741:, as their commander against the Spanish, and he was ritually prepared for the battle. He and his 8,400 warriors met the Spanish/Aztec/Kaqchikel army outside of Pinal south of Quetzalteango and were defeated. After several more defeats the Kʼicheʼ offered the Spanish vassalage and invited them to Qʼumarkaj on 7 March 1524. By way of deceit Alvarado then seized the lords of Qʼumarkaj and burned them alive. He instated two lower Kʼiche leaders as his puppet rulers and continued to subdue the other Kʼicheʼ communities in the area. Qʼumarkaj was razed and levelled to hinder the Kʼicheʼ in reestablishing themselves at the well-fortified site, and the community relocated to the nearby town of
565:
1741:
185:
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and members of the Kaweq lineage. The rebels tried to kill Kʼiqʼab himself but he was defended by sons loyal to him in
Pakaman, on the outskirts of the city. As a result of the rebellion, Kʼiqʼab was forced to make concessions to the rebelling Kʼicheʼ lords. The newly empowered Kʼicheʼ lords turned against their Kaqchikel allies, who were forced to flee Qʼumarkaj and found their own capital at
695:
556:("man of the mat" – the title of the Kʼiche ruler) Kʼotuja the Ilokʼabs revolted against the leadership of the Nima Kʼicheʼ lineage but were soundly defeated. Kʼotuja expanded the influence of the Kʼicheʼs and tightened the political control over the Kaqchikel and Tzʼutujil peoples by marrying his family members into their ruling lineages.
998:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2012) p.31 ("Alvarado entered the Quiche capital at Cumarcah (also known by its Nahua name, Utalan) without resistance on March 7, 1524, at the invitation of the lords Oxib Quieh and Beleheb Tri. Once inside the city, Alvarado suspected a trap and ordered the arrest and execution of its rulers.")
661:
Kaqchikel got word of the attack and defeated the Kʼiche army. Constant warfare ensued until 1522 when a peace accord was made between the two peoples. Although the Kʼiche also experienced some military successes in this period, for example in the subordinations of the
Rabinal and the peoples on the Pacific coast of Chiapas (
607:(king-elect). The Kʼicheʼ-led army entered Kʼoja at first light, killed Tekum Sikʼom and captured his son. Kʼiqʼab recovered the bones of his father and returned to Qʼumarkaj with many prisoners and all the jade and metal that the Kʼoja possessed, after conquering various settlements in the Sacapulas area, and the
811:
were the Kaweq, the Nijaib, the Saqik and the Ajaw Kʼicheʼ. The Kaweq and the Nijaib included nine principal lineages each, the Ajaw Kʼicheʼ included four and the Saqik had two. As well as choosing the king and king elect, the ruling Kaweq dynasty also had a lineage that produced the powerful priests
686:
arrived in Qʼumarkaj to request tribute from the Kʼiche they saw themselves forced to accept vassalage to the Aztecs. From 1510 to 1521 Aztec influence at Qʼumarkaj increased and the Kʼiche lord 7 Noj also married two daughters of the Aztec ruler, further cementing the Aztec lordship, by becoming his
551:
with the help of the
Kaqchikel. Then they went southwest to found Pismachi where a large ritual center was built. At Pismachi, both Kʼoqaib and Kʼonache ruled, but soon internal conflicts between the lineages erupted, and finally the Ilokʼabs left Pismachi and settled in a nearby town called Mukwitz
710:
Before the arrival of the
Spanish led army, the Kʼicheʼ were struck by the diseases the Europeans had brought to the Americas. The Kaqchikels allied themselves to the Spaniards in 1520, before they had even arrived in Guatemala, and they also told of their enemies the Kʼiche and asked for assistance
770:
around AD 1200 and who eventually lost their original language and adopted that of their subjects. The nobles were regarded as sacred and bore royal imagery. Their vassals served as foot-soldiers and were subject to the laws laid out by the nobility, although they could receive military titles as a
638:
In 1470 a rebellion shook Qʼumarkaj during a great celebration that saw a great gathering that included representatives of all the most important highland peoples. Two sons of Kʼiqʼab together with some of his vassals rebelled against their king, killing many high ranking lords, Kaqchikel warriors
660:
In the period after the death of Kʼiqʼab the weakened Kʼicheʼ continuously struggled against the
Kaqchikel, the Tzʼutujil, the Rabinal, and the Pipil. Under the leadership of Tepepul the Kʼiche tried to launch a sneak attack on Iximché, whose inhabitants were weakened because of a famine, but the
