273:
142:
29:
304:
in
Berkeley was among the first to produce useful amounts of radioactive isotopes which could be used in studies of their effects on living tissue. In a series of papers published in 1937 Hamilton detailed early medical trials using radioactive sodium, followed by papers detailing the use of the
377:. Hamilton wrote that large primates like "chimpanzees ... be substituted for humans in the planned studies on radiation's cognitive effects." He further warned that by using humans the AEC would be open "to considerable criticism," since the experiments as proposed had "a little of the
347:, CAL-1, was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer, which researchers soon found to have been an ulcer. Stevens is significant as he is recorded to have survived the highest known accumulated radiation dose of any human. He lived 20 years after the injection and died at 79 years of age.
321:
in 1944. Hamilton led a team to conduct toxicity experiments on rats. Finding the results unsatisfactory, Hamilton participated in the decision to continue the trials with human subjects. The teams conducted trials in secret from 1945 to 1947.
272:
249:(November 11, 1907 – February 18, 1957) was an American professor of Medical Physics, Experimental Medicine, General Medicine, and Experimental Radiology as well as director (1948–1957) of the Crocker Laboratory, part of the
372:
Once the AEC took over control of the
Manhattan Project's various roles, Hamilton returned to his work at Berkeley. In a memo written in 1950, Hamilton gave some recommendations to the AEC's Director of Biology and Medicine,
353:
Elmer Allen, CAL-3, was 36 at the time of injection and lived for 44 years post injection, with his cause of death being recorded as respiratory failure, pneumonia. He died in 1991 shortly before
1286:
1230:
350:
Simeon Shaw, CAL-2, was 4 years old at the time of injection and diagnosed with bone cancer. Shaw lived for 255 days post injection, with his cause of death being recorded as bone cancer.
808:"The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Archives and Records Office's Role in the US Department of Energy's Human Radiation Experiment Records Search and Retrieval Project" by Lori L. Hefner
403:
791:
258:
364:
setting of far lower tolerance limits of these substances than had been theorised before trials. The Atomic Energy
Commission terminated this series of human trials in 1950.
305:
radioactive isotopes of potassium, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Radioactive iodine was found to be particularly useful in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders.
1343:
1348:
1224:
690:
843:
1353:
1338:
1139:
797:
1086:
360:
Hamilton's studies of isotope retention in humans, especially of radioactive strontium and the transuranic elements, were the principal reason for the
46:
337:
into 18 unsuspecting human patients and measuring its concentration in excreta. Joseph
Gilbert Hamilton's team injected three of the subjects at
1250:
807:
361:
1318:
250:
234:
1358:
669:
836:
625:
544:
93:
589:
1323:
731:
112:
65:
17:
1006:
72:
436:
1328:
50:
1193:
829:
469:
79:
852:
1203:
61:
1260:
652:
141:
1162:
1013:
870:
1280:
465:
386:
289:
187:
1275:
985:
39:
1036:
330:
1333:
1255:
1091:
1076:
1145:
1313:
1308:
749:
512:
293:
86:
1270:
1096:
1019:
285:
1240:
1183:
1126:
965:
798:"Joe Hamilton's Cavalier Approach to Radiation" comments by Dr. John W. Gofman, December 20, 1994
584:
297:
1235:
1188:
1046:
1041:
975:
895:
890:
773:
765:
740:
727:
695:
621:
536:
528:
503:
314:
738:
LAWRENCE, E O; GARRISON W M (August 1957). "J.G. Hamilton, medical physicist and physician".
1132:
1121:
1111:
1081:
1031:
1025:
757:
666:
520:
326:
498:
1213:
1198:
1066:
1056:
955:
880:
815:
801:
712:
673:
576:
494:
296:
and interned at the
University of California Hospital, San Francisco. He was awarded his
753:
516:
1208:
1173:
1168:
970:
960:
945:
900:
382:
374:
354:
344:
277:
1302:
1245:
1071:
980:
920:
885:
615:
1178:
1101:
950:
940:
428:
254:
198:
458:"Joseph Gilbert Hamilton, Medicine; Medical Physics: San Francisco and Berkeley".
761:
524:
930:
28:
1051:
935:
925:
875:
378:
769:
532:
459:
1265:
385:
would be the one who carried out these experiments from 1960 to 1971 at the
334:
318:
301:
777:
540:
588:. Radiation Protection and the Human Radiation Experiments (23): 177–223.
724:
The plutonium files: America's Secret
Medical Experiments in the Cold War
398:
617:
The
Plutonium Files:America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War
821:
408:
224:
1061:
792:"In Memoriam: Joseph Gilbert Hamilton" University of California 1959
389:, exposing "at least 90 cancer patients to large radiation doses."
271:
338:
825:
22:
1287:
Greenberg v. Miami
Children's Hospital Research Institute
357:
could interview him for her work in exposing the trials.
