749:
534:
676:
423:
490:
264:
51:
1379:
281:
577:
713:
Finnish philologist and researcher Paavo Hohti asserts that
Tzimiskes was one of "Byzantine's most capable military generals", noting his talents as a mediator and a reformer of religious institutions. According to Hohti, Tzimiskes' successful campaigns against the Rus and the Arabs allowed him to
452:
By 962 the
Hamdanids had sued for peace with favorable terms for the Byzantines, securing the eastern border of the Empire for some years. Tzimiskes distinguished himself during the war both at the side of his uncle and at leading parts of the army to battle under his personal command, as in the
398:
Contemporary sources describe
Tzimiskes as a rather short but well-built man, with reddish blonde hair and beard and blue eyes who was attractive to women. He seems to have joined the army at an early age, originally under the command of his maternal uncle Nikephoros Phokas. The latter is also
399:
considered his instructor in the art of war. Partly because of his familial connections and partly because of his personal abilities, Tzimiskes quickly rose through the ranks. He was given the political and military command of the theme of
Armenia before he turned twenty-five years old.
464:
in 963, Tzimiskes urged his uncle to seize the throne. After helping
Nikephoros to the throne and continuing to defend the Empire's eastern provinces, Tzimiskes was deprived of his command by an intrigue, for which he retaliated by conspiring with Nikephoros' wife
449:. Armenia served as the borderland between the two Empires, and Tzimiskes successfully defended his province. He and his troops joined the main army which was campaigning under the command of Nikephoros Phokas.
700:
poisoned the emperor to prevent him from stripping
Lekapenos of his ill-gotten lands and riches. Tzimiskes left all his own personal wealth to the poor and the sick. He was succeeded by his ward and nephew,
857:
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes (23 April 2020), "Aristocrats, Mercenaries, Clergymen and
Refugees: Deliberate and Forced Mobility of Armenians in the Early Medieval Mediterranean (6th to 11th Century a.d.)",
2997:
2992:
410:, linked him to the influential Skleros family. Little is known about her; she died before his rise to the throne, and the marriage was apparently childless. The contemporary historian
902:, p. 6. "The Phocas family was always associated with the province of Cappadocia in eastern Anatolia; its actual lineage seems to have been a mixture of Armenian and Greek.".
1394:
426:
Tentative reproduction of the lost portrait of John I. He's depicted beardless, although literary sources describe him as having a reddish/blonde facial hair.
1306:
1399:
573:
of Kiev. Tzimiskes and
Sviatoslav ended up negotiating a truce, in which weaponry, armor and provisions were exchanged for the famished Rus' departure.
3037:
2977:
1608:
596:
of the
Imperial symbols, and proclaimed Bulgaria annexed. He further secured his northern frontier by transplanting to Thrace some colonies of the
2133:
431:
3027:
3022:
2927:
2795:
1264:
1239:
1208:
931:
515:
175:
2987:
2140:
2763:
503:
92:
3032:
1339:
1320:
616:
457:
in 958. He was rather popular with his troops and gained a reputation for taking the initiative during battles, turning their course.
3017:
1367:
1292:
877:
1578:
2729:
2712:
2539:
2527:
533:
2700:
2492:
2454:
2414:
2381:
1420:
1283:
2960:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2915:
2741:
2568:
2534:
2498:
2387:
2556:
1601:
554:
2982:
2637:
2316:
1782:
1256:
675:
2947:
2903:
2881:
2832:
2719:
2510:
2279:
1621:
1521:
762:
514:, a cousin of Tzimiskes who aspired to succeed their uncle as emperor. To solidify his position, Tzimiskes married
41:
793:"Çemişgezek" in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names, 2005, by John Everett-Heath, Oxford University Press.
