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509:, which attempted to unite both insurgents and Spanish loyalists through its intentions of establishing an independent Mexican kingdom led by a member of Spanish royalty. Iturbide needed more officers and as his forces passed through Perote, lieutenant colonel Herrera was asked to join them. He refused at first, but Iturbide persisted and Herrera joined on the condition that everything proceed with the utmost order and discipline. Herrera's forces now marched to Tepeyahualco and San Juan de los Llanos where his Column of Grenadiers assumed the name of Imperial Grenadiers. Herrera was elevated to effective lieutenant colonel. The towns of
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the capital, dissolved
Congress, which led to an upheaval that ousted him and replaced him with Herrera, president of the council of state. Herrera subsequently reinstated congress, but the country was still split into three loyalties: Congress and the Herrera Government, Santa Anna who still had a formidable number of troops, and Paredes.
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The Caste War was also ongoing in Yucatán. General
Micheltorena arrived to take charge of federal efforts to keep the insurrection under control. The Maya leaders were advancing, and established a headquarters at Chan Santa Cruz. Micheltorena resigned after failing to keep the situation under control
712:
In
November 1849, administrative expenses were limited to 500,000 pesos a month, with two thirds of that going to the War Department. This required a reduction of salaries for officials, leading to the limit to be widely ignored. The government had to use the U.S. war indemnity to continue paying off
634:
To celebrate end of the conflict, Congress held a function at the Chapel of the Virgin of
Guadalupe, assisted by Herrera, the ministers of both chambers, and of the supreme court, and a holiday was decreed to commemorate the day, at which Mass was to be celebrated at all Mexican churches. A sword was
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As the tide was turning against him, Santa Anna asked the government for a passport to leave the nation, a request which was denied and instead met with an arrest warrant. Santa Anna attempted to escape anyways only to be captured, and all the officers and officials who had followed him were stripped
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came across the president breakfasting at a run down table, with shoddy silverware and offered to use public money to buy furnishings which in his opinion would be more dignified for a president. Herrera declined and explained he had pawned his last furnishings, and advised the minister the spend the
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A pressing issue of national security was the strength of Indian raids on the northern frontier, and the
Mexican government had already secured in the Treaty of Guadalupe, American aid in keeping these raids under control. The government attempted to establish military colonies along the frontier to
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On
November 4, 1848, the army was reduced to 10,000 men, and conscription was abolished, yet the latter measure had to be abrogated when only enough volunteers could be found to fill half of the men needed in the army. Another controversial measure was the prohibition of promotion from rank and file
679:
On
December 14, 1845, the troops at San Luis Potosí, mutinied led by Mariano Paredes. The revolution was seconded by several of the departmental assemblies and military revolt spread even to Mexico City. On December 30, unable to offer further resistance, President Herrera resigned. He was succeeded
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In response he published a manifesto, emphasizing that his administration was dedicated to personal rights and to free speech. He explained that he viewed the independence of Texas as the lesser of two evils compared to
American annexation, and that as a matter of domestic policy he also preferred a
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of
Finance sought authorization so that the president could take out a loan of three million pesos, while Mr. Cuevas, Minister of Foreign Affairs sought authorization to listen to the proposals being made about Texas to seek a treaty that would allow the nation to save face, letting Congress keep up
617:
Mexico City was declared to be under siege and
Congress sold bonds to buy provisions. Trenches were dug in the streets and artillery positions on rooftops. As more regions of the nation adhered to Herrera, the government became more confident of their ultimate victory and even offered Santa Anna the
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He returned to the same post during the liberal administration of Valentin Gomez Farias serving as Minister of War in May 1833, and in February 1834, a post that ended with the overthrow of the Gomez Farias government which also resulted in the fall of the First Republic and the establishment of the
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which was then being administered by the military. He remained at this post until November 1817. He was then sent to relieve the siege of Jaujilla and fought a battle at the river of Zacatula where the opposing armies had entrenched themselves on the opposite shore. He was named principal commandant
417:
as his puppet ruler, but as Canalizo was not present at the capital at that time, Herrera was made interim president while Canalizo arrived and only remained in power for ten days. After Santa Anna and Canalizo were overthrown in 1845, Herrera, president of the council of state was once again chosen
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Towards the end of his administration, Herrera began to negotiate a treaty with the United States to either construct a canal or a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The treaty was approved by the administration, but rejected by congress due to a clause that permitted the United States to
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The Constitution of 1824 had been restored during the Mexican-American War, but further considerations on constitutional reform stalled in congress. The new state of Guerrero however was successfully formed on May 15, 1849, out of districts taken from the states of Mexico, Puebla, and Michoacan. It
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until September, 1819. He was in command of forces during the retreat from Tupataro, after which he led his troops to relieve forces at Ajuchitlan. He was present when the Fort of San Gaspar was take in October 1819, after which he returned to his administrative post at Acapulco. The war had mostly
