: 2928: 2742: 2596: 2568: 2454: 1797: 1318: 680: 483: 441: 381: 164: 140: 2755: 1593: 993: 883: 399:

fellows that went away in the morning ... I did not like to keep them, as the men might come back and kill them.

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This is not a case where any provocation has been given, which might have been pleaded in excuse for the deed…

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Waterloo Creek: The Australia Day Massacre of 1838 – George Gipps and the British Conquest of New South Wales

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Charles Kilmeister, James Oates, Edward Foley, John Russell, John Johnstone, William Hawkins, and James Parry

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on 12 December 1838 argued at length that "the murders... are, to a serious extent, chargeable upon us as a

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As the execution date for the convicts drew closer, public outrage over the trials increased. Editorials in

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before the heap was taken away bit by bit, as it evidently had been, to remove every vestige of the murder.

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When the stockmen rode into their camp, the Wirraayaraay fled to Kilmeister's hut pleading for protection.

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The crime was, however, committed in the sight of God, and the blood of the victims cries for vengeance.

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Rogers, Thomas James; Bain, Stephen (3 February 2016). "Genocide and frontier violence in Australia".

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region. Henry Dangar, the owner of the Myall Creek station, was among those supporting the defence.

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Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History

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Aborigines and Colonists: Aborigines and Colonial Society in New South Wales in the 1830s and 1840s

30:"Myall Creek" redirects here. For the early Queensland settlement formerly known by this name, see 2806: 1345: 722:

On 10 June 2000, a memorial to the victims of the massacre, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of

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Australian reminiscences & papers of L. E. Threlkeld, missionary to the Aborigines, 1824–1859

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Roads, was unveiled. It consists of a 600 m (2,000 ft) walkway, with seven oval-shaped

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co-accused at the trial. Governor Gipps attributed their silence to the magistrate's influence.

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Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations

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Withycombe, Patsy (2018), "The twelfth man: John Henry Fleming and the Myall Creek massacre",

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had an excursion to the site where they were welcomed by the Blacklock clan, who conducted a

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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under

2564:"Myall Creek apology: SMH has a proud history, but on Australia's worst massacre, we failed" 2374: 2287: 1670: 942: 740: 316: 308: 17: 1234: 2838: 2762: 2737: 2338: 1325: 1267: 1159: 1141: 1000: 790: 716: 2023:. The earliest known record of a European being executed for the murder of an Aboriginal. 1665: 3684: 3482: 3447: 3341: 3244: 3232: 2649:"21 July 2020 // Lyall Munro Snr (and, Legends of Land Rights: Lyall Munro Snr, video)" 2624: 970:"True heroes exposed the Myall Creek massacre. To our shame, we don't know their names" 782: 343: 3763: 3442: 3009: 2989: 2898: 1270: 1004: 954: 334:– The station hutkeeper, George Anderson, was the only white witness and key for the 312: 292: 264: 2949: 2538: 2041:

Blood on the Wattle: Massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788

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in the north of the colony. Seven perpetrators were convicted of murder and hanged.

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Australian National Heritage listing for the Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site

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Scars in the landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859

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Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of; Office, Great Britain Colonial (1839).

339: 272: 260: 209: 198: 172: 2834:"NSW police investigating desecration of Indigenous Myall Creek massacre memorial" 1939: 946: 2308: 2262: 2224: 2191: 2170: 2127: 2097:"Protectors of the native blacks, the late murder, and execution of the culprits" 1536: 1173: 3472: 3452: 3417: 1292: 335: 2803: 2539:"Myall Creek: Newspaper makes historic apology for Aboriginal massacre reports" 543:

in 1852. One of his descendants believes he did so out of a guilty conscience.

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I cannot proceed with the trial with any hope of success without evidence ....

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They saw Kirby stab Burragong (alias King Jack), whereupon he was felled by a

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This book is largely a biography of the Attorney General of NSW at the time,

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The Herald listed examples of alleged Aboriginal crimes, before continuing:

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Stone, Sharman N. (1974). "4.6 Sir George Gipps' report on murder trials".