434:
with its eastern neighbors, the various autonomous and semi-autonomous emirates emerging from the break-up of the
3012:
2854:
2822:
2647:
1827:
1466:
1359:
511:
466:
317:
280:
2864:
2817:
2364:
2011:
692:
Tzimiskes died suddenly in 976 returning from his second campaign against the
Abbasids and was buried in the
363:
Tzimiskes was born in 924 or 925, as Leo the Deacon states that he died aged 51, to an unnamed member of the
2672:
2652:
2426:
2306:
1594:
1562:
754:
522:. He proceeded to justify his usurpation by repelling the foreign invaders of the Empire. The tributary of
356:). Either way, "Tzimiskes" was a surname used by other members of John's family, as the Armenian historian
2942:
2921:
2827:
1617:
2876:
2871:
2847:
2842:
2758:
2595:
2583:
2354:
1979:
589:
403:
208:
705:, who had been nominal co-emperor since 960. He left his successor a strengthened and expanded empire.
422:
3002:
2859:
2807:
2667:
2642:
2607:
2522:
2436:
2286:
2117:
1586:
1514:
1302:
593:
581:
368:
105:
3007:
2790:
2775:
2753:
2688:
2677:
2632:
2578:
2068:
2006:
1969:
1408:
562:
474:
2837:
2780:
2724:
2706:
2695:
2657:
2627:
2505:
2223:
2127:
1877:
1846:
1839:
1485:
883:
187:
1447:
Walker, Paul E. (1977). "The "Crusade" of John Tzimisces in the light of new Arabic evidence".
1080:
1018:
489:
2802:
2748:
2589:
2487:
2462:
2311:
2173:
1909:
1894:
1772:
1740:
1426:
1416:
1363:
1335:
1316:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1235:
1221:
1204:
980:
927:
873:
660:
644:
569:) on the Danube for 65 days, where after several hard-fought battles he defeated Grand Prince
442:
435:
341:
223:
75:
2932:
2909:
2812:
2785:
2770:
2736:
2662:
2622:
2337:
2264:
2234:
2097:
2052:
2047:
1919:
1533:
1349:
1225:
917:
863:
809:
734:
693:
495:
470:
357:
336:(Չմշկիկ), meaning "red boot", or from an Armenian word for "short stature", as explained by
301:
231:
136:
730:
345:
297:
263:
132:
2573:
2563:
2472:
2259:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2001:
1822:
1792:
1735:
1715:
992:
722:
697:
527:
519:
454:
387:. Several of their members had served as prominent army generals, most notably the great
2467:
2431:
2376:
2269:
2192:
2090:
2084:
2016:
1996:
1750:
1710:
1231:
1217:
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620:
608:
542:
507:
411:
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349:
337:
239:
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62:
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from 969 to 976. An intuitive and successful general who married into the influential
2971:
2937:
2897:
2441:
2249:
2057:
1390:
1385:
887:
478:
446:
66:
549:. In 970 he sent his brother-in-law, Bardas Skleros, to push the Rus' forces out of
2682:
2477:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2217:
2079:
1720:
1471:
726:
714:
restore the ascendancy of the Eastern Roman Empire in the Balkans and Mesopotamia.
684:
570:
243:
50:
1353:
1250:
2546:
2421:
2371:
2296:
1870:
1817:
1760:
612:
558:
344:, who states that Tzimiskes was from the region of Khozan, from the area called
286:
57:
537:
The Byzantine army under John I lays siege to the Bulgarian capital at Preslav.
383:
families, and among the most prominent of the emerging military aristocracy of
2602:
2517:
2482:
2447:
2359:
2274:
2034:
2027:
1974:
1954:
1899:
1864:
1857:
1802:
1767:
1630:
1312:
922:
868:
744:
597:
588:
On his return to Constantinople, Tzimiskes celebrated a triumph, expanded the
461:
384:
380:
348:. Khozan was located in the region of Paghnatun, in the Byzantine province of
269:
17:
340:. A more favorable explanation is offered by the medieval Armenian historian
65:
tapestry depicting John Tzimiskes being greeted by the Blues and Greens at a
2349:
2301:
2211:
2198:
1985:
1914:
1887:
1882:
1851:
1797:
1745:
1680:
1675:
1438:
Shepard, Jonathan (2010). "Raban, Battle of". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).
