40:
48:
62:
203:
26:
650:
in 1956, however, Arab attitudes hardened considerably, and the Arab League, with the exception of Jordan, now actively opposed the
Johnston plan, arguing that any plan to strengthen the Israeli economy only increased the potential threat from Israel. Regardless, both Jordan and Israel undertook to
637:
in July 1955 ended without a vote. The Arab
Experts Committee approved the plan in September 1955 and referred it for final approval to the Arab League Council. On 11 October 1955, the Council voted not to ratify the plan, due to the League's opposition to formal recognition of Israel. However, the
154:
commissioned mutually exclusive, competing water resource development studies. The
Transjordanian study, performed by Michael G. Ionides, concluded that the naturally available water resources were not sufficient to sustain a Jewish homeland and the destination of Jewish immigrants. The Zionist's
868:
The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The
Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997)
39:
496:
Negotiations ensued, and gradually the differences were eliminated. Israel dropped the request to integrate the Litani, and the Arabs dropped their objection to out-of-basin use of waters. Ultimately the unified plan proposed the following allocations, by source:
403:
as a special ambassador on 16 October 1953, and tasked him with mediating a comprehensive plan for the regional development of the Jordan River system. As a starting point, Johnston used a plan commissioned by UNRWA and performed by the
American consulting firm
93:
307:
No formal action since then: accordingly, SC is still in theory seized with problem, and
Israelis have, up to present, held off on work within actual "demilitarized zone" while continuing work on seven-mile stretch within their own
408:, known as the "Main Plan". The Main Plan, published just days before Johnston's appointment, utilized the same principles employed by the Tennessee Valley Authority to optimize the usage of an entire river basin as a single unit.
360:
Egypt and Syria have formal military pact, and recent
Egyptian troop movements (massing armor in eastern Sinai peninsula) suggest Egypt may be preparing for worst, in expectation it may be called on to fulfill commitment to
667:, Philip Talbot, that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan. At this point, the other Arab states resolved to reduce the operation of Israel's National Water Carrier by
492:
as a riparian state, while excluding the Litani from the plan. Their proposed quota allocations were: Israel 200 million mÂł, Jordan 861 million mÂł, Syria 132 million mÂł and
Lebanon 35 million mÂł per year.
488:
The Arabs countered with a proposal based on the
Ionides, MacDonald and Bunger plans, meaning exclusive in-basin use, and rejecting storage in the Sea of Galilee. As well, they demanded recognition of
257:
last autumn for gaining Arab acceptance of Jordan river valley scheme. After 1 March, Israelis told
Johnston, they would feel free to go ahead with unilateral Israeli plan for using Jordan Waters.
391:
Banat Yacov issue Syria would fight on. he felt Israel wrong if forced this issue and he and Gen. Burns agreed they would take strong stand against unilateral action by Israel at Banat Yacov.
350:
delivered aide memoirs to US embassy which implied that Syria would use force to prevent Israelis from resuming work on that part of Banat Yacov canal which lies in "demilitarized zone."
373:
Seems more likely that Israelis would first call for review of problem by UN truce supervisor (Gen. Burns) --and implicitly by US, UK and Franco, the "guarantors" of peace in the area.
288:
Syrians maintain (with partial support from UN truce observers) that Israeli project would violate armistice agreement, take water away from Arab landowners in Syria and Jordan.
339:
Israeli raid across Tiberias (Dec '55) seems to have killed whatever faint prospect there may have been that Syria or other Arabs would accept Johnston plan in near future.
124:. Though the plan was rejected by the Arab League, both Israel and Jordan undertook to abide by their allocations under the plan. The US provided funding for Israel's
47:
859:, Appendix C: "Historical review of the political riparian issues in the development of the Jordan River and basin management," United Nations University Press, 1995
659:). Both projects were partially funded by the United States, after Israel and Jordan provided assurances they would abide by their allocations. In 1965, President
369:
VI. However, Israelis have given intimations recently that "deadline" does not necessarily mean they will resume Banat Yacov work on or immediately after 1 March.
