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185:. Washington spent two weeks in Philadelphia as Morris's houseguest in December 1783, during which he may have selected Wright to paint the portrait. He replied to the Count de Solms in January 1784: "I have not delayed a moment therefore to comply with your wishes, but have employed a Gentleman to perform the work, who is thought on a former occasion to have taken a better likeness of me, than any other painter has done: His forté seems to be in giving the distinguishing characteristics with more boldness than delicacy." Wright painted the 3/4-length portrait in Philadelphia, and completed it in early 1784. Washington returned to Philadelphia on May 1, for the first meeting of the
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40:(July 16, 1756, Bordentown, New Jersey – September 13, 1793, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American portrait painter and sculptor. He painted life portraits of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, and was a designer of early U.S. coinage. Wright was President Washington's original choice for Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint, but died at age 37, before being confirmed to that position.
233:." It directed that the statue be modeled and cast in Europe, but also commissioned Wright to create a life-size clay bust of Washington to be used as a 3-dimensional model by whatever European sculptor should be awarded the equestrian commission. In furtherance of this effort, Washington invited Wright to Mount Venon, and allowed the artist to make a
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this ludicrous attitude, Mrs. Washington entered the room; and seeing, my face thus overspread with the plaster, involuntarily exclaimed. Her cry excited me in a disposition to smile, which gave my mouth a slight twist, or compression of the lips that is now observable in the bust which Wright afterward made.
368:, where both houses of Congress met, 1788-1790. New York City served as the national capital for two years, and the portrait shows Muhlenberg seated at his desk on the dais of the House Chamber. Wright later painted a pendant portrait of Muhlenberg's wife, and the two portraits hung in their family home in
255:)." In April 1784, the Congressional committee paid Wright $ 233.33 for the clay bust. But it provided no funding for the bust to be transported to France for the U.S. Minister to the Court of Versailles, Benjamin Franklin, to select a sculptor. Instead, the bust was delivered to Congress, then meeting at
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hanging off the end of it, but she faces left on the half-cent, and faces right on the large cent. The
Liberty image first appeared as the obverse of the General Henry Lee Medal (1792), commissioned by Congress, issued by the Mint, and signed "J. Wright." There is debate about whether Wright or Henry
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Congress also commissioned Wright to model a life-size plaster relief bust of
Washington, that he completed in January 1785. He created a half-size plaster version of this for Martha Washington, that remains at Mount Vernon. He modeled at least two profile relief heads in wax, that are now at Mount
122:
owned by
Franklin. The pose was the same, but Wright's portrait was life-size, and he changed the clothing and background. His correspondence confirms that Franklin indeed did sit for him. Franklin was pleased with the portrait, and commissioned Wright to paint a copy as a gift for a friend. Wright
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Paitence Wright was a supporter of the
American Revolution, and wartime tensions in London led to her move her portrait studio/wax museum to Paris in 1780. Her friend Benjamin Franklin came to Paris in 1782, as chief of the American delegation to negotiate a treaty to end the Revolutionary War. The
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Wright's father died in 1769, and his mother turned her hobby of modeling wax portraits into a business. She opened a portrait studio/wax museum in New York City in 1770, leaving Wright in
Philadelphia to finish his schooling. Patience Wright moved the portrait studio/wax museum to London in 1772,
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Wright came to Mount Vernon with the singular request that I should permit him to take a model of my face, in plaster of Paris, to which I consented, with some reluctance. He oiled my features over; and placing me flat upon my back, upon a cot, preceded to daub my face with the plaster. Whilst in
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In 1785, Duplessis painted a life-size oil-on-canvas version of
Franklin in the same pose as his 1778 pastel, although in gray clothing (rather than brown). This caused Wright's Franklin portraits to be misattributed to Duplessis or other artists, and their 1782 dates to be questioned. The 1785
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nobleman, the Count de Solms, requesting that the
American general sit for a portrait to add to his gallery of military leaders. The July 1783 letter took months to arrive, and was conveyed through the Saxon minister in London, who enclosed his own letter offering to pay for the portrait, and
173:. Wright was granted a single sitting, and painted a 1/2-length study—oil on mahogany panel, 14 1/8 x 12 in. -- now in the collection of the Philadelphia History Museum. He based five known portraits on this life study, but there is no documentation that Washington granted additional sittings.
224:
On August 7, 1783, Congress created a committee to commission a life-size bronze equestrian statue of George
Washington to adorn the eventual U.S. national capital. The committee's recommendation specified: "The general to be represented in a Roman dress, holding a
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looked on. Perhaps responding to accusations that he was anti-British, Wright engraved and published a cartoon self-portrait titled "Yankee-Doodle, or the
American Satan." Wright was the first American-born student to matriculate from the Royal Academy of Arts.