1430:
696:, which he had rebuilt. Several sources state that the Imperial chamberlain
664:
372:
364:
325:
316:
military aristocracy by the early 10th century. His mother belonging to the
309:
305:
803:
813:
312:
origin that had established itself as one of the chief families among the
2617:
2399:
2291:
2244:
2204:
2186:
2106:
2041:
2021:
1991:
1964:
1959:
1944:
1934:
1904:
1812:
1807:
1755:
1730:
1725:
1690:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1542:
1529:
1252:
The Days of the Warlords: A History of the Byzantine Empire, A.D. 969-991
702:
640:
636:
632:
566:
439:
392:
376:
313:
247:
162:
115:
1403:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 438.
580:
John Tzimiskes enters Constantinople in triumph along with the captured
2551:
2254:
2161:
2074:
1929:
1705:
628:
353:
227:
182:
2323:
2180:
2062:
1834:
1700:
656:
652:
550:
546:
523:
321:
235:
140:
1287:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1156–1157.
1442:. Vol. 3:Merc-Zuri. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–152.
1440:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
1196:
576:
1924:
1695:
1685:
1665:
1384:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
674:
648:
601:
575:
532:
488:
421:
1670:
1660:
860:
Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone
624:
1590:
1203:(in French), vol. 11, Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 57–88,
737:, modern day Turkey, is named after him, as he was born there.
995:. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Hayastan Publishing, 1973, pp. 12–13.
687:'s meeting with Emperor John, as described by Leo the Deacon
1415:(First American ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
1128:
1126:
808:, Harvard University Press, 1 April 2019, pp. 81–120,
1143:
1141:
506:
in December 969, Tzimiskes dispatched his brother-in-law
592:
as thanksgiving, divested the captive Bulgarian Emperor
949:
947:
945:
943:
611:
and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper
414:
remarks that she excelled in both beauty and wisdom.
2890:
2336:
2233:
2116:
1943:
1781:
1629:
1085:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online
1023:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online
557:. In 971, John Tzimiskes took the main army across
213:
181:
169:
147:
125:
121:
111:
101:
91:
81:
74:
34:
1199:, in Cheynet, Jean-Claude; Sode, Claudia (eds.),
2998:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
600:, whom he suspected of sympathising with their
541:During his early reign he had to fight off the
469:and a number of disgruntled leading generals (
1602:
402:His marriage to Maria Skleraina, daughter of
8:
1355:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1308:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
725:, the main commercial road in the center of
367:family and the sister of the future Emperor
360:refers to him as the "grandson of Č‘mškik".
2993:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
493:The coronation of John Tzimiskes, from the
2113:
1609:
1595:
1587:
1476:
1159:
1055:
1043:
965:
914:The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025
781:
31:
1132:
1067:
921:
867:
844:
953:
438:. The most prominent among them was the
1147:
1105:
832:
774:
332:" was derived either from the Armenian
328:origin. Scholars have speculated that "
1180:] (in Finnish). WSOY. p. 286.
1117:
1178:Byzantium - A thousand years of drama
899:
607:In 972, Tzimiskes turned against the
222:925 – 10 January 976) was the senior
7:
985:Մատթեոս Ուռհայեցի`Ժամանակնագրություն
553:; Skleros defeated the Rus' army at
563:besieged the fortress of Dorostolon
320:family of unknown ethnicity, maybe
230:, he strengthened and expanded the
1284:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1201:Studies in Byzantine Sigillography
1006:The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
989:The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
42:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
991:). Translation and commentary by
27:Byzantine emperor from 969 to 976
1377:
1305:; Winkelmann, Friedhelm (1998).