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By 1850 the government deficit was 8.5 million pesos which by the following year had risen to 11.3 million pesos. In addition to the aforementioned measures the government faced the prospect of paying off the deficit by getting into even more debt or by raising taxes and possibly provoking another
708:
The plan however failed due to a lack of financial data. The amount of national debt was underestimated and even taking into account the indemnity paid by the United States after the war, it was discovered that there were not enough funds to realistically pay off the debt under the new plan. There
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The threat of war now loomed between the two nations, and the Mexican congress resolved not to resume diplomatic relations without the condition that the United States would not annex Texas. The president was also authorized to raise the resources and conscripts necessary to defend the nation. The
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proclaimed an uprising against the Santa Anna-Canalizo government, and was joined by five of the northern departments. Santa Anna took to the field to crush the uprising, only to find himself censured by Congress for acting without their approval. In response, Canalizo, who was acting president in
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After stepping down, Herrera was accompanied by President Arista to his home in Tacubaya. There he lived in declining health, and lived long enough to witness the return to power of Santa Anna in 1853, after having played such a pivotal role in overthrowing him in 1845. Herrera died in poverty on
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Regardless of the intractable issue of the deficit the economy seemed to be overall improving. Abundant harvests were reported, and the mines began to increase their yields. Construction on a railway and telegraph line was begun, and the first industrial exhibition in Mexico opened on November 1,
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On November 30, 1850, the national debt was consolidated into one fund with the interest rate set at 3 percent, that was to receive twenty percent of custom house revenues. A committee was set up to manage the debt and oversee the collection of duties. Forty million pesos of bonds were set to be
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Another pressing issue, and one that would eventually lead to the fall of Herrera's first administration, was the matter of Texas. Herrera had a pragmatic approach to the matter, accepting after ten years of failed efforts to recover it, that Texas would never return to Mexico. It was hoped to
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He forbade all government offices from accepting any payment in credit. He assisted at the National Cathedral celebrations of St Philip of Jesus. He named various governors. The Chamber of Deputies encouraged the departmental assemblies to pass economic reforms, and established a commission to
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Herrera experienced a rehabilition through the course of the war and found himself the first president elected once again after peace was reestablished in 1848. On June 14, 1848, he passed a decree reforming the treasury department, reducing the budget for the civil service and the army, and
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On December 6, Herrera published a manifesto appealing to all patriots to join him and assuring that Congress would be reestablished. His promise was fulfilled and congress was able to meet at the National Palace that same afternoon. After having reconvened the congress, Herrera tendered his
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to assume the presidency. Herrera would find himself overthrown at the end of the year amidst accusations that he was committing treason by attempting to recognize the independence of Texas, though his intentions were to create a buffer state as a guard against further American encroachment.
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One of the major issues facing the Herrera administration was that of constitutional reform. The country had faced decades of political and military conflict over whether the constitution should be federal or centralist, and Santa Anna had used the centralist Bases Organicas to establish a
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Herrera was present at the entrance of the Trigarantine Army into Mexico City and he received the rank of brigadier. He joined in the uprising that resulted in the fall of the First Mexican Empire in 1824, and the interim Provisional Government appointed him to be Minister of War.
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settle and pacify the region. The project was hampered by lack of funds, but by 1851, despite not being as extensive as originally planned, reasonable progress on the colonies had nonetheless been made, and three successful settlements were home to over two thousand individuals.
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arrange a treaty with Texas and avoid its annexation to the United States. However, the United States Congress had already approved the annexation of Texas which resulted in Mexico breaking off diplomatic relations and closing all of its ports to the United States.
618:
opportunity to turn himself in peacefully. The offer was rejected on the pretext that Herrera's government was illegitimate. Santa Anna bypassed the capital and headed towards Puebla which he began to siege. General Nicolas Bravo was sent after him.
635:
awarded to General Inclan, and medals were granted to those who had defended Puebla. Herrera was congratulated by the governors of Zacatecas and Jalisco, and by Generals Alvarez and Arista, by municipal governments, and departmental assemblies.
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Seemingly facing the impossible, the Ministry of Finance was plagued by a series of resignations, and from January 1848 to January 1851, there were sixteen different finance ministers. The rest of Herrera's ministry's were relatively stable.
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in 1792 and joined the regiment of La Corona in 1809, the year before the Mexican War of Independence began. He served on the Spanish Loyalist side of the war, and reached the rank of Captain of Fusiliers in 1814. He was present at the
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566:, who was officially called to the presidency on September 12. Not being present in the capital, the post was in the meantime given interim to Herrera who was nominally president for ten days until the arrival of Canalizo.
