3813:
432:. There is evidence that the Pipil were able to understand Nahuatl, as the Spanish were able to communicate with Pipil they encountered in Nahuatl. Nahuatl was used as a "vehicular language" at that time, because many different groups could speak Nahuatl, so groups with unintelligible languages to each other could communicate. However, unlike in Nahuatl, honorifics for religious concepts do not include complex honorifics added to nouns, prepositions, and verbs. Which may have been further reasoning on why the Aztecs believed they spoke a degraded version of Nahuatl. Because of this when Spanish evangelicals came to indoctrinate Pipil the Pipil didn't understand them. Causing trouble in indoctrinating them into Christianity and making the friars learn their unique patterns.
365:
207:
30:
727:, due to preservation and revitalization efforts of various non-profit organizations in conjunction with several universities, combined with a post-civil war resurgence of Nahua identity in the country of El Salvador, the number of Nawat speakers rose from 200 in the 1980s to 3,000 speakers in 2009. The vast majority of these speakers are young people, a fact that may allow the language to be pulled from the brink of extinction. Nawat (Nahuat) language revitalization efforts are currently being made today, in and outside of El Salvador.
712:
A small percentage (estimated by the government at 1 percent, by UNESCO at 2 percent, and by scholars at between 2 and 4 percent) is of solely or nearly solely
Indigenous ancestry, although the numbers are disputed for political reasons. There are still Natives who speak Nawat (Nahuat) and follow traditional ways of life. They live mainly in the southwest part of the country in small villages, but numerous self-identified Indigenous populations live in other areas, such as the Nonualcos south of the capital and the Lenca in the east.
604:
Cuscatlán forces retreated into the mountains, where they sustained a guerrilla war against the allies of the
Spanish, who had occupied the city of Cuscatlán. Unable to defeat this resistance, and with Pedro de Alvarado nursing a painful leg wound from an arrow in the first battle in Acajutla beach, Diego de Alvarado was forced to lead the rest of the conquest. Two subsequent Spanish expeditions were required to achieve the complete defeat of Cuzcatan, in 1525 and again in 1528.
676:
traversal of the
Isthmus of Mexico. Much of the research on this topic has also sought to illuminate why they chose the Western Balsam coast as their destination, and why they migrated at all. Escamilla Rodriguez has asserted that to a certain extent, the early pipil sites studied on the Balsam coast of El Salvador were changed and appropriated by the settlers as part of a diasporic migration process, maintaining their identities through alteration of their landscape.
249:
680:
indentured to the conquistadors, studies have found that much of their traditional pottery was influenced by the
European trends brought in by the Spanish. Analysis showed how even though the pottery created by the Pipil artists was ornamented with traditional indigenous decoration, the forms of the pieces themselves were frequently European. Jeb Card sites this artistic influence as evidence for ethnogenesis during the long rule of the Spanish.
812:
798:
63:
720:
capital of San
Salvador saying there wasn't any left in the whole of El Salvador, this was not the case as estimates of Indigenous populations in 1975 were that of around 500,000 making up approximately 10 percent of the Salvadorean population. In this time period archeologists and anthropologists called the Indigenous peoples of El Salvador an Invisible population similar to how blacks were treated in the US.
3865:
81:
636:
Pipil living there made a life in which they continued to keep in touch with their indigenous customs. For the Pipil population that stayed inside the
Spanish rule they were forced to stop native crop cultivate and start farming Cacao. The Spanish also passed a tax on the Cacao from the family heads, by 1590 the Pipil population was 20% of what it was pre conquest.
482:, that, like the Nawat in El Salvador, have reduced the earlier /tl/ sound to a /t/. The varieties spoken in these three areas do share greater similarities with Nawat than the other Nahuan varieties do, which suggests a closer connection; however, Campbell (1985) considers Nawat distinct enough to be a language separate from the Nahuan branch, thus rejecting an
557:("The Massacre") of 1932, where an estimated 40,000 Indigenous Salvadorans were executed by the government. This event caused many Indigenous Salvadorans who survived to stop passing on their Native language, traditions, and other cultural practices to their descendants. Many also stopped wearing traditional Indigenous clothing out of fear.