334:
around 1200 CE. These invaders are known as the "kʼicheʼ forefathers" in the documental sources, because they founded what would be the three ruling lineages of the Kʼicheʼ kingdom. The invading peoples were composed of seven tribes: the three Kʼicheʼ lineages (the Nima Kʼicheʼ, the Tamub and the
539:
in the
Chujuyup valley. During this period the Kaqchikel, Rabinal and Tzjutujil tribes were allies of the Kʼicheʼ and subordinate to Kʼicheʼ rulership. In these days the languages of the four peoples were largely similar but as contact between the groups waned, and finally became enmity, the
543:
The Kʼicheʼ people itself was also composed of three separate lineages, the Kʼicheʼ, the Tamubʼ and the Ilokʼabʼ. Each lineage served a different function, the Nima Kʼicheʼ were the ruling class, the Tamub were probably traders and the Ilokʼab warriors. Each lineage was further divided into
317:
44:
600:. Instead of marrying her and submitting to the Kʼicheʼ-Kaqchikel alliance, Tekum Sikʼom, the Kʼoja king, killed the offered bride. This act initiated a war between the Kʼicheʼ-Kaqchikel of Qʼumarkaj and the Kʼoja. Qʼuqʼumatz died in the resulting battle against the Kʼoja.
794:
means "big house" in Kʼicheʼ, after the palace complexes that the lineages occupied. Their duties included marriage negotiations and associated feasting and ceremonial lecturing. These lineages were strongly patrilineal and were grouped into four larger, more powerful
775:. The merchants were a privileged class, although they had to make tributary payments to the nobility. In addition to these classes, the population included rural labourers and artisans. Slaves were also held and included both sentenced criminals and prisoners of war.
380:
already occurs in this period, and the names of the "forefathers" are better understandable as coming from
Chontal and Nahuatl than from Kʼicheʼ. The Kʼicheʼ forefathers brought with them their tribal Gods: the Patron God of the Kʼicheʼ tribe was the sky god
347:
peoples, and a seventh tribe called the Tepew Yaqui. Not much is known about the ethnicity of the invaders: the ethnohistoric sources state that they were unable to communicate with the indigenous Kʼicheʼ when they arrived, and that they were
728:
and
Cholultec allies. They were quickly promised military assistance by the Kaqchikels. The Kʼiche knew all about the movements of the Spanish forces through their network of spies. When the army arrived at the Kʼicheʼ town of Xelajú Noj
308:, Nijaib and Tamub titles each recount Kʼicheʼ history from the viewpoint of a specific Kʼicheʼ lineage. Other sources include those written by conquistadors and ecclesiastics, and administrative documents of the colonial administration.
753:
In the Late
Postclassic, the greater Qʼumarkaj area is estimated to have had a population of around 15,000. The inhabitants of Qʼumarkaj were divided socially between the nobility and their vassals. The nobles were known as the
544:
sublineages which also each had their specific functions: The Kʼicheʼ sublineages were Ajaw Kʼicheʼ, Kaweq, Nijaib and Sakiq. The Tamub sublineages were
Ekoamakʼ and Kakoj. The Ilokʼab sublineages were the Siqʼa and Wanija.
627:, and extended as far west as the Okos River, near the modern border between the Chiapas coast of Mexico and Guatemalan Pacific coast. With Kaqchikel help, the eastern frontier of the kingdom was pushed as far as the
329:
The Mayan Kʼicheʼ people had lived in the highlands of Guatemala since 600 BCE but the documented history of the Kʼicheʼ kingdom began when foreigners from the Mexican Gulf coast entered the highlands via the
711:
against them. Cortés sent messengers to Qʼumarkaj and requested their peaceful submission to Spanish rule and a cessation of hostilities towards the Kaqchikel. The Kʼiche denied and made ready for battle.
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2539:
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With the death of his father in battle against the Kʼoja, his son and heir Kʼiqʼab swore vengeance, and two years later he led the Kʼicheʼ-Kaqchikel alliance against his enemies, together with the
682:(long-distance traders) later arrived at Qʼumarkaj the Kʼicheʼ ruler 7 Noj was so embittered that he ordered them to leave his kingdom, not to return. However, in 1510 when Aztec emissaries from
646:
After the death of king Kʼiqʼab in 1475 the Kʼicheʼ were engaged in warfare against both the Tzʼutujils and the Kaqchikels, perhaps in an attempt to recover the former power of Qʼumarkaj.