907:"Terry Smyth, Denny Day: The Life and Times of Australia's Greatest Lawman" 578:, arguing on behalf of the poem and explaining why her views were correct. 3467: 3462: 3457: 3427: 3422: 2289:

The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future

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In the 1830s white settlers were expanding into the northern area of the

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Country, Kin and Culture: Survival of an Australian Aboriginal Community

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Stone, Sharman N. (1974). "4.5 George Anderson's eye-witness account".

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quoting Wentworth in the Legislative Council, Wednesday, 27 June 1849.

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Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897

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kill the men who they knew had gone to the neighbouring station.

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Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889

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National Heritage Places – Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site

311:, paid for by an association of landowners and stockmen from the 295:. The accused were represented by three of the colony's foremost 220:

These Aboriginal people had previously been camped peacefully at

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Munro, confirmed a racist slogan was scratched into the ground.

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On 9 June 2023, ahead of the 185th anniversary of the massacre,

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Dangar Park and the Myall Creek Massacre; Newcastle Art Gallery

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Beginning on 15 November 1838, the case was heard before the

2905:. Abridged by Michael Cathcart. Melbourne University Press. 2854:"Police investigate damage to Myall Creek massacre Memorial" 1541:. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed. p. 56. 1289:

Denny Day: The Life and Times of Australia's Greatest Lawman

3040:"Where can I find information on the Myall Creek Massacre?" 2364:

Places of pain and shame: dealing with "difficult heritage"

888:

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

1082:

Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's frontier killing times

804:

and featuring this and other work by Quilty, was shown on

785:, a technique he had used in previous paintings, entitled 151:

first trial. The leader of the perpetrators, free settler

2476: 2474: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 789:. He consulted Gamilaraay elders Aunty Sue Blacklock and 560:

Not all newspapers or white settlers took the same view.

2450:"Legislative Council: Aboriginal Natives' Evidence Bill" 251:

The ten Wirraayaraay had gone to MacIntyre's station at

2010: 1583:

NSWSupC 6, Macquarie Law School, accessed 23 March 2022

1314: 1312: 3025:, Australian Government, Department of the Environment 2400:

Unstable Ground: Performance and the Politics of Place

753:

On 7 June 2008, some 172 years after the events, the

212:(also spelled 'Weraerai') group who belonged to the 27:

1838 killing of Indigenous people in New South Wales

3662: 3650:

Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes

3623: 3597: 3518: 3511: 3393: 3087: 2160:

Life in the Country: Australia in the Victorian Age

1855:(illustrated ed.). JHU Press. pp. 62–63. 1417:"The Myall Creek massacre: the trial and aftermath" 1261:"The Myall Creek massacre: the trial and aftermath" 1162:, Creative Spirits Aboriginal culture and resources 121: 110: 102: 82: 71: 53: 2371:White out: how politics is killing black Australia 1852:Imagined Homelands: British Poetry in the Colonies 1723: 1721: 2395:, Cambridge University Press Archive 1995, p. 243 2337:D. Byrne, "A Critique of unfeeling heritage", in 2074:The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 3012:. The trial was his greatest test as prosecutor. 2947:(1888). "Chapter 15: The Myall Creek Massacre". 2592:"Myall Creek massacre: How the SMH got it wrong" 1948:, 12 December 1838, p. 2. Retrieved 6 July 2020. 1756:Lyndon, Jane & Ryan, Lyndall (1 June 2018). 553:referred to as the "filthy, brutal cannibals of 2510:"Legislative Assembly: Native Police Committee" 2172:In denial: the stolen generations and the right 1085:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. pp. 15, 178. 781:created a painting of the massacre, based on a 514: 3526:List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians 1798:South Australian Gazette And Colonial Register 793:before commencing his sketches for the work. 3065: 338:, conducted by Attorney General Plunkett and 89:7 perpetrators convicted of murder and hanged 8: 2382:Aboriginal Victorians:a history since 1800, 2229:. Alternative Publishing Company-operative. 2102:The Sydney Monitor And Commercial Advertiser 39: 3670:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 1820:Dunlop, Eliza Hamilton (13 December 1838). 823:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians 3515: 3072: 3058: 3050: 2526:– via National Library of Australia. 2498:– via National Library of Australia. 2466:– via National Library of Australia. 2438:– via National Library of Australia. 2286:Leitner, Gerhard; Malcolm, Ian G. (2008). 2132:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. 2113:– via National Library of Australia. 2085:– via National Library of Australia. 1929:– via National Library of Australia. 1903:– via National Library of Australia. 1838:– via National Library of Australia. 1809:– via National Library of Australia. 1745:– via National Library of Australia. 1714:– via National Library of Australia. 1635:– via National Library of Australia. 1594:"Manuscripts, oral history & pictures" 1120:by Terry Smyth, Penguin Random House, 2016 143:by eight colonists on 10 June 1838 at the 45: 38: 3675:Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians 2731:"Vandals deface two Australian memorials" 3531:Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840 2785:Department of Planning & Environment 2775:"Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site" 2366:, Taylor & Francis, 2009, pp. 82–96 2313:. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 23. 2031: 2029: 1993: 1991: 1972:"Myall Creek Massacre (Place ID 105869)" 1822:"Original Poetry: The Aboriginal Mother" 1178:. Sydney University Press. p. 147. 884:"Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site" 878: 876: 3577:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911 3567:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910 2968:Demons at Dusk, Massacre at Myall Creek 2780:New South Wales State Heritage Register 2292:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 143–144. 834: 763:New South Wales State Heritage Register 726:at the junction of Whitlow and Bingara- 380:The trial started on 29 November under 135:was the killing of at least 28 unarmed 2820:"Latest News – NSW Police Public Site" 1648:Journal of Australian Colonial History 1060:from the original on 12 September 2012 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 994:"The Myall Creek massacre re-examined" 755:Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site 712:Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site 2925:Parliament of New South Wales Hansard 2875:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2422:"Sworn to no Master, of no Sect am I" 2210:from the original on 14 February 2017 2146:from the original on 13 November 2016 1729:"Sworn to no Master, of no Sect am I" 1678:from the original on 10 November 2005 1491: 1489: 1226: 1224: 1201:The Destruction of Aboriginal Society 7: 3785:Deaths by firearm in New South Wales 3710: 2712:from the original on 9 November 2022 1762:Remembering the Myall Creek Massacre 1758:"Chapter 4: 'The Aboriginal Mother'" 842: 840: 838: 433:Executive Council of New South Wales 3810:Massacres of Indigenous Australians 2867:Jefferson, Dee (20 November 2019). 