1197:"Les Kourkouas (IXe-XIe siècle)"
747:
308:family, a clan of still debated
304:. His father was a scion of the
279:
262:
49:
3038:Governors of the Anatolic Theme
2978:10th-century Byzantine emperors
1174:Bysantti - Tuhat draaman vuotta
242:by warring with the Rus' under
1224:; Sullivan, Dennis F. (eds.).
590:Church of Christ of the Chalke
1:
1227:The History of Leo the Deacon
1087:(in German). De Gruyter. 2013
1025:(in German). De Gruyter. 2013
784:, pp. 143–147 (VI, 1–4).
296:John was born in present-day
219:
3028:970s in the Byzantine Empire
3023:960s in the Byzantine Empire
2988:Armenian Byzantine emperors
1257:University Press of America
862:, BRILL, pp. 327–384,
526:was soon assured under the
214:
3054:
2882:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2833:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2720:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
968:, pp. 141–142 (V, 9).
763:List of Byzantine emperors
694:Church of Christ Chalkites
545:encroachment on the Lower
3033:Burials in Constantinople
2958:
2855:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2823:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2648:Constantine IX Monomachos
1570:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1479:
1360:Stanford University Press
923:10.1007/978-1-349-24765-3
869:10.1163/9789004425613_013
510:to subdue a rebellion by
430:The Byzantine Empire was
215:Iōánnēs ho Tzimiskēs
203:
106:Nikephoros II Phokas
48:
39:
3018:Domestics of the Schools
2818:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1358:. Stanford, California:
1277:(1991). "Kourkouas". In
1195:Andriollo, Lisa (2012),
623:, where his forces took
604:neighbours in the east.
518:, a daughter of Emperor
460:On the death of Emperor
2673:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2307:Tiberius II Constantine
1563:Domestic of the Schools
1467:Profile of Emperor John
1400:Encyclopædia Britannica
1334:. Pen and Sword Books.
1330:Romane, Julian (2015).
1249:Blaum, Paul A. (1994).
1004:See Matthew of Edessa.
755:Byzantine Empire portal
619:, in 975, was aimed at
2828:Michael IX Palaiologos
1162:, p. 218 (X, 11).
1046:, p. 221 (X, 11).
1019:"Ioannes I. Tzimiskes"
912:Whittow, Mark (1996).
729:, is named after him.
689:
585:
538:
499:
427:
2922:Thessalonian emperors
2916:Trapezuntine emperors
2877:John VIII Palaiologos
2872:Manuel II Palaiologos
2843:John VI Kantakouzenos
2759:Andronikos I Komnenos
2596:Constantine Lekapenos
1624:and empresses regnant
1413:Byzantium: The Apogee
1303:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
1172:Hohti, Paavo (2021).
1058:, p. 146 (V, 3).
835:, pp. 1156–1157.
814:10.2307/j.ctvckq5d6.7
678:
663:, but failed to take
579:
536:
492:
425:
395:and much of Armenia.
196:John I Tzimiskes
35:John I Tzimiskes
2860:John VII Palaiologos
2808:Theodore II Laskaris
2668:Constantine X Doukas
2608:Nikephoros II Phokas
1557:Nikephoros II Phokas
1537:as junior emperors)
1515:Nikephoros II Phokas
1472:Coinage of Tzimiskes
1332:Byzantium Triumphant
582:Boris II of Bulgaria
369:Nikephoros II Phokas
2791:Theodore I Laskaris
2776:Alexios III Angelos
2754:Alexios II Komnenos
2678:Romanos IV Diogenes
2633:Romanos III Argyros
2579:Romanos I Lekapenos
1070:, pp. 505–506.