580:" lord of the Kʼicheʼ and is claimed to have been able to magically transform himself into snakes, eagles, jaguars and even blood. He could fly into the sky or visit the underworld,
1147:
2534:
2470:
691:, the Nahuatl translation of the placename. When the Aztecs were defeated by the Spanish in 1521 they sent messengers to the Kʼicheʼ ruler that he should prepare for battle.
993:
2529:
320:
Map of Southern Guatemala in the Postclassic period – showing the locations of important Kʼicheʼ urban centers (in black) and the surrounding ethnic groups (in white).
1633:(1997). "Las ruinas de Utatlán: 150 años después de la publicación de Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, de John L. Stephens".
280:
The history of the Quiché Kingdom is described in a number of documents written in postcolonial times both in Spanish and in indigenous languages such as
584:. Qʼuqʼumatz greatly expanded the Kʼicheʼ kingdom, first from Pismachiʼ and later from Qʼumarkaj. At this time, the Kʼicheʼ were closely allied with the
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empire which was then at its height in central Mexico began asserting influence on the Pacific coast and into the Guatemalan highlands. Under the Aztec
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2141:
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After conquering and settling Jakawitz under Balam Kitze, the Kʼicheʼ now ruled by Tzʼikin expanded into Rabinal territory and subdued the
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655:
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665:), the Kʼicheʼ didn't achieve the same level of hegemony as they had experienced in earlier times. From around 1495 the
1226:
Carmack, Robert M.; John M. Weeks (April 1981). "The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Utatlan: A Conjunctive Approach".
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result of their battlefield prowess. The social divisions were deep-seated and were equivalent to strictly observed
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which, apart from the well-known mythology, also contains a history and genealogy of the Kaweq lineage such as the
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1945:
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1918:
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43:
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the Soconusco province which was then paying tribute to the Kʼicheʼ was conquered by the Aztecs, and when Aztec
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178:
742:
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1561:(2000). "The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
1347:. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York:
376:
culture and arrived as conquerors rather than merchants. It is well documented that Nahuan influence in the
1846:
69:
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1635:
17:
2116:
1525:
Popol Vuh: the Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings
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615:. During the reign of Kʼiqʼab, who was particularly warlike, the Kʼicheʼ kingdom expanded to include
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recounting the history of the Kaqchikel vassals and later enemies of the Kʼicheʼ. A number of other
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2019:
1962:
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The Kʼicheʼ kingdom reached its height under the king Kʼiqʼab who ruled from the fortified town of
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Under Kʼotujas's son Quqʼkumatz the Nima Kʼiche lineage also left Pismachi and settled nearby at
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786:, in Qʼumarkaj, closely linked to the palaces in which the nobility attended to their duties;
721:
365:
226:
2426:
2199:
1782:
1512:
1495:
Fox, John W. (September 1989). "On the Rise and Fall of Tuláns and Maya Segmentary States".
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1427:
Fox, John W. (September 1989). "On the Rise and Fall of Tuláns and Maya Segmentary States".
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1974:
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588:. Qʼuqʼumatz sent his daughter to marry the lord of the Kʼoja, a Maya people based in the
206:
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1563:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1
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in the thirteenth century, and which expanded through the fifteenth century until it was
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descendants of the founding warlords who appear to have entered as conquerors from the
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1984:
1935:
1893:
1873:
1858:
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1655:
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1558:
1458:"The Lords of Light Versus the Lords of Dark: The Postclassic Highland Maya Ballgame"
1255:
1159:
1133:
628:
597:
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The "forefathers" conquered the indigenous highland peoples and founded a capital at
361:
248:. During his rule the Kʼicheʼ ruled large areas of highland Guatemala extending into
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1841:
1203:
Quichéan Civilization:The Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic and Archaeological sources
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that chose the rulers of the city. At the time of the Conquest, the four ruling
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733:) the Kʼicheʼ steward of the town sent word to Qʼumarkaj. The Kʼicheʼ chose
673:
662:
632:
593:
289:
210:
2009:
568:
The Guatemalan highlands – location of the extensive Kingdom of the Kʼicheʼ
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2441:
2301:
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2269:
2264:
2004:
1853:
831:
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arrived in Guatemala with 135 horsemen, 120 footsoldiers and 400 Aztec,
2331:
2296:
2189:
2014:
1760:
694:
640:
616:
612:
581:
576:, "place of the rotten cane". Quqʼkumatz became known as the greatest "
368:(1968) is of the opinion that they were probably bilingual Nahuatl and
353:
340:
237:
1325:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filologicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas.
