815:, a move that destroyed his support in the capital among the elite and created animosity within his own party. Soon the talk of revolution was in the air, it seemed everyone in Bogotá had different plans for revolution: reports that the Conservatives were going to revolt, that the Golothas were going to mount a coup, that the ruanas were going to overrun the city, and that the casacas were mounting an internal coup, all seemed to come from one place and another and even though preventive measures were taking the rumours only grew louder. President Obando, who had been informed of all the details of the rumoured plans dismissed them as baseless gossip; different leaders, among them Vice President Obaldía, informed President Obando that his General Commander of the Army of Cundinamarca,
587:, Obando received 536 votes falling short of the 616 received by Márquez but still enough votes that prevented Márquez to receive the required majority which forced the task of electing a President to Congress, unfortunately for Obando allegiances fell once the responsibility fell to the congress, some like General Mosquera who had initially lent his support to Obando flattered and voted for Márquez instead, it was the case that Congress was still made up of a lot of members who had been loyal to Bolívar and formed a bloc with the moderate liberals to elect Márquez to presidency leaving Obando in defeat, also unusual in a circumstance like this was the
824:
country. Obando baffled by the well announced and warned event that was taking place could not believe what was happening, he who after all had fought the dictatorships of Bolívar and
Urdaneta, and who had fought against the regimes of Márquez, Herrán and Mosquera was now faced with the decision to become a dictator or a deposed president. President Obando declined him, and said he refused to take any power than that which was legitimately given to him by the people, and willingly and quietly accepted his fate to go down rather than to betray his convictions, thus a successful bloodless
2023:
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control of
Ecuador. Obando, who had stayed behind in Bogotá as head of the provisional government was sent immediately by Vice President Márquez upon taking power to defend the territory, and once all the diplomatic options were exhausted, Márquez sent in reinforcements and support to aid Obando who was the commander of the 1st Army Division to take the Cauca by force. From Popayán Obando marched to Pasto with 1,500 soldiers and was able to take the Pasto with no struggle or conflict as the invading army had left in anticipation.
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country. A bill was drawn up and passed the
Chamber of Representatives, but the measure died in the Senate. An angry crowd gathered outside congress and a violent altercation erupted between artisans, merchants and politicians. The crowd was dispersed but the animosity between these groups only grew in the following months, different public events seemed to be a stage for confrontations between these groups which had come to be known as the
921:* García, Güengüe, and Corinto are often quoted alternatively in various works as the city of birth, in practice however, the stratification of the place of birth points out to be the municipality of Corinto while the other places have no geopolitical status. Additionally, the Department of Cauca had not been established, and the Province of Popayán was the second-level political division of the
506:, as the faction which Obando belonged, were unhappy with the compromise as they wanted to purge the government and army from the Bolivarians, some of them even wanted to overthrow Caycedo once again and replace him with Obando, but his good friend José Hilario López prevented them from doing so knowing that Obando, who fought the two previous unconstitutional grabs of power would be against it.
460:, securing the area and threatening the control of the government in the southwest region of the country forcing Bolívar to sign an armistice with them in order to secure peace. This armistice was favourable for Obando and López, on October 8, 1829, Bolívar ascended Obando to the rank of General and designated him
50:
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Obando's disbelief and inaction catalysed the events which occurred in the morning of April 17, 1854. General Melo arrived at his door and informed
President Obando that he would mount a coup and invited him to suspend government and establish a provisional dictatorship to resolve the problems of the
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had approved of the measure. Obando who had returned to private life in his hacienda of Las
Piedras near Pasto was divided on the issue as he was not pro-clergy but was torn on supporting his people. In Bogotá the opposition party, made up of those who supported Santander, wanted President Márquez to
403:
and who consequently had to escape to Pasto after the Battle of Palacé (1811) during the Wars of
Independence. Obando married Dolores Espinosa de los Monteros Mesa in 1824 and together had five children: José María, Cornelia, José Dolores, Simón and Micaela, it would have been six since Mrs. Espinosa
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for Obando. The implications were largely believed to be political since Obando was the most likely candidate for the following presidential elections, and his enemies wanted him out of the race. Obando willing to clear his name traveled to Popayán to clear his name but it was clear that by then the
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was convened on
November 15, 1831, to draft a new constitution for the nation. Vice President Caycedo, who had been the Acting President after the resignation of Bolívar, proceeded to submit his resignation to the assembly on the same day it first convened; the assembly postponed the matter until it
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in 1819 in the rank of