379:were distinguished
204:Ἰωάννης ὁ Τζιμισκής
2983:Macedonian dynasty
2910:Britannic emperors
2904:Palmyrene emperors
2838:John V Palaiologos
2781:Alexios IV Angelos
2730:Constantine Doukas
2725:Alexios I Komnenos
2713:Constantine Doukas
2696:Michael VII Doukas
2658:Michael VI Bringas
2224:Romulus Augustulus
1847:Trebonianus Gallus
1840:Herennius Etruscus
1622:Byzantine emperors
1575:Title next held by
1486:Macedonian dynasty
1279:Kazhdan, Alexander
1275:Kazhdan, Alexander
1222:Talbot, Alice-Mary
1108:, p. 151-152.
1008:, p. 301, note 52.
690:
586:
539:
500:
428:
418:Rise to the throne
404:Pantherios Skleros
2965:
2964:
2803:John III Vatatzes
2749:Manuel I Komnenos
2488:Michael I Rangabe
2332:
2331:
2174:Petronius Maximus
1773:Severus Alexander
1741:Septimius Severus
1585:
1584:
1550:Military offices
1540:Succeeded by
1522:Byzantine emperor
1481:John I Tzimiskes
1350:Treadgold, Warren
1266:978-0-8191-9657-6
1241:978-0-88402-324-1
1210:978-3-11-026668-9
1081:"Maria Skleraina"
981:Matthew of Edessa
933:978-0-333-49601-5
443:Emirate of Aleppo
436:Abbasid Caliphate
342:Matthew of Edessa
224:Byzantine emperor
212:
193:
192:
155:(aged 50–51)
85:11 December 969 –
76:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
3045:
3013:Kourkouas family
2813:John IV Laskaris
2786:Alexios V Doukas
2771:Isaac II Angelos
2737:John II Komnenos
2663:Isaac I Komnenos
2623:Constantine VIII
2613:John I Tzimiskes
2340:Byzantine Empire
2114:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1555:Preceded by
1534:Constantine VIII
1512:Preceded by
1502:
1495:
1477:
1456:
1443:
1434:
1409:Norwich, John J.
1404:
1383:
1381:
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757:
752:
751:
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735:Tunceli Province
496:Madrid Skylitzes
471:Michael Bourtzes
391:, who conquered
358:Stepanos Asoghik
302:Tunceli Province
283:
266:
232:Byzantine Empire
221:
217:
207:
205:
154:
137:Tunceli Province
53:
32:
21:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2898:Gallic emperors
2886:
2574:Constantine VII
2355:Constantine III
2342:
2339:
2328:
2237:
2229:
2168:Valentinian III
2156:Constantius III
2150:Priscus Attalus
2134:Constantine III
2120:
2112:
2002:Valerius Valens
1947:
1939:
1785:
1777:
1736:Didius Julianus
1716:Marcus Aurelius
1633:
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1615:
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1423:
1407:
1393:, ed. (1911). "
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993:Hrach Bartikyan
977:
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952:
941:
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788:
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771:
753:
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746:
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723:Tsimiski Street
720:
711:
698:Basil Lekapenos
680:Klavdiy Lebedev
673:
617:second campaign
528:Treaty of Safar
520:Constantine VII
487:
455:Battle of Raban
420:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
284:
275:
274:
273:
267:
256:
174:
173:Maria Skleraina
160:
156:
152:
130:
97:19 December 969
86:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
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2952:
2951:
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2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
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2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2857:
2852:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2717:
2693:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Theodora (III)
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2576:
2571:
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2520:
2515:
2503:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Constantine VI
2465:
2460:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:Theodosius III
2429:
2424:
2419:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2377:Constantine IV
2374:
2369:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:Eastern Empire
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:Western Empire
2111:
2110:
2103:
2091:Magnus Maximus
2087:
2085:Valentinian II
2082:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2017:Constantius II
2014:
2012:Constantine II
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Antoninus Pius
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1634:27 BC – AD 235
1627:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1507:Regnal titles
1504:
1503:
1501:10 January 976
1483:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1461:External links
1459:
1458:
1457:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1405:
1391:Chisholm, Hugh
1374:
1368:
1346:
1341:978-1473845701
1340:
1327:
1322:978-3110151794
1321:
1299:
1293:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1232:Dumbarton Oaks
1218:Leo the Deacon
1214:
1209:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1164:
1160:Leo the Deacon
1152:
1150:, p. 229.