1247:
2281:
2229:
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1999:
577:
373:
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1647:
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1041:
1039:
1037:
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2259:
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2159:
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2029:
1404:
The Book of Counsel: The Popol-Vuh of the Quiche Maya of Guatemala
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1074:
772:
693:
666:
563:
382:
315:
1994:
1967:
1322:
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1651:
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son in-law. During this period Qʼumarkaj also became known as
1292:
Kikʼaslemaal le Kʼicheʼaabʼ: Historia Social de los Kʼicheʼs
812:
of Qʼuqʼumatz, who may have served as stewards of the city.
540:
languages diverged becoming the distinct modern languages.
1265:
Kikʼulmatajem le Kʼicheʼaabʼ: Evolución del Reino Kʼicheʼ
2560:
16th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
952:
950:
2540:
States and territories established in the 13th century
1603:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California:
1104:
Akkeren, Ruud van (2003). "Authors of the Popol Vuh".
940:
938:
928:
926:
916:
914:
912:
910:
900:
898:
896:
296:. Information from these can be crosschecked with the
1380:
Texas Notes on Precolumbian Art, Writing, and Culture
1319:
Título de Totonicapán: texto, traducción y comentario
805:
797:
788:
780:
2415:
2340:
2140:
2038:
1983:
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1317:Carmack, Robert M. & James L. Mondloch (1983).
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1017:
1015:
1013:
1460:. In Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (eds.).
1146:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1234:(2). Society for American Archaeology: 323–341.
778:There were twenty-four important lineages, or
1663:
8:
992:"Introduction", in Allen J. Christenson, to
2535:16th-century disestablishments in Guatemala
18:K'iche' kingdom of Q'umarkaj
1670:
1656:
1648:
392:
42:
26:
407:(ruling periods estimated by generations)
1207:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California:
405:
395:
2530:1524 disestablishments in North America
847:
1139:
995:Popul Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya
758:, while the vassals were known as the
560:Quqʼkumatz and Kʼiqʼab (c. 1400–1475)
140:
130:
126:
104:
94:
90:
82:
7:
1509:American Anthropological Association
1441:American Anthropological Association
1376:"Prehistory of the Kʼichean People"
1294:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Iximulew.
1267:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Iximulew.
1164:. San Francisco: Bancroft & Co.
1408:Middle American Research Institute
552:Chilokʼab. During the rule of the
25:
1503:(3). Oxford/Arlington, Virginia:
1435:(3). Oxford/Arlington, Virginia:
1047:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.717.
335:Ilokʼab), the forefathers of the
2555:1225 establishments in Guatemala
1739:
1402:Edmonson, Munro S., ed. (1971).
1082:Carmack & Weeks 1981, p.329.
372:speakers who were influenced by
304:such as those of Sacapulas, the
288:. Important sources include the
183:
360:identified them as Mexicanized
209:in the highlands of modern-day
1374:Christenson, Allen J. (1997).
1209:University of California Press
1:
1517:10.1525/aa.1989.91.3.02a00080
1449:10.1525/aa.1989.91.3.02a00080
1406:. Publ. no. 35. New Orleans:
656:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
1290:Carmack, Robert M. (2001b).
1263:Carmack, Robert M. (2001a).
1182:University of Oklahoma Press
352:es, meaning that they spoke
203:Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj
1466:University of Arizona Press
1199:Carmack, Robert M. (1973).
1176:The Quiché Mayas of Utatlán
1098:References and bibliography
2576:
2392:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1567:Cambridge University Press
1161:History of Central America
890:Carmack 2001a, pp.160–161.
881:Carmack 2001a, pp.158–159.
653:
244:) near the modern town of
97:• ~1225–1250 (first)
2047:Annals of the Cakchiquels
1737:
1605:Stanford University Press
1595:; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
1462:The Mesoamerican Ballgame
1118:10.1017/S0956536103142010
389:Foundation (c. 1225–1400)
298:Annals of the Cakchiquels
252:, and they subdued other
213:which was founded by the
158:
154:
127:
115:
107:• ~1500–1524 (last)
91:
41:
36:
2486:15.023528°N 91.1719889°W
762:. The nobility were the
268:, as well as the Nahuan
179:Viceroyalty of New Spain
2407:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
2367:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
1497:American Anthropologist
1429:American Anthropologist
1120:(inactive 2024-09-12).