Captain fighting for the Spanish against the Revolutionary Forces who aimed to gain independence for New Granada from Spain. Nevertheless, on February 7, 1822, he resigns the Spanish cause and joins the Revolutionary Army and embarks in a successful military career. In 1826 he
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the
Federalists were in control, but though large in numbers and support, they fought in separately so the army of the Supreme Director of Santa Marta fought his battles alone and not with the help of the Supreme Director of Antioquia. President Márquez desperate to take control went to recruit the
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instead. Obando tried to remain out of the conflict and moved to Bogotá to prove his non-complicity. The tide turned for Obando when he was implicated in the assassination of Sucre after Herrán captured José Erazo, a guerrilla soldier that fought in Obando's division. According to Erazo, Obando had
605:
In 1839 Obando was thrust into a war of religious and political ramification that threatened to tear the country apart. The conflict began when
Congress passed a law to suppress small convents and monasteries and re-appropriate the land in Pasto, the law was not intended to punish the Church as the
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to enforce it. In response to Ecuador's actions the Neogranadine assembly issued a decree of territorial integrity and dispatched General López to keep Ecuador at bay. López managed to secure the provinces of Choco and Popayán, but the provinces of Cauca and Buenaventura remained under the military
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that it established, going as far as taking the juristic power held by the Church and subjecting its members to civil law. Obando, a fervent Catholic whose political support stemmed from a region that had erupted in civil war just a few years back from closing a few convents, was not happy to sign
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He remained in exile until January 1, 1849, when then President Mosquera gave amnesty to all those who committed political crimes. Obando returned to New Granada on March 13 of that same year and asked Mosquera to open a trial for him to be judged for his alleged involvement in the death of Sucre.
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and implemented many of the Federalist ideals Obando championed. The Constituent Assembly also elected Santander as president while formal elections were carried out. Obando had once again been a candidate for vice president this time around, but the objections of those who feared having a popular
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family in the home of Juan Luis Obando del Castillo y Frías and Antonia del Campo y López who raised him as their own and gave him their last name. His parentage has been of debate among historians, most argue that he was the illegitimate son of Joseph Iragorri, but others argue and have tried to
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a popular and regionalist cause that was quickly picked up by supporters of Santander nationwide. Soon 12 out of the 20 provinces of New Granada were controlled by the Supremos, so called because they took up titles similar to Obando's calling themselves supreme directors of their region, 4 more
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Bogotá became the heated stage of conflicts between the artisan class and the merchant class. In 1853 a group of artisans had petitioned the government to increase import taxes to protect the national economy, they argued that many of these imports were goods that could be manufactured in the
574:
stands in contrast to the pattern followed in 19th-century Latin America as the favoured candidate by the president and his administration was defeated. Santander had picked Obando for his strong military background over the popular civilian candidates like José Ignacio de Márquez, his vice
819:
would be the most likely culprit of the rebellion and that he needed to discharge him from the Army at once to prevent any future attack to government. Obando however, believed that doing so would disturb the public order, and that there was no proof of Melo's involvement in any of this.
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where Obando remained for little over a year returning to Bogotá after being elected a Member of the Chamber of Representatives by the province of Bogotá, where he was able to revive his popularity and support and quickly rose to prominence becoming President of the Chamber in
501:
fighting the opposition. This conflict did not escalate further thanks to a compromise reached by Vicepresident Caycedo and Gen. Urdaneta, the Apulo Compromised secured a peaceful change of power with the compromised that key members of both sides would receive promotions. The
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the new document. The Draconians, who had postulated Obando for president also wanted him to veto the constitution as they disagreed with its radical liberal nature which had been a product of the Golgothas. Nevertheless, Obando ratified it and it became the new constitution.
768:
which had been introduced in 1851. Congress passed the new Constitution on May 16, and was sanctioned on May 21. The new constitution was unprecedented in Latin America and far too liberal for the nation at the time, in it federalism prevailed, slavery was abolished,
467:
Bolívar's actions had angered more than just Obando, the level of opposition was such that he resigned in 1830 after surviving an assassination attempt by his political enemies in the north. The political vacuum and struggle for power left by his resignation led to a
404:
was pregnant with another child, but both died during childbirth in 1833 leaving him a widower with five small children at his charge. In 1837 he remarries to Timotea Carvajal Marulanda and of this union has three more children: Soledad, Capitolino and Gratiniano.