1137:
1135:, p. 512.
1133:Treadgold 1997
1122:
1110:
1098:
1072:
1068:Treadgold 1997
1060:
1056:Leo the Deacon
1048:
1044:Leo the Deacon
1036:
1010:
997:
970:
966:Leo the Deacon
958:
939:
932:
904:
892:
878:
849:
845:Andriollo 2012
837:
825:
795:
786:
782:Leo the Deacon
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767:
766:
765:
759:
758:
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719:
716:
710:
707:
672:
669:
609:Abbasid Empire
508:Bardas Skleros
486:
483:
419:
416:
412:Leo the Deacon
408:Bardas Skleros
406:and sister of
389:John Kourkouas
350:Fourth Armenia
338:Leo the Deacon
285:
278:
277:
276:
268:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
255:
252:
250:respectively.
228:Skleros family
191:
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171:
167:
166:
158:Constantinople
151:10 January 976
149:
145:
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109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
87:10 January 976
83:
79:
78:
72:
71:
63:Byzantine silk
55:Detail of the
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:John Tzimiskes
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3050:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
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3016:
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3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
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2999:
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2801:
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2760:
2757:
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2747:
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2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
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2604:
2601:
2598:
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2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2535:Theodora (II)
2533:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2495:
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2489:
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2479:
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2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:Constantine V
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Anastasius II
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
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2370:
2367:
2366:
2361:
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2319:
2318:
2313:
2310:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
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2290:
2288:
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2281:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Theodosius II
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
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2209:
2207:
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2202:
2200:
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2185:
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2178:
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2171:
2169:
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2131:
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2115:
2109:
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2104:
2101:
2100:
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2092:
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2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Valentinian I
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:Constantine I
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Constantius I
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
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1933:
1931:
1928:
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1918:
1916:
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1911:
1908:
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1866:
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1859:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
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1679:
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1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1487:
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1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:public domain
1375:
1371:
1369:0-8047-2630-2
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1311:(in German).
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:0-19-504652-8
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:, p. 73.
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:(in Armenian)
974:
971:
967:
962:
959:
955:
954:Chisholm 1911
950:
948:
946:
944:
940:
935:
929:
924:
919:
915:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:9789004425613
875:
870:
865:
861:
853:
850:
847:, p. 58.
846:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
815:
811:
807:
806:
799:
796:
790:
787:
783:
778:
775:
768:
764:
761:
760:
756:
745:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
708:
706:
704:
699:
695:
688:
686:
682:(1852–1916).
681:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Bardas Phokas
509:
505:
498:
497:
491:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
458:
456:
450:
448:
447:Sayf al-Dawla
444:
441:
437:
433:
424:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
288:
282:
271:
265:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
216:
210:
201:
197:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
172:
168:
164:
159:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
124:
120:
117:
116:Basil II
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
59:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2865:Andronikos V
2863:
2846:
2794:
2762:
2740:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2555:
2538:
2526:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2478:Nikephoros I
2453:
2452:
2446:
2413:
2410:Justinian II
2405:Tiberius III
2395:Justinian II
2386:
2380:
2363:
2315:
2287:Anastasius I
2278:
2222:
2218:Julius Nepos
2210:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2080:Theodosius I
2067:
2040:
2033:
2026:
1997:Maximinus II
1984:
1886:
1869:
1856:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1759:
1721:Lucius Verus
1577:
1571:
1565:of the East
1561:
1520:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1412:
1398:
1354:
1331:
1307:
1282:
1251:
1226:
1200:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1148:Norwich 1992
1113:
1106:Shepard 2010
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1005:
1000:
988:
984:
973:
961:
913:
907:
895:
859:
852:
840:
833:Kazhdan 1991
828:
817:, retrieved
804:
798:
789:
777:
727:Thessaloniki
721:
712:
691:
683:
606:
587:
571:Sviatoslav I
555:Arcadiopolis
540:
501:
494:
481:Nikephoros.