806:
798:
789:
781:
2525:Pre-Columbian cultures
2491:15.023528; -91.1719889
707:
569:
321:
2545:Retalhuleu Department
2520:Mesoamerican cultures
2382:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
2372:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2131:Título de Totonicapán
1704:Classic Maya collapse
1636:Apuntes Arqueologicos
1456:Fox, John W. (1991).
1091:Carmack 2001a, p.367.
983:Bancroft, 1883:625-6.
965:Carmack 2001a, p.166.
956:Carmack 2001a, p.165.
944:Carmack 2001a, p.164.
932:Carmack 2001a, p.163.
920:Carmack 2001a, p.162.
904:Carmack 2001a, p.161.
872:Carmack 2001a, p.158.
743:Santa Cruz del Quiché
697:
567:
319:
294:Título de Totonicapán
246:Santa Cruz del Quiché
215:Kʼicheʼ (Quiché) Maya
66:Common languages
2387:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
2110:Ritual of the Bacabs
1771:Twin-pyramid complex
1569:. pp. 449–499.
1533:Simon & Schuster
1505:Blackwell Publishing
1437:Blackwell Publishing
650:Decline and conquest
631:and south as far as
592:, somewhere between
590:Cuchumatan mountains
236:(also called by its
2482: /
2352:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2322:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
2117:Songs of Dzitbalché
1349:Thames & Hudson
1156:Bancroft, Hubert H.
1106:Ancient Mesoamerica
1056:Sharer 2000, p.490.
1007:Fox 1989, p.673.n2.
749:Social organization
133:• Established
31:Qʼumarkaj (Utatlán)
2377:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2185:Howler monkey gods
1228:American Antiquity
1170:Carmack, Robert M.
974:Carmack, 1981:144.
708:
570:
322:
276:Historical sources
2515:Maya civilization
2465:
2464:
2402:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
2362:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
1680:Maya civilization
1593:Sharer, Robert J.
1565:. Cambridge, UK:
1559:Sharer, Robert J.
1507:on behalf of the
1439:on behalf of the
1412:Tulane University
722:Pedro de Alvarado
533:
532:
282:Classical Kʼicheʼ
227:Pedro de Alvarado
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
70:Classical Kʼicheʼ
16:(Redirected from
2567:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2427:Lady Eveningstar
2419:
2344:
2144:
1987:
1911:
1743:
1709:Spanish conquest
1691:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1626:
1602:
1599:The Ancient Maya
1588:
1554:
1527:. Translated by
1520:
1491:
1452:
1423:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1386:. Archived from
1370:
1336:
1313:
1286:
1259:
1222:
1206:
1195:
1179:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1069:
1068:Coe 1999, p.190.
1066:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1031:Coe 1999, p.189.
1029:
1008:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
945:
942:
933:
930:
921:
918:
905:
902:
891:
888:
882:
879:
873:
870:
864:
863:Carmack 1981:69.
861:
855:
852:
809:
801:
792:
784:
528:~1500–1524
517:~1475–1500
506:~1435–1475
495:~1400–1435
484:~1375–1400
473:~1350–1375
462:~1325–1350
451:~1300–1325
440:~1275–1300
429:~1250–1275
418:~1225–1250
408:
393:
378:Kʼicheʼ language
187:
186:
175:
174:
160:
159:
46:
27:
21:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2550:Former kingdoms
2500:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2452:Wak Chanil Ajaw
2417:
2411:
2342:
2336:
2142:
2136:
2034:
1985:
1979:
1951:Human sacrifice
1909:
1903:
1766:Triadic pyramid
1744:
1735:
1699:Preclassic Maya
1689:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1629:
1615:
1591:
1577:
1557:
1543:
1529:Tedlock, Dennis
1523:
1494:
1480:
1455:
1426:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1373:
1359:
1341:Coe, Michael D.