280:
who is voluntarily drinking a radioactive sodium solution
404:
Monument to the X-ray and Radium
Martyrs of All Nations
253:. Hamilton studied the medical effects of exposure to
1154:
1110:
994:
909:
859:
691:"Eugene Saenger, 90; pioneer in radiation research"
230:
220:
205:
193:
183:
175:
159:
151:
132:
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
499:"J. G. Hamilton, Medical Physicist and Physician"
317:laboratory personnel working with newly isolated
1225:Moore v. Regents of the University of California
667:Eugene Saenger, Controversial Doctor, Dies at 90
339:University of California Hospital, San Francisco
264:He was married to painter Leah Rinne Hamilton.
276:Hamilton (left) in 1939 with fellow physicist
837:
8:
1140:Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital
401:at the age of 49. His name was added to the
713:Moss, William & Eckhardt, Roger (1995)
577:"The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments"
461:University of California: In Memoriam, 1959
1236:Medical Experimentation on Black Americans
844:
830:
822:
140:
129:
1344:University of California, Berkeley alumni
715:The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments
497:; Garrison, Warren M. (August 16, 1957).
313:Concern was expressed over the safety of
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:For other people with the same name, see
1349:University of California, Berkeley staff
1174:Albert Kligman's dermatology experiments
1231:Surgery to try to improve mental health
575:Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995).
420:
650:"The Media & Me: ", Geoffrey Sea,
595:from the original on September 6, 2019
646:
644:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
547:from the original on February 2, 2023
472:from the original on October 10, 2008
251:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
235:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
7:
1354:American nuclear medicine physicians
1339:Radiation health effects researchers
489:
487:
439:from the original on August 15, 2022
51:adding citations to reliable sources
804: (archived September 25, 2007);
14:
300:degree in 1936. At that time the
201:, unethical human experimentation
717:, Los Alamos Science 23, 177-233
325:Three teams headed by Hamilton,
127:American professor and physicist
27:
18:Joseph Hamilton (disambiguation)
1007:Betancourt v. Trinitas Hospital
197:medical effects of exposure to
38:needs additional citations for
1251:Radioactive iodine experiments
818: (archived July 30, 1997);
333:carried out trials, injecting
288:in Chemistry in 1929 from the
1:
1194:Guatemala syphilis experiment
362:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
1319:American medical researchers
762:10.1126/science.126.3268.294
525:10.1126/science.126.3268.294
257:, which included the use of
1359:American medical physicists
1204:Human radiation experiments
368:The "Buchenwald touch" memo
259:unsuspecting human subjects
1375:
1261:Stanford prison experiment
810:STAMA Australia Newsletter
672:November 29, 2022, at the
653:Columbia Journalism Review
292:. He studied medicine in
15:
1163:Abdullahi v. Pfizer, Inc.
1014:Commonwealth v. Twitchell
871:Betty and George Coumbias
240:
213:
139:
62:"Joseph Gilbert Hamilton"
1324:Manhattan Project people
1281:Willowbrook State School
614:Welsome, Eileen (1999).
468:. 1959. pp. 27–30.
466:University of California
387:University of Cincinnati
290:University of California
188:University of California
1276:Tuskegee Syphilis Study
1219:Joseph Gilbert Hamilton
998:parent/patient/guardian
996:Medical opinion against
722:Welsome, Eileen (1999)
247:Joseph Gilbert Hamilton
134:Joseph Gilbert Hamilton
1037:Archie Battersbee case
726:Dial press, New York.
435:. September 26, 2021.
331:Wright Haskell Langham
284:Hamilton received his
281:
1329:American radiologists
1256:Skid Row Cancer Study
1092:Spiro Nikolouzos case
1077:Joseph Maraachli case
812:No. 2, September 1995
429:"Leah Rinne Hamilton"
275:
1271:Plutonium injections
853:Medical ethics cases
255:radioactive isotopes
199:radioactive isotopes
47:improve this article
1097:Aruna Shanbaug case
1020:Mordechai Dov Brody
754:1957Sci...126..294L
656:, March/April 1994.
517:1957Sci...126..294L
495:Lawrence, Ernest O.