475:Leo Balantes
459:
451:
429:
401:
397:
362:
346:Chmushkatzag
333:
329:
295:
244:Sviatoslav I
195:
194:
56:
40:
29:
3003:920s births
2924:(1224–1242)
2918:(1204–1461)
2707:Konstantios
2584:Christopher
2557:Constantine
2547:Michael III
2528:Constantine
2511:Constantine
2493:Theophylact
2422:Philippicus
2372:Constans II
2297:Justinian I
2193:Severus III
2141:Constans II
1895:Claudius II
1871:Silbannacus
1818:Gordian III
1793:Maximinus I
1761:Diadumenian
1118:Romane 2015
613:Mesopotamia
543:Kievan Rus'
479:assassinate
381:Cappadocian
371:. Both the
287:Miliaresion
234:to include
153:(976-01-10)
102:Predecessor
58:Gunthertuch
3008:976 deaths
2972:Categories
2701:Andronikos
2689:Nikephoros
2638:Michael IV
2603:Romanos II
2523:Theophilos
2518:Michael II
2499:Staurakios
2483:Staurakios
2455:Nikephoros
2448:Artabasdos
2360:Heraclonas
2317:Theodosius
2275:Basiliscus
2035:Nepotianus
2028:Magnentius
2022:Constans I
1975:Severus II
1955:Diocletian
1900:Quintillus
1865:Aemilianus
1858:Volusianus
1803:Gordian II
1768:Elagabalus
1631:Principate
1455:: 301–327.
1422:0394537785
1313:De Gruyter
900:Blaum 1994
731:Çemişgezek
709:Assessment
685:Svyatoslav
629:Heliopolis
598:Paulicians
559:Mt. Haemus
504:coronation
502:After his
462:Romanos II
385:Asia Minor
298:Çemişgezek
270:Histamenon
254:Background
188:Macedonian
133:Çemişgezek
93:Coronation
2943:Classical
2928:Empresses
2912:(286–296)
2906:(267–273)
2900:(260–274)
2643:Michael V
2569:Alexander
2382:Heraclius
2350:Heraclius
2302:Justin II
2212:Glycerius
2199:Anthemius
2069:Procopius
2007:Martinian
1986:Maxentius
1915:Florianus
1888:Saloninus
1883:Gallienus
1852:Hostilian
1828:Philip II
1798:Gordian I
1746:Caracalla
1681:Vespasian
1676:Vitellius
1449:Byzantion
1220:(2005) .
888:218992750
805:Romanland
665:Jerusalem
467:Theophano
373:Kourkouai
365:Kourkouas
334:Chmushkik
330:Tzimiskes
314:Anatolian
306:Kourkouas
289:of John I
272:of John I
209:romanized
165:, Turkey)
112:Successor
2938:Usurpers
2933:Augustae
2891:See also
2796:Nicholas
2618:Basil II
2415:Tiberius
2400:Leontius
2388:Tiberius
2365:Tiberius
2343:610–1453
2338:Eastern/
2292:Justin I
2245:Arcadius
2205:Olybrius
2187:Majorian
2128:Honorius
2107:Eugenius
2042:Vetranio
1992:Licinius
1965:Galerius
1960:Maximian
1945:Dominate
1935:Numerian
1905:Aurelian
1878:Valerian
1823:Philip I
1813:Balbinus
1808:Pupienus
1756:Macrinus
1731:Pertinax
1726:Commodus
1691:Domitian
1656:Claudius
1651:Caligula
1646:Tiberius
1641:Augustus
1543:Basil II
1530:Basil II
1431:18164817
1411:(1992).