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dictatorship. The government began to sound the opinions of the departmental assemblies to get feedback about which direction to proceed. It also began to seek a legal basis upon which to possibly annul the constitution.
737:
troops. The government preferred that officers come from the military schools and from the pool of officers now unemployed due to army reductions. Even the minister of war protested against this measure but it stood.
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During the Centralist Republic, Santa Anna promulgated a new constitution known as the Bases Organicas in 1844. He intended to rule the nation under this new constitution, but also preferred to do so through the
1944:
425:, he was elected president again in 1848, and pursued many measures of economic and political reform. The end of his administration in 1852 marked the first peaceful transfer of power in Mexico since 1824.
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An insurrection in the Sierra Gorda led to the governor requesting aid from the surrounding states. Two thousand men subsequently arrived and the leader Quiros was captured and executed in October 1849.
621:
Congress resumed its sessions on January 1, 1845, and the diplomatic corp congratulated President Herrera on his handling of the crisis. He gained a reputation for humility after the Minister of Justice
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was outcry by debtors both foreign and domestic, and a consolidation of the debt was abandoned to make individual arrangements with debtors with no certainty that everyone would eventually be paid.
1937:
602:, and Manuel Romero, putting the first at the head of all troops, and General Valencia second in command. Anticipating that without the loyalty of the capital, Santa Anna would head to either
614:, he put those departments on war alert. At this point Paredes recognized the Herrera presidency and they prepared to jointly hunt down Santa Anna, who was preparing to march on the capital.
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Knowledge that Herrera was open to the possibility of recognizing Texas inflamed the opposition against him, and turned public opinion against him which now began to brand him as a traitor.
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During his ten-day administration, Herrera celebrated Independence Day on September 16, and oversaw his ministers plead with congress for a new loan, before handing over power to Canalizo.
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521:. Orizava was officially taken on April 1, 1821, from which Herrera then returned to Cordova where he took a forced loan for twenty five thousand pesos. From there he passed into
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Despite the popular indignation, Herrera was aware of the nation's poverty and relative weakness against the United States, and hoped to find a diplomatic solution.
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The government raised tariffs only to increase smuggling and an effort to enforce the tariff through patrols failed due to lack of funds and corrupt officials.
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The 1851 election was won by Mariano Arista, and Herrera was the first Mexican president to complete his term since the inaugural holder of the office,
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smaller but well trained body of troops to the mass of undisciplined and ineffective conscripts that up until now had characterized the Mexican Army.
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resignation, but the congress voted for him to remain on December 10. The government then resolved to defeat Santa Anna's remaining forces.
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Herrera had now reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and asked to be relieved of his military duties. This being granted he moved to
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asylum, which the pope responded to by considering the creation of a Mexican cardinal and granting an award to President Herrera.
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The government purchased the latest armament and machinery for gun factories, hoping to replace those lost during the war.
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In June 1816, he defeated at San Pedro to troops of Marshal Avila, seizing all of his artillery, munitions, and armaments.
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The first measures to build a telegraph in Mexico were under taken by building a line between Mexico and Puebla in 1851.
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In response to the upheavals faced by the Papal States during the 1848 revolutions, the Mexican government offered
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where he fought at Coyuca, Tepantitlan and Tlacotepec, routing the forces of the insurgent chief Victor Manuel.
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and opened an apothecary. It was during this time when Herrera a had resumed life as a civilian that
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initially remaining loyal to Spain, but he switched sides towards the end of the war to join the
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February 10, 1854. He was buried in the cemetery of San Fernando. At the funeral were present
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one of the many revolutions which had regularly afflicted Mexico during the past few decades.
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537:. The battle which took the form of a siege, however was abandoned after Hevia was killed.
19:
This article is about the Mexican politician. For the municipality named in his honor, see
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proclaimed for the Plan of Iguala and Herrera was sent to support them, being joined by
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2583:
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533:, where he fought the royalist Hevia who pursued Herrera back to Cordova beginning the
506:
395:
179:
3232:
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851:"La calle y el teatro J.J Herrera no tienen relación con el "Juanote", te explicamos"
809:
595:
526:
471:
765:
560:
463:
380:
27:
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was named after the hero of independence and former president Vicente Guerrero.
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publish a report on such reforms, which also began to focus on legal reforms.
375:(February 23, 1792 – February 10, 1854) was a Mexican statesman who served as
1929:
335:
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by Mariano Paredes. The Mexican-American War would begin four months later
689:
presented a plan to congress for the consolidation of the national debt.