196:. The "Powel" version—3/4-length, oil on canvas, 48 x 40 in. -- is in the Philadelphia History Museum. Thomas Jefferson saw the original portrait in Philadelphia, and also ordered a copy. He was soon to depart for Paris, to represent the United States in
118:
chief of the
British delegation, Richard Oswald, commissioned 26-year-old Joseph Wright to paint a portrait of Franklin. Rather than posing for many tedious hours, Franklin urged Wright to base his portrait on a small 1778 pastel portrait by French artist
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Wright moved his portrait studio back to Philadelphia in 1791. Congress had designated the city as the temporary national capital for a 10-year period, 1790-1800, while the permanent national capital was under construction. Wright took on the wood-carver
216:, in Hartford. A head-and-bust portrait, missing the background battlefield scene of the 3/4-length versions, is at Mount Vernon. The Count de Solms acknowledged receipt of the original portrait in a 1785 letter, but its current whereabouts are unknown.
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Early in his presidency, Washington and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson diligently sought expert European engravers to design the first United States coins. These attempts were unsuccessful, and Wright was working as the unofficial engraver at the
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Wright's clay bust may have been nearing completion in late 1783, when Patience Wright, now back in London, wrote to Washington in December: "My Friends Write to me from America that Joseph Wright (my Son) has painted a Likeness and also moddel'd
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189:, which convened from May 4 to 18. He may have seen the portrait for the first time on May 15, when he paid Wright $ 40 for it. Morris paid for the portrait to be shipped to London, and the Saxon minister sent it on to the Count de Solms.
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in 1775, where he studied for six years, and in December 1778 won a silver medal for "the best model of an Academy figure." Wright caused a controversy at the school in 1780, by exhibiting a portrait of his mother modeling a wax head of
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was raging through Philadelphia by July, and they sent the children to live with relatives to protect them. Wright caught yellow fever and died on September 13; his wife died days later. Although orphaned, their children survived.
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1179:
Men and times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson, including journals of travels in Europe and America, from 1777 to 1842, with his correspondence with public men and reminiscences and incidents of the
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The Wright/Trumbull version shows Washington holding the scabbard of his sword in his left hand. Wright's other 3/4-length versions show Washington holding the scabbard in his right hand and his hat in his
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for these coins, although most historians and numismatists today credit the 1793 dies to Wright. He also designed the 1792 Quarter dollar and engraved the dies for it, but that coin was never issued.
376:, where Mrs. Muhlenberg's portrait hangs alongside a 19th-centrury copy after Wright's Speaker Muhlenberg portrait. The original portrait is now in the National Portrait Gallery, and an 1881 copy by
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argued (in 1898) that Washington probably commissioned the "Count de Solms" portrait from Wright during this Philadelphia stay, and potentially could have posed again for the artist.
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Wright moved his portrait studio to New York City in 1786. Two years later the city became the first national capital under the U.S. Constitution.
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364:(1790), is the only known image of the first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. It is also the only known image of the interior of
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judged Wright's engraving very highly: "I have no hesitation in pronouncing Wright's drawing to be a better likeness of the General than
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Following seven years in Europe, Wright returned to America in 1782, with a letter of recommendation from Franklin to George Washington.
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by late 1792. He was designated as the Mint's "First Draughtsman & Diesinker" in August 1793, but Wright died the following month.
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painted seven known versions of the portrait. The life portrait is in the Yale University Art Gallery, the "Franklin" copy is in the
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200:. Wright was only able to finish the head and to sketch out the body before the portrait sailed with Jefferson. American painter
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On May 28, 1784, Jefferson left $ 40 (ÂŁ17-10) with his friend Francis Hopkinson in Philadelphia, to pay Wright for the portrait.
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On December 5, 1789, Wright married Sarah Vandervoordt in Philadelphia. They had three children, Sarah, Joseph, and Harriet.
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was signed on September 3, 1783, officially ending the war. In October, Wright was one of two or three artists invited to
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The Wright Family of Oysterbay, L.I.: With the Ancestry of and Descent from Peter Wright and Nicholas Wright, 1423-1923
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was in Paris in 1786, and Jefferson hired him to complete the portrait. The Wright/Trumbull version later hung at
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259:. The idea of commissioning a bronze equestrian statue of Washington seems to have been abandoned during the
771:, Maxine N. Lurie & Marc Mappen, eds., (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), pp. 889-890.
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In Summer 1793, Wright began a family portrait depicting himself, his wife and their three young children.
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1020:"By Mr Wright to him for Drawing my Picture for Ct DeSolm 40 Drs.” Washington General Ledger B, p. 199.
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Wright's sister Phoebe married his schoolmate from the Royal Academy of Arts, British portrait painter
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William Dunlap also painted a portrait of Washington at Rocky Hill, now in the U.S. Senate collection.