2175:. Schwartz Publishing. p. 96. 1869:from the original on 5 January 2019 1099:from the original on 9 January 2014 175:, the traditional territory of the 2389:In the Wake of First Contact: the 2021:from the original on 25 April 2013 1243:from the original on 16 March 2005 1036:Ryan, Lyndall (27 November 2008). 25: 3795:Australian National Heritage List 3609: 905:Franks, Rachel (September 2017). 894:from the original on 5 June 2013. 858:from the original on 5 March 2019 759:Australian National Heritage List 431:The sentence was ratified by the 95:the accused leader never arrested 3709: 3698: 3697: 3604: 2797: 1598:State Library of New South Wales 1328:, Parliament of New South Wales 289:Chief Justice of New South Wales 263:. Supported by Attorney General 3805:19th century in New South Wales 2702:"Vale Uncle Lyall Munro Senior" 2537:Ritchie, Hannah (9 June 2023). 2409:, Allen & Unwin 2002, p. 99 2196:. Berghahn Books. p. 205. 527:Subsequent events and responses 3680:Aborigines' Protection Society 3557:Aborigines Protection Act 1909 3541:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 2245:, Volumes 6–8, ANU 1982, p. 35 968:Tedeschi, Mark (9 June 2023). 818:List of massacres in Australia 1: 3800:New England (New South Wales) 3300:Avenue Range Station massacre 3137:Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828 3044:National Library of Australia 2430:. 10 December 1838. p. 2 2384:Allen & Unwin 2005, p. 80 2158:(1846) cited Michael Cannon, 2105:. 24 December 1838. p. 2 2077:. 20 December 1838. p. 2 1921:. 29 November 1841. p. 2 1737:. 14 November 1838. p. 2 1502:The Review of English Studies 947:10.1080/14623528.2016.1120466 275:to investigate the massacre. 3227:Fighting Waterholes massacre 2518:. 26 July 1861. pp. 2–3 2223:Blomfield, Geoffrey (1986). 1977:Australian Heritage Database 1895:. 15 October 1841. p. 2 1801:. 2 February 1839. p. 2 1624:Windsor and Richmond Gazette 1449:. 7 December 1838. p. 2 1130:Reflections from Myall Creek 935:Journal of Genocide Research 852:National Museum of Australia 798:Quilty: Painting the Shadows 76:Myall Creek, New South Wales 18:John Russell (mass murderer) 3633:Aboriginal Protection Board 2951:The Aborigines of Australia 2307:Rose, Deborah Bird (1991). 2162:, (1973) Nelson 1978, p. 78 1706:. 5 October 1838. p. 3 1627:. 25 August 1894. p. 6 1153:Myall Creek Massacre (1838) 159:Description of the massacre 3856: 3582:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 3281:War of Southern Queensland 3167:Convincing Ground massacre 3155:Port Phillip District Wars 3095:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 1551:Gunson, Niel (ed) (1974). 1346:[1838] NSWSupC 110 1236:[1838] NSWSupC 105 1051:Newcastle, New South Wales 709: 640:(1998), travel journalist 201:'s Myall Creek station in 29: 3830:1830s crimes in Australia 3693: 3125:Minnamurra River massacre 2743:The Sydney Morning Herald 2597:The Sydney Morning Herald 2569:The Sydney Morning Herald 2490:. 27 July 1861. p. 2 2458:. 29 June 1849. p. 2 2455:The Sydney Morning Herald 2402:, Peter Lang 2006, p. 163 2341:, Natsuko Akagawa (eds.) 2190:Moses, Dirk, ed. (2004). 2002:[1820] NSWSupC 11 1666:"Bridge Over Myall Creek" 1447:The Sydney Morning Herald 1079:Bottoms, Timothy (2013). 974:The Sydney Morning Herald 737:University of New England 681:The Sydney Morning Herald 484:Lancelot Edward Threlkeld 442:The Sydney Morning Herald 165:colony of New South Wales 141:Colony of New South Wales 44: 3780:Crime in New South Wales 3610:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2) 3605:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1) 3536:Aboriginal Witnesses Act 3348:Koonchera Point massacre 3330:Cullin-La-Ringo massacre 3209:Murdering Gully massacre 3197:Campaspe Plains massacre 3081:Australian frontier wars 3029:The Myall Creek Massacre 2996:. Simon & Schuster. 2736:28 February 2008 at the 1961:. Retrieved 6 July 2020. 1472:. Melbourne: Heinemann. 1369:. Melbourne: Heinemann. 375:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2) 332:R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1) 117:and 11 assigned convicts 3638:Protector of Aborigines 3354:Jandamarra Guerilla War 3324:Hospital Creek Massacre 3287:Battle of One Tree Hill 3275:Warrigal Creek massacre 3221:Fighting Hills massacre 3185:Waterloo Creek massacre 3101:Battle of Richmond Hill 2966:Stewart, Peter (2007). 2619:Milliss, Roger (1992). 2129:A History of Queensland 2126:Evans, Raymond (2007). 1940:"The Lords of the Soil" 1915:"The Aboriginal Mother" 1889:"The Aboriginal Mother" 1849:Rudy, Jason R. (2017). 1275:Inside History Magazine 1009:Inside History Magazine 761:. It was placed on the 663:Robert Ramsay Mackenzie 627:Waterloo Creek massacre 59:; 186 years ago 3394:Indigenous Australian 3372:Forrest River massacre 3360:Mistake Creek massacre 3179:Battle of Broken River 3035:Friends of Myall Creek 2921:"Myall Creek Massacre" 2623:. Ringwood, Victoria: 2515:The Courier (Brisbane) 2487:The Courier (Brisbane) 2261:Smith, Claire (2004). 2045:New Holland Publishers 1998:R v Kirby and Thompson 1957:Robert Ørsted-Jensen, 1324:28 August 2010 at the 1319:"Myall Creek Massacre" 848:"Myall Creek massacre" 524: 509: 495: 479: 463: 455: 429: 401: 391: 363: 3318:Hornet Bank massacre 3312:East Ballina massacre 3306:Waterloo Bay massacre 3263:Pelican Creek tragedy 2994:Murder at Myall Creek 2343:Intangible heritage, 1982:Australian Government 1793:"Sydney – Aborigines" 1342:R v Kilmeister (No 2) 1287:Smyth, Terry (2016). 1266:9 August 2016 at the 1231:R v Kilmeister (No 1) 1199:C.D., Rowley (1972). 999:9 August 2016 at the 787:Myall Creek Rorschach 765:on 12 November 2010. 693:Stockyard controversy 572:The Aboriginal Mother 568:Eliza Hamilton Dunlop 499: 491: 475: 459: 451: 410: 396: 386: 359: 3746:29.7813°S 150.7127°E 3366:Mowla Bluff massacre 3336:Flying Foam Massacre 3294:Darkey Flat Massacre 3257:Rufus River massacre 3191:Myall Creek massacre 3145:(Tasmania) (1828–32) 3113:Risdon Cove massacre 3106:Battle of Parramatta 2903:History of Australia 2352:, 2009, pp. 229–253 2350:Taylor & Francis 1959:The Politics of Race 1158:1 March 2013 at the 1140:14 July 2014 at the 912:Dictionary of Sydney 800:, made by filmmaker 757:was included on the 566:published a poem by 271:Edward Denny Day at 133:Myall Creek massacre 40:Myall Creek massacre 3835:Trials in Australia 3742: / 3587:Aborigines Act 1934 3572:Aborigines Act 1911 3562:Aborigines Act 1910 3396:resistance warriors 3269:Evans Head massacre 3239:Gippsland massacres 3203:Blood Hole massacre 2956:. pp. 141–154. 2761:5 June 2013 at the 2407:A Terribly Wild Man 1496:Wu, Duncan (2014). 1172:Reece, RHW (1974). 674:21st century legacy 638:Blood on the Wattle 92:4 accused acquitted 41: 3751:-29.7813; 150.7127 3643:Aboriginal reserve 3615:Tuckiar v The King 3384:Caledon Bay crisis 3173:Battle of Pinjarra 3149:Cape Grim massacre 2945:Flanagan, Roderick 2746:, 31 January 2005. 2706:Aboriginal Affairs 2653:Blak History Month 2243:Aboriginal history 1205:Ringwood, Victoria 1136:, 10 August 2011. 808:in November 2019. 796:A TV documentary, 783:Rorschach ink blot 537:John Henry Fleming 185:, a free man from 183:John Henry Fleming 153:John Henry Fleming 115:John Henry Fleming 3840:War crimes trials 3790:1838 in Australia 3775:Massacres in 1838 3770:Conflicts in 1838 3725: 3724: 3658: 3657: 3548:(statute 24/1889) 3378:Coniston massacre 3251:Wonnerup massacre 2931:on 28 August 2010 2427:The Sydney Herald 2405:Christine Halse, 2375:Allen & Unwin 2320:978-0-8557-5224-8 2299:978-3-1101-9784-6 2278:978-1-8625-4575-5 2203:978-1-5718-1410-4 2139:978-0-5218-7692-6 2069:"The Aboriginies" 1919:The Sydney Herald 1893:The Sydney Herald 1734:The Sydney Herald 1703:The Sydney Herald 1397:. 1 December 1838 1203:(1983 ed.). 1092:978-1-74331-382-4 791:Uncle Lyall Munro 746:The memorial was 668:Arthur Macalister 655:William Wentworth 583:John Dunmore Lang 581:The editorial in 549:The Sydney Herald 471:Darlinghurst Gaol 445:openly advocated 305:William à Beckett 269:Police Magistrate 205:on 9 June 1838. 187:Mungie Bundie Run 137:Aboriginal people 129: 128: 32:Dalby, Queensland 16:(Redirected from 3847: 3815:June 1838 events 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3713: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3516: 3488:Tunnerminnerwait 3215:Battle of Yering 3161:Yagan Resistance 3074: 3067: 3060: 3051: 3007: 2983:Peter FitzSimons 2980: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2927:. 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