603:
485:
467:
292:
230:
1497:
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The Military and Political Career of Jose Joaquin de Herrera, 1792–1854
530:
510:
31:
661:
nation was inflamed by anti-American sentiments, fueled by the press.
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607:
522:
455:
434:
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three times (1844, 1844–1845 and 1848–1851), and as a general in the
1321:
Blázquez Domínguez, Carmen (2010). Juárez Martínez, Abel (ed.).
446:
for which he was awarded a medal of honor. He saw action at the
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1976:
1933:
1501:
1359:
Diccionario Porrúa de Historia, Biografía y Geografía de México
1355:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1949, reprinted 1969.
874:"José Joaquín de Herrera y Ricardos, el xalapeño olvidado"
458:
towards the end of the year 1811. In 1813 he fought at
3254:
Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War
1012:
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1008:
373:
José Joaquín Antonio Florencio de Herrera y Ricardos
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2010:
1987:
1330:(in Spanish). Secretaria de Educación de Veracruz.
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974:
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956:
954:
952:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
893:
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872:Martínez Alarcón, Ángel Rafael (February 4, 2024).
792:, Luis G. Cuevas and other officers and officials.
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761:send troops in order to protect the construction.
466:. He formed part of the expedition sent to retake
1324:Veracruzanos en la Independencia y la Revolución
1189:
1187:
1141:
1139:
1123:
1121:
1090:
1088:
752:and was replaced in May 1851, by General Vega.
38: and the second or maternal family name is
3259:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
1945:
1513:
1303:(in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 377.
1036:(in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 281.
1021:(in Spanish). J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 280.
8:
3135:Heads of Government of the Federal District
1371:, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
480:He was placed in charge of the district of
122:6 December 1844 – 30 December 1845
2842:
2831:
1984:
1973:
1952:
1938:
1930:
1520:
1506:
1498:
1407:
243:1 January 1827 – 27 December 1828
57:
46:
3068:Heads of the Federal District Department
2974:Heads of the Federal District Department
1381:. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985,
289:Member of the First Constituent Congress
2242:Governors of the City Council of Mexico
829:
594:Herrera called to the capital Generals
2474:Governors of the Department of Mexico
2447:Governors of the Department of Mexico
849:Sánchez, Maribel (February 23, 2024).
470:. He formed part of the expedition to
402:, he served as Minister of War twice.
305:24 February – 31 October 1822
157:3 June 1848 – 15 January 1851
21:José Joaquín de Herrera (municipality)
1361:. Mexico City, Joaquín Porrúa, 1986.
1286:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1271:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1256:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1241:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1226:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1211:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1196:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1178:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1163:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1148:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1130:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1112:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1097:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1079:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1064:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
1049:History of Mexico volume V: 1824-1861
262:12 July 1823 – 11 March 1824
7:
187:President of the Chamber of Deputies
16:14th President of Mexico (1792–1854)
1457:6 December 1844 - 30 December 1845
669:with such diplomatic developments.
63:Portrait of José Joaquín de Herrera
2917:Governors of the Federal District
2873:Governors of the Federal District
2846:Governors of the Federal District
2761:Governors of the Federal District
2729:Governors of the Federal District
2691:Governors of the Federal District
2658:Governors of the Federal District
2511:Governors of the Federal District
2350:Governors of the Federal District
2308:Governors of the Federal District
1301:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
1034:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
1019:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
999:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
981:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
963:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
928:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
900:Los Gobernantes de Mexico: Tomo II
639:Economic and constitutional issues
462:and at the pass of Mescala and in
14:
2204:Governors of the Federal District
1001:. J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 279.
983:. J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 278.
965:. J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 277.
930:. J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 271.
902:. J.M. Aguilar Cruz. p. 270.
433:Jose Joaquin Herrera was born in
413:took power in 1844, he installed
1963:
1888:
876:(in Spanish). Quadratín Veracruz
818:List of heads of state of Mexico
802:
627:money on more pressing matters.
2695:Government of Victoriano Huerta
87:12 – 21 September 1844
3249:Mexican secretaries of defense
2408:José María González de Mendoza
2388:José María González de Mendoza
1484:3 June 1848 - 15 January 1851
1299:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
1284:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1269:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1254:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1239:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1224:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1209:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1194:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1176:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1161:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1146:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1128:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1110:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1095:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1077:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1062:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1047:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1879).
1032:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
1017:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
997:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
979:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
961:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
926:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
898:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
853:(in Spanish). Diario de Xalapa
1:
3046:Governor of Federal District
2644:Guillermo de Landa y Escandón
2634:Guillermo de Landa y Escandón
2624:Nicolás Island and Bustamante
2280:Head of the Federal District
1989:Before the formal declaration
945:. Cooper Square. p. 297.