974:
Nasser, too, assured the American undersecretary of state, Philip Talbot, that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnson [
819:
789:
463:
gravity-flow canals along the east and west sides of the Jordan valley to irrigate the area between the Yarmouk's confluence with the Jordan and the Dead Sea
1008:
334:
stated last fall he thought he could bring other Arab states around to acceptance in three or four months, no sign of such activity on his part to date.
182:
river near Maqarin, and utilize its waters to irrigate Jordanian territory, before they could flow to the Sea of Galilee. Military clashes ensued, and
275:
Objective is stated to be only electric power—diverted water would drop about 800 feet to power-station near Tiberias shore, then flow back into lake.
690:
The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the
178:
to the populated center and agricultural south of the country, while Jordan concluded an agreement with Syria, known as the Bunger plan, to dam the
20:
481:
river in the pool of available sources, the use of the Sea of Galilee as the main storage facility, out-of-basin use of the Jordan waters, and the
664:
961:
224:
128:
after receiving assurances from Israel that it would continue to abide by the plan's allocations. Similar funding was provided for Jordan's
301:
In Oct. '53, Security Council passed resolution asking Israel to suspend work on Banat Yacov project while Council considered problem.
910:
878:
728:
705:
141:
482:
167:
for support of agricultural and residential development there, a Jewish state with 4 million new immigrants would be sustainable.
652:
171:
312:
IV. However, Israelis have made their "postponement" of Banat Yacov completion contingent on implementation of Johnston plan.
357:
Egyptian prime minister Nasr has stated he will support Syria militarily if hostilities break out over Jordan water issue.
253:
I. Next foreseeable crisis date in Arab-Israeli situation comes on 1 March, the "deadline" date which Israelis gave Amb.
1003:
454:
a small dam at Addassiyah on the Yarmouk to divert its water toward both the Sea of Galilee and south along the eastern
297:
III. Question came to UN Security Council shortly after Israelis began work on project over two years ago. (Sep '53).
215:
485:
canal. As well, Israel demanded more than doubling of its allocation, from 394 million mÂł annually to 810 million mÂł.
81:
272:
Israel wishes to complete canal on western side of Jordan River, running southward from Banat Yacov to Lake Tiberias.
691:
151:
101:
97:
830:
797:
1023:
283:
261:
1018:
1013:
668:
474:
in Lebanon. The proposed quotas were: Israel 394 million mÂł, Jordan 774 million mÂł, and Syria 45 million mÂł.
1028:
156:
147:
125:
379:
If they cannot do it by diplomacy, they might take chance that Syrians are bluffing, and go ahead anyway.
998:
470:
The initial plan gave preference to in-basin use of the Jordan waters, and ruled out integration of the
304:
Subsequently, SC Resolution proposing that matter be referred to UN Truce Supervisor was vetoed by USSR.
61:
638:
Arab League committed itself to adhere to the technical details without providing official approval.
160:
656:
384:
342:
Thus 1 March deadline approaching with little or no chance of Arab acceptance Jordan valley scheme.
327:
in technical aspects—already accepted by Israel: Arabs have balked, however, on political grounds.
129:
890:
694:
development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997)
660:
651:
operate within their allocations, and two major successful projects were completed – the Israeli
455:
434:
331:
279:
189:
dispatched ambassador Johnston to the region to work out a plan that would regulate water usage.
957:
906:
874:
724:
701:
291:
Israelis maintain (also with partial support of UN truce people) they are within legal rights.
186:
671:
of the Jordan, leading to a series of military clashes which would help precipitate the 1967
855:
466:
control works and canals to utilize perennial flows from the wadis that the canals cross.
316:
Since fall of '53, (when Amb. Johnston made first visit to Middle East) negotiations on
202:
477:
Both sides countered with proposals of their own. Israel demanded the inclusion of the
415:– reducing the potential for conflict by promoting cooperation and economic stability.