631:
new social and political order. with the
Spaniards collecting and selling the products Indigenous people produced, because the Indigenous populations were much better at cultivating the native crops in the region especially the lucrative cacao plant. However, their cities were forced to realign themselves into
711:
Popular accounts of the Nahua have had a strong influence on the national oral histories of El
Salvador, with a large portion of the population claiming ancestry from the Pipil and other groups. Some 86% of today's Salvadorans self-report as Mestizos (people of mixed Amerindian and European descent).
692:
In 1881 there were several small rebellions launched, after the El
Salvadorean government passed a decree that abolished the ejido system and the tieras comunales. The communal common lands where Pipil continued to farm their crops and pay tribute to the government. This effectively placed all Pipil
643:
The
Spanish were dedicated to the chronicling of the people who they were colonizing, and as such wrote at length about the Pipil. However, many of the sources are of unknown accuracy, as some do not cite any sources, and some carry obvious biases. Despite this, several sources have good information
630:
At the start of colonization, the Pipil continued in some senses their own way of life after the Spanish conquest. This was due to the economic system the Spaniards put in place in El Salvador. Settling mostly in the western side of El Salvador they incorporated the Indigenous populations into their
256:
Indigenous accounts recorded by Spanish chronicler Gonzalo Francisco de Oviedo suggest that the Pipil of El Salvador migrated from present-day Mexico to their current locations beginning around the 8th century A.D. They traveled from current day central Mexico to the Gulf coast. After a short period
699:
In 1932 the Pipil and communists (mostly El Salvadorean peasants wanting land reform) started a rebellion against the El Salvadorean government and their well-trained and armed army. The government responded with the indiscriminate massacre of a conservative 30,000 Indigenous people over the course
663:
has therefore remained associated, in mainstream Salvadoran rhetoric, with the pre-conquest indigenous culture. Today it is used by scholars to distinguish the indigenous population in El Salvador from other Nahua-speaking groups (e.g., in Nicaragua). However, neither the self-identified indigenous
715:
Remaining self-identified El Salvadorian native cultures other than the Pipil include the Lenca, Pokoman, Chorti, and Ulva peoples. The Pipil, however, are descendants of the central Mexican peoples who would form the Aztecs, making them unique in cultural history to other native peoples currently
635:
cities according to the Spanish custom. In Ciudad Vieja, a settlement containing many Pipil as well as Spaniards, many examples of Pipil pottery and obsidian artifacts were found, as well as metalwork that was clearly of Spanish origin. The dense, grid plan city was ruled by the Spanish, but many
719:
In the mid 1900s the majority of people in El Salvador believed there was no indigenous peoples left in El Salvador as the majority of education in Central America emphasized a blended Mestizo culture that could unite countries through the struggles of development and civil wars. With most in the
679:
Archeological study of Pipil art, especially through the 16th and 17th centuries, has also been thorough. Apart from the study of traditional art, archaeologists have looked at the development of Pipil artisanship through Spanish colonization. During Spanish colonization, when Pipil artisans were
675:
A bulk of Pipil focused archaeological research has gone into deciphering the exact migrational route that the Pipil took from central Mexico to El Salvador, and where exactly they first settled. This includes the tracking of their path to the Gulf Coast through remaining Nawat speakers and their
295:
The Pipil organized the confederacy, Kūskatan, with at least two centralized city-states that may have been subdivided into smaller principalities. A common feature of Nahua societies was a grouping of settlements who all had symmetric relationships with the others, rather than one dominant city.
2003:
The States of Central America: Their Geography, Topography, Climate, Population, Resources, Productions, Commerce, Political Organization, Aborigines, etc., etc., Comprising Chapters on Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Belize, the Bay Islands, the Mosquito Shore, and the
730:
There is also a renewed interest in the preservation of traditional Indigenous customs and other Indigenous cultural practices, as well as a greater willingness by Indigenous Salvadoran communities to perform their ceremonies in public, and to wear traditional Indigenous clothing without fear of
550:
and Santo Domingo de Guzmán have the highest concentration of Nawat speakers. Campbell's 1985 estimate (fieldwork 1970-1976) was 200 remaining speakers although as many as 2000 speakers have been recorded in official Mexican reports. Gordon (2005) reports only 20 speakers (from 1987). The exact
639:
While some Pipil continued to live in strongholds in Western and Central El Salvador, by 1892 reports say most of the population in El Salvador was Spanish monolingual. This was attributed to it being easier to learn Spanish and have a chance of making it out of the Pipil communities and fully
603:
allies, who had long been rivals of Cuzcatlan for control over their wealthy cacao-producing region. The Nahua warriors met the Spanish forces in two major open battles that send the Spanish army retreating back to Guatemala. The Spaniards eventually returned with reinforcements. The surviving
700:
of a few days. Peasants were rounded up arms tied behind their back and shot. U.S. Historian Thomas Andeson who studied the Massace wrote "The extermination was so great that they could not be buried fast enough, and a great stench of rotting flesh permeated the air of Western El Salvador."