943:The Mexican Nation: A History
550:Centralist Republic in 1835.
407:Centralist Republic of Mexico
2733:Constitutionalist Revolution
652:Texas and Herrera's downfall
484:and later the government of
30:, the first or paternal
3274:19th-century Mexican people
3160:Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez
3155:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
2031:Francisco Molinos del Campo
1874:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
1600:Francisco Javier Echeverría
1580:Antonio López de Santa Anna
1419:Antonio López de Santa Anna
582:About a year later General
392:Mexican War of Independence
272:José Ignacio García Illueca
98:Antonio López de Santa Anna
3300:
3096:Alfonso Martínez Domínguez
2987:José Manuel Puig Casauranc
2218:José Guadalupe Covarrubias
1726:Francisco León de la Barra
1377:Orozco Linares, Fernando,
250:Minister of War and Marine
199:1 – 30 April 1827
25:
18:
3126:Óscar Espinosa Villarreal
2841:
2830:
2805:Constitutional Government
2589:Carlos Pacheco Villalobos
2487:José del Villar Bocanegra
1983:
1972:
1897:
1886:
1849:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1701:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
1535:
1486:
1477:
1469:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1410:
941:Priestly, Joseph (1924).
780:has passed power over to
494:died down at this point.
454:and defended the city of
444:Battle of Calderón Bridge
366:
309:
298:
255:
236:
219:Carlos García y Bocanegra
192:
150:
115:
80:
68:
56:
3091:Alfonso Corona del Rosal
2742:Alfredo Robles Domínguez
2261:Francisco Juárez Iriarte
2155:Miguel González Calderón
2101:José Gómez de la Cortina
1796:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
1473:Manuel de la Peña y Peña
1369:México y sus gobernantes
651:
545:Entrance into government
336:Viceroyalty of New Spain
168:Manuel de la Peña y Peña
3279:Politicians from Xalapa
3111:Ramón Aguirre Velázquez
3012:Vicente Estrada Cajigal
3002:Enrique Romero Courtade
2765:Conventional Government
2682:Federico González Garza
2672:Alberto García Granados
2579:Juan Crisostomo Bonilla
2145:José Fernando de Peredo
2106:Manuel Fernández Madrid
2076:José Joaquín de Herrera
2056:Augustine of F. Lebrija
2036:Juan Manuel de Elizalde
2026:Juan Manuel de Elizalde
1766:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
1645:Manuel María Lombardini
1610:José Joaquín de Herrera
837:Blázquez Domínguez 2010
209:Manuel Crescencio Rejón
51:José Joaquín de Herrera
2460:Rómulo Díaz de la Vega
2294:William Orlando Butler
2266:John M. Flores y Terán
2256:Manuel Reyes Veramendi
2111:Francisco García Conde
1721:Manuel González Flores
1640:Juan Bautista Ceballos
1403:Brief biography at PBS
1367:García Puron, Manuel,
1351:Cotner, Thomas Ewing,
728:1849, in Mexico City.
400:First Mexican Republic
283:Manuel de Mier y Terán
3284:People from New Spain
3180:Mayors of Mexico City
3121:Manuel Aguilera Gómez
3106:Carlos Hank González
3101:Octavio Gómez Senties
3081:Fernando Casas Germán
2747:Heriberto Jara Corona
2710:Samuel García Cuellar
2649:Samuel García Cuellar
2619:Pedro Rincón Gallardo
2438:Manuel Garcia Aguirre
2433:Miguel Maria Azcarate
2135:Agustín Vicente Eguia
1961:Mayors of Mexico City
1781:Plutarco Elías Calles
1746:Francisco S. Carvajal
1678:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1575:Valentín Gómez Farías
1430:12–21 September 1844
1379:Gobernantes de México
421:After the end of the
3239:Presidents of Mexico
3193:Miguel Ángel Mancera
3171:Miguel Ángel Mancera
3116:Manuel Camacho Solís
2940:Jorge Prieto Laurens
2930:Manuel Gómez Noriega
2850:Constitution of 1917
2413:John J. of the Heron
2354:Constitution of 1857
2336:Antonio Díaz Bonilla
2326:Pedro María de Anaya
2312:second reinstatement
2127:Department of Mexico
2002:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1819:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
1814:Miguel Alemán Valdés
1809:Manuel Ávila Camacho
1761:Roque González Garza
1660:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
1625:Pedro María de Anaya
1570:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
1560:Anastasio Bustamante
1550:José María Bocanegra
1529:Presidents of Mexico
624:Mariano Riva Palacio
578:Defeat of Santa Anna
423:Mexican-American War
385:Mexican–American War
3144:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
3037:José Siurob Ramírez
2864:César López de Lara
2814:César López de Lara
2784:Vito Alessio Robles
2465:Francis G. Casanova
2393:Joseph S. Aramberri
2363:Augustine Alcerreca
2086:José Ignacio Esteva
2051:José Ignacio Esteva
2041:José Ignacio Esteva
2021:Jose María Mendivil
1903:President of Mexico
1844:Miguel de la Madrid
1839:José López Portillo
1824:Adolfo López Mateos
1791:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
1771:Adolfo de la Huerta
1751:Venustiano Carranza
1731:Francisco I. Madero
1706:José María Iglesias
1673:Félix María Zuloaga
1480:President of Mexico
1453:President of Mexico
1426:President of Mexico
503:Agustin de Iturbide
452:Battle of Zitácuaro
448:Battle of El Maguey
377:president of Mexico
226:Chamber of Deputies
75:President of Mexico
2997:Lamberto Hernández
2965:Primo Villa Michel
2908:Manuel Rueda Magro
2859:Gonzalo de la Mata
2165:José María Barrera
1869:Enrique Peña Nieto
1829:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
1688:José Ignacio Pavón
1620:José Mariano Salas
1540:Guadalupe Victoria
1411:Political offices
790:José María Lacunza
778:Guadalupe Victoria
631:of their charges.