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Washington was pleased with the portrait, and commissioned Wright to paint a copy as a gift for
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862:
Important American Paintings, Drawings & Sculpture of the 18th, 19th & 20th Centuries
823:
A Catalogue of the Collection of American Paintings in the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Volume 1
280:
387:, secretary of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, and his second wife, Hannah Harrison.
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1790 profile bust of Washington in uniform, which he engraved and published as a print.
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593:. Both coins feature the Goddess of Liberty holding a pole over her shoulder with a
251:) a Clay Busto of General Washington which will be a very great honor to My Famaly (
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594:
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1385:. Vol. 1. Etchings by Jules Jacquemart. New York: Self-published. p. 29.
263:. Wright's clay bust is presumed to have been destroyed by the British during the
982:(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1938), pp. 290-291.
848:
Charles Henry Hart, "An Original Portrait of Doctor Franklin, by Joseph Wright,"
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234:
205:
978:
Washington to the Comte de Solms, January 3, 1784. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
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Patience Wright to George Washington, December 8, 1783, Library of Congress.
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Joseph Wright to Charles Thomson (Secretary of Congress), 20 January 1785.
980:
The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscripts, Volume 27
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Friedrich-Christoph, Count de Solms to George Washington, 4 August 1785.
617:(1793, unfinished), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia
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Monroe H. Fabian, "Joseph Wright's Portrait of Frederick Muhlenberg,"
960:
Friedrich-Christoph, Count de Solms to George Washington, 9 July 1783.
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64:
1176:
Watson, Elkanah (1856). Watson, Winslow C. (Winslow Cossoul) (ed.).
43:
Wright is often confused with his contemporary, the British painter
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Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Henri Barré, 11 July 1785, Boyd,
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Joseph Wright to William Temple Franklin, n.d. , quoted in Sellers.
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Paintings and Miniatures at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
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149:
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25:
345:
Engraved bust of G. Washington (1790), Metropolitan Museum of Art
59:, the son of Philadelphia barrelmaker Joseph Wright and sculptor
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where she was joined by her children. Joseph Wright entered the
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The medallic history of the United States of America, 1776–1876
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Vernon and the Winterthur Museum in Delaware. Wright painted a
825:(Washington, D. C.: The Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1966), p. 31.
589:
Wright designed the Liberty Cap Half-Cent and the Liberty Cap
1409:
Cotter, John; Roberts, Daniel; Parrington, Michael (1992).
317:(1784 & 1786), Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston
113:(1782), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia
1412:
The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia
996:"From George Washington to Joseph Wright, 10 January 1784"
886:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962), pp. 414-426.
1278:. Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium
425:
1785), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
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is in the U.S. House of Representatives art collection.
969:
Comte de BrĂĽhl to George Washington, 4 September 1783.
864:(New York: Christie's Auctions, 26 May 1992), Lot 16.
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Likely a copy for Richard Oswald's brother or nephew.
1395:
Hank Burcharh, "Painting Portraits the Wright Way,"
800:(Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery, 1985).
514:(c.1790), on loan to The Speaker's House, Trappe, PA
214:
Connecticut State Library and Supreme Court Building
198:
treaty negotiations between France and Great Britain
1166:(Boston: R. Osgood and Company, 1882), pp. 147-149.
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Notes on the 'Wright' Portrait of George Washington
947:
Washington after the Revolution MDCCLXXXIV–MDCCXCIX
929:(Philadelphia: The Winchell Company, 1974), p. 273.
813:(New York: Syracuse University Press, 1997), p. 43.
499:(1790), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
850:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
809:Women's Project of New Jersey, "Patience Wright,"
482:1786), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
1415:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 192.
1072:(Bloomington, IN: iUniverse Books, 2013), p. 160.
660:One of three copies painted for Caleb Whitefoord.
229:in his right hand, and his head encircled with a
212:. Another 3/4-length version by Wright is at the
496:Portrait of Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg
406:1784), de Young Museum of Art, San Francisco, CA
1318:, vol. 97, no. 2 (February 1970), pp. 256–57.
1213:(Princeton University Library, 1908), p. 112.
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636:as a student, teaching him to model in clay.
315:Wright-Trumbull Portrait of George Washington
8:
1245:"Portrait of George Washington, (sculpture)"
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950:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. p. 8.
811:Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women
157:(October 1783), Philadelphia History Museum
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512:Portrait of Catharine Schaeffer Muhlenberg
19:For other people named Joseph Wright, see
1379:Loubat, J. F. (Joseph Florimond) (1878).
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1095:"George Washington (1732-99), (painting)"
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798:Joseph Wright, American Artist, 1756-1793
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688:Duplessis portrait has been used on the
333:1784), Winterthur Museum, Wilmington, DE
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1354:"Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg"
1329:"Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg"
1234:from George Washington's Mount Vernon.
1084:from Massachusetts Historical Society.