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Once in his political and military stronghold, Obando entered in open rebellion declaring himself "Supreme Director of the War in Pasto, General in Chief of the Restoring Army, and Protector of the Religion of Christ Crucified", and calling for a revert to
524:. Finally the constituent assembly voted to implement a provisional government while a new constitution was drafted, for this purpose they elected José María Obando as vice president, office which given the absence of a president made him the
647:, an old enemy of Obando, to help him quell the rebellion in Pasto. The united forces of Generals Herrán, Mosquera and Flores defeated Obando at the Battle at Huilquipamba, delivering a devastating blow but providing the winners only a
514:
Following the vacuum of power left by the resignation of Bolívar, the dissolution of the Gran Colombia, the struggle of power between Urdaneta and Caycedo, and the larger contention between federalists and Centralists, a National
848:
in the back, four in his chest and a contusion in the head. When he was dead his upper lip was cut off by Sebastían Tobar with a knife in order to remove his signature moustache. He was buried on May 1, 1861, in the Cemetery of
606:
places in question were indeed small and sparingly occupied by mostly Ecuadorian clergy, but the deeply Roman Catholic province went up in arms at the involvement of the government in their religious affairs, even after the
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on November 10, 1830, to speak out against the dictatorship and organize the armies to fight it. The makeshift military alliance commanded by Obando and Lopéz strike on February 10, 1831, at the Battle of El Papayal in
556:
While the Constituent Assembly was drafting the constitution a conflict was developing in the south, the Congress of Ecuador had issued a Decree annexing the province of Cauca to their territory and sent in President
621:
conflict had become political and when he arrived to Popayán he led a short revolt against the government that quickly ended in an agreement with General Herrán and Obando continued on his way to Pasto.
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583:, but Santander saw past that for he believed that the country was not yet ready for civilian rule and that Obando's military record cleared his name. In the election, which at the time were held
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Mosquera refused and the matter was passed to Congress where a proposed decree was introduced that allowed individuals to give up their immunity to stand trial. This resolution passed in the
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was sworn in as the new vice president, succeeding Obando not only as vice president but as acting president as well given that Santander was exiled in New York at the time of the election.
480:. This new encroachment to the constitution spurred Obando to take action against the government once again, this time in defence of the government left by Bolívar. Obando convened the
1932:
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did not present a candidate for the election choosing rather to abstain from the election and not vote. Obando won the elections by 1,548 votes, and Congress appointed Herrera
737:(the new social liberals), the "Golgothas" (the young progressive liberals), and the "Draconians" (the strict old liberal elite). The Radicals presented the candidature of
861:
of the church of San Agustín, where they remained until they were moved once again through the lobbying of Antonio José Lemos Guzmán to the Pantheon of the Forefathers (
456:, a centralist and Bolívar supporter. Their forces then attacked Popayán on November 12, 1828, seizing the city and ensued to meet and defeated a nearby garrison in the
131:
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Rodríguez Plata, Horacio (1958). "José María Obando: íntimo (archivo, epistolario, comentarios)" [José María Obando: Intimate (archive, epistolary, comments)].
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had been launched by Melo. Obando was taken prisoner along with most members of his cabinet and many congressmen, some were able to escape and took refuge in the
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prove that his father was Pedro Vicente Martínez y Cabal, and others have claimed that he was the biological son of his adoptive father Juan Luis Obando as well.
1792:]. Biblioteca de historia nacional (Academia Colombiana de Historia) (in Spanish). Vol. 1. José María Obando. Bogotá: Editorial Kelly. pp. 50–51.
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853:. He was survived by his second wife Timotea and his eight children. On August 19, 1869, his remains were exhumed and reburied in the family estate of
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was elected president of the New Granada ending the decade of Conservative rule. The new president appointed him Governor of the province of
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With Obando defeated, the War of the Supremes quickly ended in favour of the government, Obando decided to go into exile and fled to
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was implemented to elect governors, magistrates, congressmen and the president and vice president. Most shocking of all was the
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declared himself Dictator of the New Granada on August 27, 1828, and drafted a new constitution . The new constitution was
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1605:]. BiblioLife Reproduction Series (in Spanish). Vol. Tome II, Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). : BiblioBazaar. p. 41.