347:
265:
175:
77:
992:
953:
Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War
579:
448:
423:
412:
405:
400:
317:
254:
179:
89:
85:
51:
33:
104:
development plan, it was approved by technical water committees of all the regional
560:
478:
471:
460:
a small dam at the outlet of Sea of Galilee to increase the lake's storage capacity
376:
Israelis nevertheless probably will not wait too much longer to get issue resolved.
260:
II. Bone of contention is so-called Banat Yacov project, which takes its name from
183:
951:
718:
695:
672:
647:
630:
94:
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
25:
629:
The Plan was accepted by the technical committees from both Israel and the
105:
43:
Flood waters exiting from the Yarmuk reservoir to the Yarmuk river, 1933
634:
528:
506:
489:
427:
117:
544:
521:
516:
438:
113:
109:
55:
29:
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for water storage (capacity of 175 million mÂł) and power generation,
92:
between 1953 and 1955, and based on an earlier plan commissioned by
856:
Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies
720:
Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin
871:
Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East
755:, Munther J. Haddadin, pp. 237–238, Resources for the Future, 2006
697:
Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East
511:
411:
The plan was based on principles similar to those embodied in the
164:
121:
16:
Water-sharing plan between Israel and its neighbouring Arab states
976:
196:
767:, Munther J. Haddadin, p. 239, Resources for the Future, 2006
779:, Munther J. Haddadin, p. 32, Resources for the Future, 2006
387:
after visit to Palestine in January told American officials
132:
project after similar assurances were obtained from Jordan.
278:
Problem—first 1 1/2 mi. of canal must pass through "
142:
Water politics in the Middle East § The River Jordan
220:
323:
In fall of '55, Johnston succeeded in obtaining Arab
655:
and Jordan's East Ghor Main Canal (now known as the
743:, Munther J. Haddadin, editor, RFF Press, 2006
8:
836:on January 23, 2017 – via CIA Library.
354:.. Syria demarch was coordinated with Egypt.
891:Managing water for peace in the Middle East
499:
170:In 1953, Israel began construction of a
60:
46:
38:
24:
21:Water politics in the Jordan River basin
942:
683:
159:concluded similarly, but noted that by
264:Jordan River some 8 mi. north of
849:
847:
845:
843:
84:. It was negotiated and developed by
7:
418:The main features of the plan were:
956:. Praeger Publishers. p. 101.
284:Israeli-Syrian armistice agreement.
163:from the Jordan River basin to the
796:. February 7, 1956. Archived from
426:to provide power and irrigate the
14:
1009:Water politics in the Middle East
873:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
700:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
330:Although Egyptian prime minister
214:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
146:In the late 1930s and mid 1940s,
201:
155:study, by the American engineer
70:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan
905:, Penguin Books, pp. 186–187,
76:", was a plan for the unified
1:
444:drainage of the Huleh swamps
820:"BANAT YACOV, NSC Briefing"
1045:
827:CIA Declassified Document.
692:Tennessee Valley Authority
441:Rivers to irrigate Galilee
193:CIA Declassified Documents
139:
98:Tennessee Valley Authority
96:(UNRWA). Modeled upon the
18:
777:Water Resources in Jordan
765:Water Resources in Jordan
753:Water Resources in Jordan
741:Water Resources in Jordan
320:scheme have moved slowly.
72:, commonly known as the "
717:Sosland, Jeffrey (2007)
669:diverting the headwaters
447:a dam at Maqarin on the
282:" established under the
227:may contain suggestions.
212:may need to be rewritten
665:undersecretary of state
174:to take water from the
88:Special Representative
653:National Water Carrier
633:. A discussion in the
483:Mediterranean-Dead Sea
157:Walter Clay Lowdermilk
126:National Water Carrier
65:
58:
44:
36:
663:assured the American
399:Eisenhower appointed
348:prime minister Ghazzi
346:V. On 31 Jan, Syrian
64:
50:
42:
28:
901:Shlaim, Avi (2000):
248:Banat Yacov Project.