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3204:Claudia Sheinbaum
3198:José Ramón Amieva
3086:Ernesto Uruchurtu
3059:Javier Rojo Gómez
3027:Aarón Sáenz Garza
3007:Lorenzo Hernandez
2960:Francisco Serrano
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2752:Juan Gutiérrez R.
2662:Madero Revolution
2569:Protasio G. Tagle
2554:José María Castro
2544:Gabino Bustamante
2515:Restored Republic
2378:Anastasio Parrodi
2299:Stephen W. Kearny
2185:Valentín Canalizo
2175:Francis O. Zarate
2125:Governors of the
2091:José María Tornel
2066:Francisco Fagoaga
2046:José María Tornel
2011:Governors of the
1927:
1926:
1914:Emperor of Mexico
1881:(President-elect)
1879:Claudia Sheinbaum
1786:Emilio Portes Gil
1756:Eulalio Gutiérrez
1741:Victoriano Huerta
1665:Ignacio Comonfort
1630:Manuel de la Peña
1605:Valentín Canalizo
1496:
1495:
1487:Succeeded by
1460:Succeeded by
1446:Valentín Canalizo
1436:Valentín Canalizo
1433:Succeeded by
1337:978-607-33-0002-5
756:Foreign relations
573:Second presidency
564:Valentin Canalizo
535:Battle of Cordoba
415:Valentin Canalizo
390:He fought in the
370:
369:
345:February 10, 1854
329:February 23, 1792
133:Valentín Canalizo
110:Valentín Canalizo
3291:
3244:Mexican generals
2992:Crisóforo Ibáñez
2893:Arnulfo González
2843:
2832:
2800:Valley of Mexico
2720:Eduardo Iturbide
2609:Manuel Domínguez
2564:Joaquín A. Pérez
2559:Tiburcio Montiel
2534:Francis H. Velez
2403:Ponciano Arriaga
2368:Justin Fernández
2140:José María Icaza
2081:Ignacio Martínez
2071:Ignacio Martínez
2061:Miguel Cervantes
2013:Federal District
1985:
1974:
1967:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1892:
1891:
1590:José Justo Corro
1545:Vicente Guerrero
1522:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1470:Preceded by
1443:Preceded by
1416:Preceded by
1408:
1392:
1374:
1364:
1341:
1329:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1275:
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1191:
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1125:
1116:
1115:
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1100:
1092:
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1029:
1023:
1022:
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994:
985:
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904:
903:
895:
886:
885:
883:
881:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
846:
840:
834:
812:
807:
806:
805:
782:Vicente Guerrero
700:Financial issues
684:Third Presidency
554:First presidency
440:Battle of Aculco
348:
332:Xalapa, Veracruz
328:
326:
314:Personal details
303:
279:
269:
260:
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206:
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129:
120:
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94:
85:
61:
47:
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3289:
3288:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3214:
3181:
3175:
3136:
3130:
3069:
3063:
3047:
3041:
2975:
2969:
2935:Celestino Gasca
2918:
2912:
2898:Alfredo Breceda
2888:Alfredo Breceda
2874:
2868:
2847:
2837:
2818:
2802:
2793:
2774:Vicente Navarro
2762:
2756:
2730:
2724:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2629:Rafael Rebollar
2614:Manuel Terreros
2594:Ramón Fernández
2574:Agustín del Rio
2549:Alfredo Chavero
2512:
2506:
2475:
2469:
2448:
2442:
2398:Manuel Terreros
2351:
2345:
2331:Miguel Azcarate
2309:
2303:
2281:
2275:
2271:José Ramón Malo
2249:
2243:
2237:
2233:Jose Ramon Malo
2211:
2205:
2199:
2120:
2006:
1997:Melchor Múzquiz
1979:
1968:
1958:
1928:
1923:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1864:Felipe Calderón
1854:Ernesto Zedillo
1834:Luis Echeverría
1804:Lázaro Cárdenas
1800:
1736:Pedro Lascuráin
1692:
1669:
1615:Mariano Paredes
1585:Miguel Barragán
1565:Melchor Múzquiz
1531:
1526:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1465:
1463:Mariano Paredes
1456:
1448:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1399:
1390:
1372:
1362:
1348:
1346:Further reading
1338:
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866:
856:
854:
848:
847:
843:
835:
831:
826:
808:
803:
801:
798:
774:
772:Post presidency
758:
734:
732:Military issues
702:
686:
666:Luis de la Rosa
654:
641:
584:Mariano Paredes
580:
575:
556:
547:
505:proclaimed the
491:Tierra Caliente
431:
350:
346:
330:
324:
322:
304:
299:
290:
277:
267:
261:
256:
242:
237:
228:
214:
204:
198:
193:
174:
162:
156:
151:
145:Mariano Paredes
139:
127:
121:
116:
104:
92:
86:
81:
64:
52:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3281:
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3271:
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3256:
3251:
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3230:
3224:
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3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:Marcelo Ebrard
3163:
3157:
3152:
3149:Rosario Robles
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3032:Cosme Hinojosa
3029:
3024:
3022:John G. Cabral
3019:
3017:Manuel Padilla
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Abel Rodríguez
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
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2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:Ignacio Rivero
2674:
2668:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Luis C. Curiel