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433:. In 1827 he resigned his post due to his discomfort with the political establishment which he labelled as undemocratic.
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1359:]. Forjadores de la historia (in Spanish). Vol. 4 (3rd ed.). Mexico City: Editorial Jus. pp. 28–29.
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During the Wars of Independence the South was still very loyal to Spain, and specially Pasto were Obando joined the
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to raise a child on her own, thus when he was two years old he was given up for adoption and put in the care of a
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1186:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Popayán: Corporación Autónoma Regional del Cauca. pp. 262 & 206.
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Forjadores de Colombia contemporánea: los 81 personajes que más han influido en la formación de nuestro país
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2012:
1281:] (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Bogotá: Librería Colombiana, C. Roldán & Tamayo. pp. 486–487.
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379:. Society, during the times of the colony, was puritanical and the religious authorities did not allow a
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811:) who were the well off merchant class. President Obando persuaded by those close to him sided with the
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1872:. Biblioteca Familiar Presidencia de la República (in Spanish). Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional de Colombia.
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before the Congress Assembled becoming the 6th elected President of the Republic of the New Granada.
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699:, where allies of Obando also voted to prevent this to happen fearing that he would be found guilty.
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Vice President of New Granada in charge of the Executive branch of the Provisional Government. See
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Archivo epistolar del general Mosquera : correspondencia con el general Pedro Alcántara Herrán
1316:]. Colección Dorada (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Bogotá: Villegas Asociados. pp. 183–184.
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Born out of wedlock to Ana María Crespo on August 8, 1795, in the town of Güengüe, municipality of
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579:. Many objected to Obando's candidacy because of his alleged role in the assassination of General
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delivering a devastating blow to the dictatorship forces. From Palmira, Obando's forced moved to
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Builders of contemporary Colombia: the 81 most influential figures in the shaping of our country
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towards the end, but once independence was attained he opposed Bolívar's Centralist government.
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provinces were partly occupied, and the government had trouble defending the remaining 4. From
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in power proved too much and the assembly voted to elect a civilian instead; on March 10, 1832
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ordered him to carry out the assassination, and with his testimony a judge in Pasto issued an
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in nature, and Obando fiercely opposed this and in response launched a joint campaign with
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Epistolary Archive of General Mosquera: Correspondence with General Pedro Alcántara Herrán
1159:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Popayán: Climent C. - Instituto del libro. pp. 202–203.
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during the Independence Wars of Colombia, ultimately joining the revolutionary forces of
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1677:. Biblioteca Ayacucho Nº 184 (in Spanish). Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho. p. 291.
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appoint Obando to quell the uprisings, but he chose to appoint Generals Mosquera and
591:, Obando admitted defeat and Márquez became President of New Granada that same year.
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1639:[Constitution of the Republic of New Granada 1853] (in Spanish). Bogotá:
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Memorias del general José Hilario Lopez: antiguo presidente de la Nueva-Granada
1054:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Bogotá: Interprint Editors, Ltd. p. 55.
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and Obaldía as vice president. Obando was inaugurated on April 1, 1853, in the
1536:
Historia de la revolución de la República de Colombia en la América Meridional
1395:] (in Spanish). Paris: Impr. de D'Aubusson y Kugelmann. pp. 276–277.
983:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Bogotá: Planeta. p. 173.
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As provisional acting president, Obando sanctioned on February 29, 1832, the
1726:
1721:] (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Bogotá: Imprenta del Neo-granadino. 1855 .
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Memoirs of General José Hilario López: former president of the New-Granada
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Despite his humble beginnings, Obando received a formal education in the
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Causa de responsabilidad contra el ciudadano presidente de la república
1425:"Independent New Granada: A Nation State, Not Yet a Nation (1830-1849)"
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24:
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History of the Revolution in the Republic of Colombia in South America
1491:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Bogotá: Editorial Kelly. p. 37.
975:
Perozzo, Carlos; Flórez, Renán & Bustos Tovar, Eugenio de (1986).
1483:; Herrán, Pedro Alcántara; Helguera, J León; Davis, Robert H (1972).