683:
Pipil writing forms, apart from being analyzed linguistically, have also been studied archaeologically as a fundamental part of unique Pipil culture. Archaeologists analyzing Pipil writings have discovered strong emphasis on currency and commodity, pointing towards an economically advanced
178:
language family. The Nawat language is distinct from the Nahuatl language, as Nawat is descended from the central Mexican Nahuatl, and spoken mainly in Central America. There are very few speakers of the language left, which is a reason for the current efforts being made to revitalize it.
684:
pre-colonial culture. Kathryn Sempeck, among others, upholds Pipil’s unique style of writing, especially involving politics and economics, as a deliberate demonstrator of Pipil independence and cultural separation from the Aztec and the Mixtec, with whom they share a geographic origin.
326:
people began to settle that area, in a deliberate attempt to control the resources of the area. This may be the reason that archeological evidence of continuous Pipil occupation is lacking compared to other cultures that had more permanent stays in the same areas.
551:
number of Native Nawat speakers is difficult to determine because many speakers have wished to remain unidentified, this is due to historic government repression of Indigenous Salvadorans. The most known example of this being
664:
population nor its political movement, which has revived in recent decades, uses the term "pipil" to describe themselves but instead uses terms such as "Nawataketza" (a speaker of Nawat) or simply "indígenas" (indigenous).
587:. After subduing the highland Mayan city-states through battle and cooptation, the Spanish sought to extend their dominion to the lower pacific region of the Nahua, then dominated by the powerful city-state of Cuscatlán.
1508:
731:
government repression. Traditional Pipil cuisine is gaining popularity, known of its use of unique flavor combinations and natural ingredients like corn, green tomatoes and chilis including pupusas (
672:
The archaeological study of the broader Nahua peoples of Meso and Central America has been widespread and thorough. However, studies devoted to the Pipil specifically are rarer, but still important.
3853:
3793:
1014:
Van Akkeren, Ruud (1998). "Getting Acquainted with the Pipils from the Pacific Coast of Guatemala: an Ethno historic Study of Indigenous Documents and of the General Archive of Central America."
257:
of time, they then travelled southwards through the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, ending their journey on the Balsam Coast of El Salvador. As they settled in the area, they founded the city-state of
2381:
330:
When their presence was documented by the Spanish in the 16th century, they were identified as "Pipil" and located in the present areas of western El Salvador, as well as south-eastern
1094:
Recordación florida : discurso historial, demostración material, militar y política del reyno de Goathemala : libros primero, segundo y tercero de la primera parte de la obra
2243:
Polo Sifontes, Francis (1981). Francis Polo Sifontes and Celso A. Lara Figueroa (ed.). "Título de Alotenango, 1565: Clave para ubicar geograficamente la antigua Itzcuintepec pipil".
4156:
3788:
2195:
3846:
1191:
3768:
2414:
1581:
3753:
1960:
3839:
2730:
2353:
1379:
2262:"Conociendo a los Pipiles de la Costa del Pacífico de Guatemala: Un estudio etno-histórico de documentos indígenas y del Archivo General de Centroamérica"
364:
1606:
1777:
3758:
817:
2762:
1886:
2247:(in Spanish). 3, II Epoca. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Dirección General de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Ministerio de Educación: 109–129.
538:
Today, Nawat is seldom used by the general population. It is mostly used in rural areas, mostly as phrases sustained in households, such as in the
2117:
644:
that historians have referred to in the absence of the original manuscripts to which they refer, many of which were destroyed by the Spanish.