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Manuel Campero
2489:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:John H. Mateos
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
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2333:
2328:
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2317:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Winfield Scott
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Vicente Romero
2220:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2195:Ignacio Inclán
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Luis G. Vieyra
2177:
2172:
2170:Luis G. Vieyra
2167:
2162:
2160:Luis G. Vieyra
2157:
2152:
2150:Luis G. Vieyra
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2116:Luis G. Vieyra
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1908:Vice president
1898:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Álvaro Obregón
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Juan N. Méndez
1708:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1683:Miguel Miramón
1680:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Martín Carrera
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Mariano Arista
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1627:
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1607:
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1494:
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1490:Mariano Arista
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1398:
1397:External links
1395:
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1356:
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1344:
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1342:
1336:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1288:. p. 591.
1276:
1273:. p. 589.
1261:
1258:. p. 587.
1246:
1243:. p. 578.
1231:
1228:. p. 575.
1216:
1213:. p. 570.
1201:
1198:. p. 569.
1183:
1180:. p. 566.
1168:
1165:. p. 565.
1153:
1150:. p. 564.
1135:
1132:. p. 563.
1117:
1114:. p. 562.
1102:
1099:. p. 593.
1084:
1081:. p. 590.
1069:
1066:. p. 560.
1054:
1051:. p. 292.
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555:
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507:Plan of Iguala
430:
427:
396:Plan of Iguala
387:of 1846–1848.
368:
367:
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363:
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349:(aged 61)
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253:
252:
245:
244:
234:
233:
224:Member of the
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
190:
189:
183:
182:
180:Mariano Arista
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
78:
77:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
50:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3296:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Benito Flores
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Alberto Yarza
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:José Ceballos
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Francisco Paz
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Juan José Baz
2527:
2525:
2524:Porfirio Díaz
2522:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2502:Thomas O'Hora
2500:
2498:
2497:Mariano Icaza
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:Second Empire
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Joaquin Mayor
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Juan José Baz
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:Juan José Baz
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2297:
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2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:U.S. Invasion
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Juan José Baz
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:reinstatement
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Manuel Rincón
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
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2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1880:
1877:
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1827:
1825:
1822:
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1807:
1805:
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1801:
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1717:
1716:Porfirio Díaz
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Benito Juárez
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
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1666:
1663:
1661:
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1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
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1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Nicolás Bravo
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1387:968-38-0260-5
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
993:
991:
987:
982:
975:
973:
969:
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
944:
937:
934:
929:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
894:
892:
888:
875:
868:
865:
852:
845:
842:
839:, p. 14.
838:
833:
830:
823:
819:
816:
815:
811:
810:Mexico portal
800:
795:
793:
791:
785:
783:
779:
771:
769:
767:
762:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
713:the deficit.