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The first order of business for President Obando was to sanction the
1825:]. Colección Dorada (1st ed.). Bogotá: Villegas Asociados.
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The Oedipus of blood, or, From the stormy life of José María Obando
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The oedipus of blood, or, From the stormy life of José María Obando
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Estudios Constitucionales Sobre Los Gobiernos de La America Latina
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El edipo de sangre, o, De la vida tormentosa de José María Obando
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El edipo de sangre, o, De la vida tormentosa de José María Obando
1184:
Possible Territories: History, Geography and Culture of the Cauca
683:. Obando then escaped to Chile under the protection of President
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Epistolario y documentos oficiales del general José María Obando
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Cause of liability against the citizen president of the republic
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1914:
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thanks to his adoptive family who were well-off merchants from
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Epistolary and official documents of General José María Obando
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Territorios posibles: historia, geografía y cultura del Cauca
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which among other things, changed the name of the country to
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In 1860 Obando was commissioned to suppress a revolution in
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was appointed Civil and Military leader of Pasto by General
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was extended to all married men aged 21 and older, and the
1603:
Constitutional Studies on the Governments of Latin América
1595:[Constitucion de los Estados Unidos de Colombia].
1429:
The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself
1178:
Barona Becerra, Guido Valencia; Cristóbal, Gnecco (2001).
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that New Granada put in through its Ambassador in Ecuador
1784:
Martínez Delgado, Luis & Ortiz, Sergio Elías (1973).
1637:"Constitución de la República de Nueva Granada de 1853"
1267:
Henao Melguizo, Jesús María; Arrubla, Gerardo (1920) .
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as well, and Obando was sworn in on November 23, 1831.
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Members of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
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Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia del Círculo de Lectores
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He was appointed leader of the Liberal forces in the
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1274:Historia de Colombia para la enseñanza secundaria
324:Dolores Espinosa de los Monteros Mesa (1824–1833)
132:Vice President of the Republic of the New Granada
717:and was able to defeat the Conservative rebels.
1593:"Constitution of the United States of Colombia"
1353:Gabriel García Moreno y el Ecuador de su tiempo
904:(Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed.). 2010
31: and the second or maternal family name is
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8:
1462:
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476:on September 5, 1830, by Venezuelan General
347:. As a General, he initially fought for the
63:President of the Republic of the New Granada
1767:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
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1519:
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1279:History of Colombia for secondary education
343:General and politician who twice served as
144:November 23, 1831 – March 10, 1832
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1223:Colombia: fragmented land, divided society
1157:Obando 1795-1861: de Cruzverde a Cruzverde
1015:(in Spanish). Vol. 171–172, 174–178.
520:was decided whether or not to establish a
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16:President of Colombia; general (1795–1861)
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1215:Frank, Safford; Palacios, Marco (2002).
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671:, the new administration gave in to the
339:(August 8, 1795 – April 29, 1861) was a
2045:Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría
874:
75:April 1, 1853 – April 17, 1854
1641:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
1271:[Chapter VII – The Republic].
1225:. Latin American histories. New York:
326:Timotea Carvajal Marulanda (1837–1861)
1663:; Valderrama Andrade, Carlos (1993).
7:
1978:Felipe de Vergara Azcarate y Caycedo
1155:Lemos Guzmán, Antonio José (1959) .
667:, but when the latter was ousted by
106:Colombian Chamber of Representatives
2508:Presidential Designates of Colombia
2468:Colombian Liberal Party politicians
2463:Colombian people of Spanish descent
1046:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio (1983) .
733:was divided in three factions, the
663:where he was welcomed by President
14:
1576:Henao Melguizo & Arrubla 1920
1543:] (in Spanish). Vol. 4.
1013:Boletín de la Academia Colombiana
803:) who were the artisans, and the
337:José María Ramón Obando del Campo
249:José María Ramón Obando del Campo
2493:Colombian independence activists
2021:
1547:: J. Jacquin. pp. 615–611.
1076:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges
1017:Academia Colombiana de la Lengua
2478:Assassinated military personnel
1950:United Provinces of New Granada
1854:Cruz Cárdenas, Antonio (1997).
1133:. Bogotá: Editorial Sucre: 10.