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842:
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329:Wax relief head of George Washington (
1269:In Mead Art Museum, Amherst College.
1211:The Continental Congress at Princeton
1183:. New York: Dana and Co. p. 119.
1121:"Life Portraits of George Washington"
852:, vol. 32, no. 3 (1908), pp. 320-334.
690:United States one-hundred-dollar bill
300:"Powel" Portrait of George Washington
169:, to paint General Washington at his
133:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
7:
463:1785), Tudor Place, Washington, D.C.
444:1785), Tudor Place, Washington, D.C.
438:Portrait of Hannah Harrison Thompson
383:Wright painted pendant portraits of
267:, in the August 1814 burning of the
176:Washington received a letter from a
31:Yankee-Doodle, or the American Satan
1498:Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools
1070:The Nine Lives of George Washington
527:Portrait of Elizabeth Willing Powel
302:(1784), Philadelphia History Museum
69:Academy and College of Philadelphia
1468:People from Bordentown, New Jersey
1458:18th-century American male artists
669:Likely the "Patience Wright" copy.
14:
1488:People from colonial Pennsylvania
1251:. Smithsonian American Art Museum
1101:. Smithsonian American Art Museum
786:. Tuttle Antiquarian Books. 1923.
1164:Original Portraits of Washington
1125:George Washington's Mount Vernon
884:Benjamin Franklin in Portraiture
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361:Portrait of Frederick Muhlenberg
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210:Massachusetts Historical Society
1360:. U.S. House of Representatives
419:Portrait of General James Giles
155:Life Study of George Washington
1453:18th-century American painters
127:, and other copies are in the
33:(1780), engraved self-portrait
1:
1232:George Washington relief bust
1033:, Newport Historical Society.
944:Baker, William Spohn (1898).
767:Jan Kelsey, "Joseph Wright,"
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479:
476:Portrait of Baron von Steuben
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441:
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403:
400:Portrait of John Coats Browne
330:
276:
111:Portrait of Benjamin Franklin
71:. He was of English descent.
457:Portrait of Charles Thomson
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1483:American portrait painters
1473:Painters from Philadelphia
769:Encyclopedia of New Jersey
137:Museum of Fine Arts Boston
18:
1358:History, Art and Archives
1333:National Portrait Gallery
1160:Elizabeth Bryant Johnston
187:Society of the Cincinnati
1478:Deaths from yellow fever
1209:Varnum Lansing Collins,
1044:"Memorandum Books, 1784"
925:Nicholas B. Wainwright,
120:Joseph-Siffred Duplessis
1493:American coin designers
1249:Art Inventories Catalog
1099:Art Inventories Catalog
533:1793), Mount Vernon, VA
129:Royal Society of London
125:National Gallery of Art
1463:American male painters
1300:, vol. 8, pp. 281-282.
1068:William W. Betts Jr.,
1029:Robert J. Hare Powel,
618:
572:Liberty Cap Large Cent
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167:Rocky Hill, New Jersey
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67:, and he attended the
61:Patience Lovell Wright
57:Bordentown, New Jersey
45:Joseph Wright of Derby
34:
1316:The Magazine Antiques
613:
555:Liberty Cap Half Cent
372:. That home is now a
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77:Royal Academy of Arts
29:
1399:, February 15, 1985.
1276:Collections Database
882:Coleman C. Sellers,
370:Trappe, Pennsylvania
208:, and is now at the
1397:The Washington Post
1272:"George Washington"
1050:. National Archives
1002:. National Archives
897:"George Washington"
711:William Spohn Baker
598:Voigt engraved the
257:Trenton, New Jersey
63:. His parents were
55:Wright was born in
796:Monroe H. Fabian,
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1082:George Washington
615:The Wright Family
378:Samuel Bell Waugh
261:French Revolution
194:Mrs. Samuel Powel
146:George Washington
139:, and elsewhere.
102:Benjamin Franklin
84:, while busts of
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1448:1793 deaths
1443:1756 births
1364:January 11,
1338:January 11,
1282:January 11,
1255:January 11,
1105:January 11,
1054:January 11,
1006:January 11,
906:January 11,
901:U.S. Senate
692:since 1914.
595:liberty cap
265:War of 1812
51:Early years
1437:Categories
1422:0812231422
1180:Revolution
1130:2022-12-30
740:References
591:Large Cent
206:Monticello
584:U.S. Mint
358:Wright's
235:life mask
227:truncheon
606:Personal
181:through
285:Peale's
65:Quakers
1419:
574:(1793)
557:(1793)
135:, the
131:, the
732:left.
648:Notes
220:Busts
178:Saxon
1417:ISBN
1366:2023
1340:2024
1284:2024
1257:2024
1107:2024
1056:2024
1008:2024
908:2024
600:dies
161:The
88:and
287:."
253:sic
249:sic
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625:.
531:c.
480:c.
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