710:
706:
699:
697:
694:
690:
683:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
662:
658:
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
628:
625:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:Nicolas Bravo
592:
588:
585:
577:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
553:
551:
544:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:Nicolas Bravo
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
492:
487:
483:
478:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
428:
426:
424:
419:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
398:. During the
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
365:
362:Josefa Cortés
361:
357:
353:
344:
340:
337:
333:
321:
317:
312:
308:
302:
297:
294:
287:
284:
281:
275:
271:
265:
259:
254:
251:
246:
240:
235:
232:
227:
222:
218:
212:
208:
202:
196:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
172:
169:
166:
160:
154:
149:
146:
143:
137:
134:
131:
125:
119:
114:
111:
108:
102:
99:
96:
90:
84:
79:
76:
71:
67:
60:
55:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3209:Martí Batres
3183:
2878:Carrancistas
2877:
2836:1917–present
2798:Governor of
2789:Magana Cerda
2715:Ramón Corona
2639:Ramón Corral
2599:Carlos Rivas
2428:Manuel Ramos
2321:Pedro Torrín
2075:
1901:
1609:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1391:(in Spanish)
1378:
1373:(in Spanish)
1368:
1363:(in Spanish)
1358:
1352:
1323:
1315:Bibliography
1310:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1018:
998:
980:
962:
942:
936:
927:
899:
878:. Retrieved
867:
855:. Retrieved
844:
832:
786:
775:
766:Pope Pius IX
763:
759:
750:
746:
742:
739:
735:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
691:
687:
678:
674:
671:
663:
659:
655:
646:
642:
633:
629:
620:
616:
600:Juan Álvarez
593:
589:
581:
568:
561:puppet ruler
557:
548:
539:
529:and reached
496:
479:
476:
464:Chichihualco
432:
420:
404:
389:
381:Mexican Army
372:
371:
347:(1854-02-10)
300:
278:Succeeded by
257:
238:
215:Succeeded by
194:
175:Succeeded by
152:
140:Succeeded by
117:
105:Succeeded by
82:
44:
39:
35:
28:Spanish name
3269:1854 deaths
3264:1792 births
3137:(1997–2015)
2779:Manuel Chao
2383:Ángel Frías
2096:Ramón Rayón
1859:Vicente Fox
1655:Rómulo Díaz
1555:Pedro Vélez
383:during the
268:Preceded by
205:Preceded by
163:Preceded by
128:Preceded by
93:Preceded by
3233:Categories
3184:since 2015
2955:Ramón Ross
2945:Ramón Ross
2451:Reform War
2282:(American)
824:References
519:Santa Anna
472:Ajuchitlán
429:Early life
411:Santa Anna
405:Under the
325:1792-02-23
36:de Herrera
3211:(interim)
3200:(interim)
3162:(interim)
3151:(interim)
1978:1824–1917
784:in 1828.
301:In office
258:In office
239:In office
195:In office
153:In office
118:In office
83:In office
73:14th
880:March 1,
857:March 1,
796:See also
705:issued.
604:Veracruz
486:Acapulco
468:Acapulco
442:and the
354:, Mexico
352:Tacubaya
293:Veracruz
231:Veracruz
40:Ricardos
26:In this
3072:Regents
3050:Regents
2978:Regents
2921:Obregón
531:Tepeaca
525:to aid
515:Cordova
511:Orizaba
489:of the
460:Acatlan
32:surname
1918:Regent
1385:
1334:
612:Oaxaca
608:Puebla
523:Puebla
499:Perote
482:Tecpan
456:Toluca
435:Jalapa
359:Spouse
1328:(PDF)
610:, or
1383:ISBN
1332:ISBN
882:2024
859:2024
513:and
450:and
342:Died
319:Born
291:for
248:5th
229:for
34:is
3235::
1389:.
1186:^
1138:^
1120:^
1087:^
1007:^
989:^
971:^
951:^
908:^
890:^
606:,
598:,
334:,
3186:)
3182:(
3074:)
3070:(
3052:)
3048:(
2980:)
2976:(
2923:)
2919:(
2881:)
2875:(
2852:)
2848:(
2807:)
2803:(
2767:)
2763:(
2735:)
2731:(
2697:)
2693:(
2664:)
2660:(
2517:)
2513:(
2480:)
2476:(
2453:)
2449:(
2356:)
2352:(
2314:)
2310:(
2248:)
2244:(
2210:)
2206:(
1953:e
1946:t
1939:v
1920:)
1916:(
1910:)
1906:(
1521:e
1514:t
1507:v
1340:.
884:.
861:.
327:)
323:(
42:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