1352:(1997).
1091:29 April
1029:29 April
819:30 April
741:See also
703:Basil II
645:Caesarea
641:Nazareth
637:Tiberias
633:Damascus
594:Boris II
567:Silistra
516:Theodora
445:, under
440:Hamdanid
393:Melitene
377:Phokadai
375:and the
326:Armenian
310:Armenian
248:Fatimids
246:and the
176:Theodora
163:Istanbul
2948:Eastern
2848:Matthew
2742:Alexios
2590:Stephen
2552:Basil I
2437:Leo III
2312:Maurice
2255:Marcian
2238:395–610
2162:Joannes
2121:395–480
2075:Gratian
1948:284–610
1930:Carinus
1910:Tacitus
1786:235–285
1706:Hadrian
1572:Unknown
1526:969–976
1395:John I.
1388::
1281:(ed.).
1189:Sources
733:in the
661:Tripoli
354:Sophene
211::
183:Dynasty
67:triumph
2710:&
2686:&
2593:&
2564:Leo VI
2540:Thekla
2496:&
2463:Leo IV
2385:&
2324:Phocas
2280:Marcus
2265:Leo II
2181:Avitus
2098:Victor
2063:Valens
2053:Jovian
2048:Julian
1920:Probus
1855:&
1835:Decius
1783:Crisis
1701:Trajan
1579:Melias
1568:963–?
1528:(with
1497:
1494:c. 925
1429:
1419:
1382:
1366:
1338:
1319:
1291:
1263:
1238:
1207:
930:
886:
876:
718:Legacy
659:, and
657:Byblos
653:Beirut
602:Muslim
561:, and
551:Thrace
547:Danube
524:Aleppo
432:at war
318:Phokas
236:Thrace
170:Spouse
141:Turkey
2506:Leo V
2473:Irene
2260:Leo I
1925:Carus
1696:Nerva
1686:Titus
1666:Galba
1618:Roman
1499:Died:
1492:Born:
1176:[
884:S2CID
769:Notes
671:Death
649:Sidon
625:Emesa
621:Syria
485:Reign
477:) to
322:Greek
240:Syria
200:Greek
161:(now
131:(now
82:Reign
2862:(w.
2845:(w.
2793:(w.
2764:John
2761:(w.
2739:(w.
2727:(w.
2698:(w.
2680:(w.
2581:(w.
2554:(w.
2537:(w.
2525:(w.
2508:(w.
2490:(w.
2451:(w.
2412:(w.
2379:(w.
2362:(w.
2314:(w.
2277:(w.
2270:Zeno
2137:(w.
2094:(w.
1885:(w.
1849:(w.
1837:(w.
1825:(w.
1758:(w.
1751:Geta
1671:Otho
1661:Nero
1620:and
1532:and
1427:OCLC
1417:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1093:2023
1031:2023
928:ISBN
874:ISBN
821:2023
615:. A
473:and
238:and
148:Died
126:Born
61:, a
2683:Leo
2628:Zoe
1874:(?)
1397:".
918:doi
864:doi
810:doi
300:in
135:,
129:925
2974::
2704:,
2587:,
1453:47
1451:.
1425:.
1362:.
1315:.
1259:.
1255:.
1234:.
1230:.
1140:^
1125:^
1083:.
1021:.
983:.
942:^
926:.
916:.
882:,
872:,
667:.
655:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
635:,
631:,
627:,
530:.
220:c.
218:;
206:,
202::
139:,
2868:)
2851:)
2799:)
2767:)
2745:)
2733:)
2716:)
2692:)
2599:)
2560:)
2543:)
2531:)
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2102:)
1891:)
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1843:)
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1433:.
1372:.
1344:.
1325:.
1297:.
1269:.
1244:.
1095:.
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987:(
956:.
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920::
866::
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584:.
565:(
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198:(
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69:.
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