1339:
1333:
1316:
1302:
1289:
1275:
1262:
1225:
1219:
1198:
1192:
1168:
1154:
1138:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1035:
1030:
1011:
1006:
1002:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
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948:
943:
936:
931:
924:
919:
908:
903:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
858:
854:Carmack 1981:49
853:
849:
845:
818:
751:
658:
652:
562:
529:
518:
507:
496:
485:
474:
463:
452:
441:
430:
419:
406:
391:
364:merchants. But
358:J.E.S. Thompson
327:
314:
278:
221:by Spanish and
184:
147:
134:
108:
98:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2573:
2571:
2563:
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2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2413:
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2410:
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2404:
2399:
2397:Yoʼnal Ahk III
2394:
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2369:
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2217:
2212:
2207:
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2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
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2138:
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2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
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2083:
2076:
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2057:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:Social classes
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
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1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1825:Maritime trade
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
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1752:
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1734:
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1706:
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1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:(in Spanish).
1631:Weeks, John M.
1627:
1613:
1589:
1575:
1555:
1541:
1521:
1499:. New Series.
1492:
1478:
1453:
1431:. New Series.
1424:
1399:
1371:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1314:
1300:
1287:
1273:
1260:
1240:10.2307/280211
1223:
1217:
1196:
1190:
1166:
1152:
1112:(2): 237–256.
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1070:
1058:
1049:
1033:
1009:
1000:
985:
976:
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946:
934:
922:
906:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
817:
814:
750:
747:
737:, a lord from
731:Quetzaltenango
704:Quetzaltenango
702:in modern-day
651:
648:
625:Quetzaltenango
561:
558:
531:
530:
526:
520:
519:
515:
513:Vahxakʼ i-Kaam
509:
508:
504:
498:
497:
493:
487:
486:
482:
476:
475:
471:
465:
464:
460:
454:
453:
449:
443:
442:
438:
432:
431:
427:
421:
420:
416:
410:
409:
403:
402:
390:
387:
326:
323:
313:
310:
277:
274:
225:forces led by
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
181:
172:
169:
168:
163:
156:
155:
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148:
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99:
96:
93:
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88:
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73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
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2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2477:91°10′19.16″W
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Lady of Tikal
2435:
2433:
2432:Lady of Itzan
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2405:
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2398:
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2380:
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2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
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2303:
2300:
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2275:
2274:
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2268:
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2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
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2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:Título Cʼoyoi
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2089:
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2070:
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2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:Death rituals
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
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1900:
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1801:
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1700:
1697:
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1692:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:0-8047-4817-9
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:0-521-35165-0
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:0-671-45241-X
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:0-8165-1360-0
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1390:on 2006-01-17
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:0-500-28066-5
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1332:968-837-376-1
1328:
1324:
1321:. Mexico DF:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:99922-56-19-2
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:99922-56-22-2
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1218:0-520-01963-6
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1191:0-8061-1546-7
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
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1153:
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1143:
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1123:
1119:
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986:
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947:
941:
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935:
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927:
923:
917:
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913:
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901:
899:
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893:
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884:
878:
875:
869:
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851:
848:
842:
838:
835:
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830:
828:
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823:
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819:
815:
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690:
685:
681:
680:
675:
672:
668:
664:
657:
649:
647:
644:
642:
636:
634:
630:
629:Motagua River
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
598:Huehuetenango
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
566:
559:
557:
555:
550:
545:
541:
538:
527:
525:
522:
521:
516:
514:
511:
510:
505:
503:
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478:
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455:
450:
448:
445:
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428:
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149:
146:
136:
122:
118:
114:
110:
100:
86:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:(1225-1400),
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
28:
19:
2467:
2317:Vucub Caquix
2276:
2245:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2236:Post-Classic
2225:Moon goddess
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2103:Rabinal Achí
2101:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2054:Chilam Balam
2052:
2045:
1756:Architecture
1640:
1634:
1598:
1562:
1531:. New York:
1524:
1500:
1496:
1461:
1432:
1428:
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1383:
1379:
1344:
1318:
1291:
1264:
1231:
1227:
1202:
1175:
1160:
1142:cite journal
1109:
1105:
1087:
1052:
1003:
994:
988:
979:
970:
961:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
804:
796:
787:
779:
777:
759:
755:
752:
719:conquistador
713:
709:
688:
684:Moctezuma II
677:
659:
645:
637:
605:Ajpop Kʼamha
604:
602:
571:
553:
546:
542:
534:
523:
512:
501:
490:
479:
468:
457:
446:
435:
424:
414:Bʼalam Kitze
413:
400:of Qʼumarkaj
397:
396:
370:Chontal Maya
349:
332:Pasión River
328:
279:
270:Pipil people
256:such as the
254:Maya peoples
231:
202:
200:
166:Succeeded by
165:
101:Bʼalam Kitze
2489: /
2474:15°1′24.7″N
2457:Yohl Ikʼnal
2292:Hun Hunahpu
2210:Kinich Ahau
2200:Jaguar gods
1511:: 656–681.