1433:University of California Press
923:Viceroyalty of the New Granada
779:separation of church and state
745:General, the Golgothas choose
408:The Army and his rise to power
271:Viceroyalty of the New Granada
1:
2473:Assassinated Colombian people
1269:"Capitulo VII - La Republica"
727:presidential election of 1853
695:but it was voted down in the
643:help of Ecuadorian President
572:presidential election of 1837
472:against the acting President
2453:People from Cauca Department
2209:Santiago Pérez de Manosalbas
2083:Francisco de Paula Santander
2060:Francisco de Paula Santander
1861:Grandes oradores colombianos
946:Muñoz Delgado, Juan Jacobo.
589:peaceful transition of power
464:of the Department of Cauca.
436:Simón Bolívar dismissed the
423:Francisco de Paula Santander
23:, the first or paternal
2503:Vice presidents of Colombia
1481:Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de
715:Colombian Civil War of 1851
679:and its Ambassador in Peru
537:Republic of the New Granada
2529:
2267:Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
2184:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
2174:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
2151:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
2098:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
1988:Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez
1815:Paz Otero, Víctor (2005).
1761:"Obando, José María"
1306:Paz Otero, Víctor (2005).
1088:Greenwood Publishing Group
693:Chamber of Representatives
598:
454:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
369:Viceroyalty of New Granada
18:
2458:Colombian Roman Catholics
2166:United States of Colombia
2156:Ignacio Gutierrez Vergara
2032:Republic of Gran Colombia
2019:
1127:Biblioteca Eduardo Santos
956:Luís Ángel Arango Library
883:Vice presidency 1831–1832
510:Vice presidency 1831–1832
393:Real Seminario de Popayán
330:
235:
190:
185:Secretary of War and Navy
137:
111:
68:
56:
47:
2377:Julio César Turbay Ayala
2307:Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez
2219:Julián Trujillo Largacha
2136:Mariano Ospina Rodríguez
2118:Mariano Ospina Rodríguez
1968:Antonio Nariño y Álvarez
1770:. New York: D. Appleton.
1423:Bushnell, David (1993).
1351:Patte, Richard (1962) .
702:In 1849 his good friend
2483:Colombian abolitionists
2372:Alfonso López Michelsen
2367:Misael Pastrana Borrero
2357:Guillermo León Valencia
2287:Carlos Eugenio Restrepo
2282:Ramón González Valencia
2229:Francisco Javier Zaldúa
2128:Granadine Confederation
2088:José Ignacio de Márquez
2075:Republic of New Granada
2008:Liborio Mejía Gutiérrez
1973:Luis de Ayala y Vergara
1866:Great Colombian Orators
1385:[Chapter XII].
1227:Oxford University Press
1048:Gobernantes Colombianos
901:Encyclopædia Britannica
863:Panteón de los Próceres
677:Rufino Cuervo y Barreto
669:Juan Francisco de Vidal
665:Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
546:José Ignacio de Márquez
418:Sebastián de la Calzada
295:Granadine Confederation
177:José Ignacio de Márquez
2498:Presidents of Colombia
2402:Andrés Pastrana Arango
2362:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
2352:Alberto Lleras Camargo
2332:Alfonso López Pumarejo
2327:Eduardo Santos Montejo
2322:Alfonso López Pumarejo
2093:Pedro Alcántara Herrán
2013:Fernando Serrano Uribe
1942:Presidents of Colombia
1533:[Chapter XX].
832:of the United States.
613:Pedro Alcántara Herrán
522:provisional government
2387:Virgilio Barco Vargas
2347:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
2317:Enrique Olaya Herrera
2272:José Manuel Marroquín
2003:Antonio Villavicencio
1998:José Fernández Madrid
1983:Camilo Torres Tenorio
1527:Restrepo, José Manuel
1084:Westport, Connecticut
581:Antonio Jose de Sucre
416:forces under General
345:President of Colombia
2337:Mariano Ospina Pérez
2312:Miguel Abadía Méndez
2249:Republic of Colombia
2234:José Eusebio Otalora
1661:Caro, Miguel Antonio
1633:Congress of Colombia
1082:. Vol. 2. F-O.
1019:. 1991. p. 59.