397:Hamilton died from
1241:Milgram experiment
1184:Deep sleep therapy
1146:Christiane Völling
1127:Gillick competence
680:, October 11, 2007
676:," William Dicke,
585:Los Alamos Science
282:
1296:
1295:
1047:Tirhas Habtegiris
1042:Charlie Gard case
976:Karen Ann Quinlan
896:Piergiorgio Welby
699:, October 6, 2007
696:Los Angeles Times
689:Thomas H. Maugh,
433:Farhat Art Museum
315:Manhattan Project
244:
243:
215:Scientific career
163:February 18, 1957
155:November 11, 1907
123:
122:
115:
97:
1366:
1122:Ashley Treatment
1112:Informed consent
1082:Jahi McMath case
1032:Alfie Evans case
1026:Lantz v. Coleman
846:
839:
832:
823:
781:
700:
687:
681:
663:
657:
648:
639:
638:
636:
634:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
594:
581:
572:
557:
556:
554:
552:
491:
482:
481:
479:
477:
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
425:
393:Death and legacy
327:Louis Hempelmann
170:
168:
146:Hamilton in 1954
144:
130:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
31:
23:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1214:Jesse Gelsinger
1199:Henrietta Lacks
1150:
1114:
1106:
1087:Sarah Murnaghan
1067:Ashya King case
1057:Sun Hudson case
999:
997:
990:
956:Vincent Lambert
913:
911:
905:
881:Giovanni Nuvoli
864:
862:
855:
850:
816:Wayback Machine
802:Wayback Machine
788:
737:
709:
704:
703:
688:
684:
674:Wayback Machine
664:
660:
649:
642:
632:
630:
628:
613:
612:
608:
598:
596:
592:
579:
574:
573:
560:
550:
548:
493:
492:
485:
475:
473:
457:
456:
452:
442:
440:
427:
426:
422:
417:
395:
370:
311:
270:
184:Alma mater
166:
164:
147:
135:
128:
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
44:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1209:J. Marion Sims
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Doctors' Trial
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Albert Stevens
1166:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1000:
995:
992:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Haleigh Poutre
968:
963:
961:Robert Latimer
958:
953:
948:
946:Eluana Englaro
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
915:
907:
906:
904:
903:
901:Jack Kevorkian
898:
893:
891:Ramón Sampedro
888:
883:
878:
873:
867:
865:
860:
857:
856:
851:
849:
848:
841:
834:
826:
820:
819:
805:
795:
787:
786:External links
784:
783:
782:
735:
720:
708:
705:
702:
701:
682:
678:New York Times
658:
640:
627:978-0385314022
626:
620:. Dial Press.
606:
558:
483:
450:
419:
418:
416:
413:
394:
391:
383:Eugene Saenger
375:Shields Warren
369:
366:
355:Eileen Welsome
345:Albert Stevens
310:
307:
278:Robert Marshak
269:
266:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
195:
194:Known for
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
171:(aged 49)
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
137:
136:
133:
126:
121:
120:
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1371:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Monster Study
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1133:Marion's Case
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:Jesse Koochin
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1001:
993:
987:
986:Gloria Taylor
984:
982:
981:Terri Schiavo
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Andrew Bedner
919:
918:
916:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Sue Rodriguez
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
866:
858:
854:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
827:
824:
817:
813:
811:
806:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
785:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:(3268): 294.
747:
743:
742:
736:
733:
732:0-385-31402-7
729:
725:
721:
718:
716:
711:
710:
706:
698:
697:
692:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
662:
659:
655:
654:
647:
645:
641:
629:
623:
619:
618:
610:
607:
591:
587:
586:
578:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
559:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:(3268): 294.
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
490:
488:
484:
471:
467:
463:
462:
454:
451:
438:
434:
430:
424:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
405:
400:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
367:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
348:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
309:Human testing
308:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
274:
267:
265:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
138:
131:
125:
117:
114:
106:
103:February 2013
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
19:
1334:Radiobiology
1285:
1223:
1218:
1179:David Reimer
1161:
1138:
1131:
1115:to treatment
1102:David Vetter
1024:
1012:
1005:
951:June Hartley
941:Baby Doe Law
809:
745:
739:
723:
714:
694:
685:
677:
661:
651:
633:November 18,
631:. Retrieved
616:
609:
599:November 13,
597:. Retrieved
583:
549:. Retrieved
508:
502:
474:. Retrieved
460:
453:
441:. Retrieved
432:
423:
402:
396:
371:
359:
352:
349:
343:
324:
312:
283:
263:
246:
245:
231:Institutions
214:
124:
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
1314:1957 deaths
1309:1907 births
931:Paul Brophy
912:Withholding
910:Euthanasia/
411:, Germany.
407:erected in
176:Nationality
1303:Categories
1052:Rom Houben
936:Carol Carr
926:Tony Bland
876:Dax Cowart
707:References
379:Buchenwald
268:Early work
209:Leah Rinne
167:1957-02-19
73:newspapers
1266:Study 329
914:treatment
861:Assisted
770:0036-8075
551:August 4,
533:0036-8075
476:August 4,
443:August 4,
335:plutonium
319:plutonium
302:cyclotron
1155:Research
778:13454816
670:Archived
590:Archived
545:Archived
541:13454816
470:Archived
437:Archived
399:leukemia
381:touch."
294:Berkeley
179:American
863:suicide
814:at the
800:at the
750:Bibcode
741:Science
734: ;
513:Bibcode
504:Science
409:Hamburg
225:Physics
165: (
87:scholar
1062:Baby K
966:Baby M
776:
768:
730:
624:
539:
531:
221:Fields
206:Spouse
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
593:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
415:Notes
94:JSTOR
80:books
774:PMID
766:ISSN
728:ISBN
635:2012
622:ISBN
601:2012
553:2023
537:PMID
529:ISSN
478:2023
445:2023
329:and
298:M.D.
286:B.S.
160:Died
152:Born
66:news
758:doi
746:126
521:doi
509:126
49:by
1305::
772:.
764:.
756:.
744:.
693:,
643:^
582:.
561:^
543:.
535:.
527:.
519:.
507:.
501:.
486:^
464:.
431:.
341:.
261:.
845:e
838:t
831:v
794:;
780:.
760::
752::
719:;
665:"
637:.
603:.
555:.
523::
515::
480:.
447:.
169:)
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