152:Zionist Organization
130:East Ghor Main Canal
1004:Irrigation projects
950:Gat, Moshe (2003).
921:Shlaim pp. 230–231.
853:Masahiro Murakami,
829:: 5. Archived from
800:on January 23, 2017
657:King Abdullah Canal
80:development of the
642:Later developments
280:demilitarized zone
268:(Sea of Galilee).
66:
59:
45:
37:
963:978-0-275-97514-2
627:
626:
365:over water issue.
250:7 February 1956:
242:
241:
216:quality standards
187:Dwight Eisenhower
1036:
1024:Water in Lebanon
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970:
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1019:Water in Jordan
1014:Water in Israel
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930:Shlaim, p. 235.
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794:cia.gov/library
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262:bridge crossing
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161:diverting water
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23:
17:
12:
11:
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1042:
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1029:Water in Syria
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723:, SUNY Press,
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563:(main stream)
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176:Sea of Galilee
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78:water resource
19:Main article:
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911:0-14-028870-8
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903:The Iron Wall
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879:1-85065-214-7
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790:"BANAT YACOV"
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729:0-7914-7201-9
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449:Yarmouk River
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443:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
424:Hasbani River
422:a dam on the
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
413:Marshall Plan
409:
407:
406:Chas. T. Main
402:
401:Eric Johnston
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318:Jordan valley
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266:Lake Tiberias
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236:
233:February 2023
226:
222:
217:
213:
210:This article
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172:water carrier
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127:
123:
119:
115:
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107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:Eric Johnston
87:
86:United States
83:
82:Jordan Valley
79:
75:
74:Johnston Plan
71:
63:
57:
53:
52:Lake Kinneret
49:
41:
35:
34:Golan Heights
31:
27:
22:
999:Jordan River
975:
973:
967:. Retrieved
952:
945:
926:
917:
902:
897:
886:
870:
864:
854:
831:the original
826:
814:
804:December 12,
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
793:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
736:
719:
713:
696:
686:
645:
628:
495:
487:
476:
472:Litani River
469:
433:dams on the
417:
410:
398:
388:
385:Hammarskjold
383:UN Sec. Gen
382:
368:
362:
345:
324:
311:
296:
259:
252:
247:
246:
243:
230:
221:You can help
211:
184:US President
169:
145:
73:
69:
67:
980:] Plan.
673:Six-Day War
648:Suez Crisis
631:Arab League
597:Side wadis
325:concurrence
148:Transjordan
32:waterfall,
993:Categories
969:2023-06-24
679:References
646:After the
308:territory.
140:See also:
136:Background
108:countries—
102:engineered
225:talk page
255:Johnston
244:Source:
150:and the
106:riparian
635:Knesset
580:Yarmouk
529:Hasbani
507:Lebanon
503:Source
490:Lebanon
428:Galilee
389:he felt
180:Yarmouk
118:Lebanon
960:
937:Quotes
909:
877:
727:
704:
661:Nasser
611:Total
561:Jordan
545:Banias
522:Israel
517:Jordan
479:Litani
439:Banias
223:. The
114:Jordan
110:Israel
56:Israel
30:Banias
834:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
512:Syria
363:Syria
165:Negev
122:Syria
958:ISBN
907:ISBN
881:p 14
875:ISBN
806:2016
731:p 70
725:ISBN
708:p 14
702:ISBN
623:400
620:720
617:132
604:243
589:377
574:375
571:100
456:Ghor
437:and
430:area
395:Plan
332:Nasr
120:and
68:The
977:sic
614:35
592:25
586:90
568:22
551:20
533:35
435:Dan
100:'s
995::
972:.
842:^
825:.
792:.
675:.
116:,
112:,
54:,
808:.
235:)
231:(
218:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