766:Constitution of 1853
721:Presidency 1853–1854
685:Manuel Bulnes Prieto
533:Constitution of 1832
517:Constituent Assembly
425:and was promoted to
2292:José Vicente Concha
2262:Miguel Antonio Caro
2204:Manuel Murillo Toro
2179:Manuel Murillo Toro
2146:Juan José Nieto Gil
1856:"José María Obando"
1578:, pp. 524–525)
1379:López, José Hilario
1065:Jaques, Tony &
948:"José María Obando"
896:"José María Obando"
783:freedom of religion
775:direct popular vote
759:Cathedral of Bogotá
725:At the time of the
708:Cartagena de Indias
673:extradition request
601:War of the Supremes
595:War of the Supremes
458:Battle of La Ladera
438:Convention of Ocaña
2488:Colombian generals
2412:Juan Manuel Santos
2382:Belisario Betancur
2297:Marco Fidel Suárez
2103:José Hilario López
1963:Jorge Tadeo Lozano
1435:. pp. 89–90.
751:Conservative Party
704:José Hilario López
681:Juan Antonio Pardo
462:Commandant-General
446:José Hilario López
230:José Hilario López
126:Province of Bogotá
86:José Hilario López
2430:
2429:
2108:José María Obando
1879:978-958-18-0169-5
1832:978-958-8160-88-7
1684:978-980-276-243-9
1612:978-0-559-91847-6
1442:978-0-520-08289-2
1323:978-958-8160-88-7
1240:978-0-19-504617-5
1193:978-958-9475-27-0
1097:978-0-313-33536-5
1067:Showalter, Dennis
1052:Rules of Colombia
990:978-958-614-162-8
729:the then nascent
608:Bishop of Popayán
482:Assembly of Cauca
452:against Governor
334:
333:
42:José María Obando
2520:
2199:Eustorgio Salgar
2194:Santos Gutiérrez
2050:Joaquín Mosquera
2025:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1890:. Archived from
1871:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1736:
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1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1589:Arosemena, Justo
1585:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
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1303:
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1296:
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1264:
1253:
1252:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1009:
1003:
1002:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
943:
926:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
892:
886:
879:
739:Tomás de Herrera
655:Exile and return
645:Juan José Flores
566:Election of 1837
559:Juan José Flores
552:Return to Nariño
526:acting president
283:
258:
256:
240:Personal details
226:
214:
195:
173:
161:
142:
116:
94:
82:
73:
52:
38:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2243:
2160:
2141:Bartolomé Calvo
2122:
2113:José María Melo
2069:
2065:Domingo Caycedo
2055:Rafael Urdaneta
2026:
2017:
1993:Joaquin Camacho
1958:José Miguel Pey
1944:
1939:
1909:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1869:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1814:
1811:
1809:Further reading
1806:
1805:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1758:, eds. (1900).
1750:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1711:
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1685:
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1517:
1508:
1504:
1479:
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1474:
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1458:
1443:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1377:
1376:
1372:
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1345:
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1177:
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1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1090:. p. 265.
1079:
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1063:
1059:
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974:
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880:
876:
871:
838:
836:Post Presidency
817:José María Melo
792:
747:José de Obaldía
723:
712:
657:
649:Pyrrhic victory
603:
597:
575:president, and
568:
554:
512:
478:Rafael Urdaneta
474:Domingo Caycedo
448:, revolting in
410:
371:in present-day
361:
325:
311:Political party
285:
281:
269:
260:
254:
252:
251:
250:
224:
218:José Miguel Pey
212:
206:Domingo Caycedo
196:
191:
171:
165:Domingo Caycedo
159:
143:
138:
117:
112:
98:José María Melo
92:
80:
74:
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43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2404:
2399:
2397:Ernesto Samper
2394:
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2384:
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2349:
2344:
2342:Laureano Gómez
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1908:
1907:External links
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1803:
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1738:
1704:
1683:
1671:Selected Works
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1611:
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1564:
1515:
1502:
1472:
1470:, p. 288)
1456:
1441:
1412:
1383:"Capitulo XII"
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1207:
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1129:(in Spanish).
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1004:
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954:(in Spanish).
927:
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887:
885:for more info.
873:
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855:El Empedradero
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791:
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618:arrest warrant
599:Main article:
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577:Vicente Azuero
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1748:
1747:public domain
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1531:"Capítulo XX"
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1516:
1513:, p. 91)
1512:
1511:Bushnell 1993
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632:Santa Marta
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