1468:. pp.
1443:: 656–681.
822:Cerro Quiac
764:patrilineal
739:Totonicapán
726:Tlaxcaltecs
61:(1400-1524)
37:c.1225–1524
2504:Categories
2307:Qʼuqʼumatz
2180:Hero Twins
2165:Death gods
2039:Literature
1975:Households
1941:Priesthood
1643:(1): 7–26.
1464:. Tucson:
1394:2009-01-05
1180:. Norman:
837:Chutixtiox
827:Chitinamit
768:Gulf coast
735:Tecún Umán
700:Tekum Uman
698:Statue of
654:See also:
609:Mam people
586:Kaqchikels
491:Quqʼkumatz
76:Government
55:Chitinamit
2447:Sak Kʼukʼ
2277:Popol Vuh
2215:Maize god
2175:Goddess I
2096:Popol Vuh
1946:Sacrifice
1929:Midwifery
1919:Childhood
1869:Mythology
1832:Languages
1719:Guatemala
1283:253481949
1256:162190746
1134:162443068
1126:0956-5361
760:al kʼajol
674:Ahuitzotl
663:Soconusco
633:Escuintla
594:Sacapulas
574:Qʼumarkaj
436:E Tzʼikin
345:Tzʼutujil
337:Kaqchikel
290:Popol Vuh
286:Kaqchikel
262:Kaqchikel
258:Tzʼutujil
234:Qʼumarkaj
229:in 1524.
219:conquered
211:Guatemala
145:Conquered
59:Qʼumarkaj
2442:Lady Xoc
2302:Jacawitz
2287:Camazotz
2270:Yum Kaax
2265:Kukulkan
2025:Tzolkʼin
1986:Calendar
1936:Religion
1894:Textiles
1874:Numerals
1859:Medicine
1854:Mayanist
1795:Ceramics
1788:Graffiti
1623:57577446
1585:33359444
1551:11467786
1535:. 1985.
1488:51873028
1367:59432778
1345:The Maya
1343:(1999).
1310:47220876
1172:(1981).
1158:(1883).
832:Chojolom
816:See also
679:pochteca
671:Tlatoani
537:Jakawitz
524:Oxib Keh
502:Kʼiqʼabʼ
469:Kʼonache
458:Kʼokaibʼ
425:Kʼokʼoja
111:Oxib Keh
79:Monarchy
2510:K'iche'
2332:Zipacna
2297:Huracan
2205:Kʼawiil
2190:Itzamna
2151:Classic
2143:Deities
2073:Grolier
2066:Dresden
2060:Codices
1910:Society
1899:Warfare
1837:Classic
1815:Economy
1805:Cuisine
1776:Revival
1761:E-Group
1729:Yucatán
1714:Chiapas
1690:History
1470:213–238
689:Utatlán
641:Iximche
617:Rabinal
613:Zaculeu
582:Xibalba
549:Poqomam
480:Kʼotuja
366:Carmack
354:Nahuatl
341:Rabinal
325:Origins
312:History
302:títulos
242:Utatlán
238:Nahuatl
143:•
120:History
51:Capital
2418:Queens
2282:Awilix
2230:Yopaat
2195:Ixchel
2080:Madrid
2010:Kʼatun
2000:Baktun
1889:Stelae
1879:People
1842:Script
1800:Cities
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306:Cʼoyoi
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2343:Kings
2327:Xquic
2312:Tohil
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2160:Chaac
2155:Bacab
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2005:Haabʼ
1924:Women
1884:Sites
1864:Music
1820:Trade
1810:Dance
1724:Petén
1252:S2CID
1244:JSTOR
1130:S2CID
843:Notes
807:nimja
799:nimja
790:nimja
782:nimja
667:Aztec
621:Cobán
611:near
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207:state
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2255:Chin
2250:Akna
2240:Acat
2015:Kʼin
1995:Ajaw
1968:Ajaw
1847:List
1619:OCLC
1609:ISBN
1581:OCLC
1571:ISBN
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1537:ISBN
1484:OCLC
1474:ISBN
1416:OCLC
1363:OCLC
1353:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1323:UNAM
1306:OCLC
1296:ISBN
1279:OCLC
1269:ISBN
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1186:ISBN
1148:link
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