2750:
1830:
1406:
1162:
848:
3831:
3664:
2779:
2317:
627:
mentions the name "Pan Atacat" (water men), in reference to coastal Nahua (this may have been a title for war chiefs or coastal warriors).
303:
and developed a wide-ranging trade network for woven goods as well as agricultural products. Their cultivation of cacao, centered in the
3723:
2774:
2652:
2325:
2055:
3778:
2757:
2396:
2051:
1345:
151:
2261:
3717:
2786:
1876:
1731:
1675:
1653:
1494:
1478:
1361:
941:
898:
4135:
3608:
3538:
3227:
2036:
1956:
834:(1932), an indigenous resistance ending in the Republic Army executing and murdering between 10,000 and 40,000 Indigenous people.
716:
situated in El Salvador. The Pipil remain the only substantial population of central Mexican-originating peoples in El Salvador.
553:
462:
is used to refer to the language in Central America only (i.e., excluding Mexico). However, the term (along with the synonymous
4251:
3238:
2920:
2735:
2346:
2191:
1338:
Italianate Pipil Potters: Mesoamerican Transformation of Renaissance of Material Culture in Early Spanish Colonial San Salvador
748:
570:
211:
206:
4256:
3700:
3543:
2391:
2182:
Fox, John W. (August 1981). "The Late Postclassic Eastern Frontier of Mesoamerica: Cultural Innovation Along the Periphery".
2113:
Tracing the "Enigmatic" Late Postclassic Nahua-Pipil (A.D. 1200-1500): Archaeological Study of Guatemalan South Pacific Coast
2077:
1990:
3679:
2955:
2131:
Fowler, William R. Jr. (Winter 1985). "Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis".
703:
Today the Pipil people still continue to resist oppression by spreading their culture and continuing traditional practices.
280:
The Nahua, a cohesive group sharing a central Mexican culture, are said to have migrated to Central America during the Late
307:
area and involving a vast and sophisticated irrigation system, was especially lucrative, and trade reached as far north as
292:. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries saw a Nahua diaspora across Central America, which the Pipil were a part of.
4166:
3711:
3705:
3689:
2930:
2434:
574:
566:
258:
770:
3783:
3675:
2745:
1966:
1620:
29:
2835:
1839:
647:
After the Spanish victory, the Nahua of Kuskatan became vassals of the Spanish Crown and were no longer referred to as
3377:
3249:
2577:
2386:
1848:
1585:
105:
3604:
3488:
3331:
2339:
2269:
XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2004 (Edited by J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo and H. Mejía)
1835:
Recordación Florida: Discurso historial y demostración natural, material, militar y política del Reyno de Guatemala
1763:
1645:
1916:
776:
420:
has often been explained as originating as a derogatory reference made by the Aztecs, who presumably regarded the
3869:
1942:
1757:
1701:
837:
624:
369:
2840:
1749:
4225:
3311:
2915:
2717:
2692:
2406:
2059:
1745:
3060:
543:
2271:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 1000–1014. Archived from
1900:
3973:
3612:
3387:
2557:
2083:
1982:
1905:
1753:
1712:
1667:
970:"Late Postclassic to Colonial Transformations of the Landscape in the Izalcos Region of Western El Salvador"
285:
281:
1854:
1785:
4215:
3030:
2133:
288:
period. The Nahua are linguistically tied to the Aztec, so it is likely that both were descended from the
318:
Near the coast, cotton and indigo were produced as well as cacao. However, a rival confederation of the
4220:
4090:
3533:
3382:
3015:
2769:
2740:
2539:
2514:
2479:
2142:
1811:
1315:
1227:
1067:
467:
3923:
2667:
2312:
2094:
1894:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1771:
270:
230:
782:
4161:
3948:
3817:
3684:
3548:
3513:
3122:
3010:
2725:
2707:
2607:
2088:
2008:
1976:
1971:
1435:
539:
323:
1933:
1637:
4125:
3998:
3968:
3650:
3412:
2642:
2444:
2424:
2043:
1423:
640:
assimilate into the now Spanish El Salvador instead of living under the oppressive taxes and work.
319:
3669:
592:
248:
4130:
3988:
3773:
3763:
3493:
3402:
3181:
2925:
2870:
2845:
2509:
2504:
2474:
2469:
2231:
2215:
2162:
1664:
The Oxford encyclopedia of Mesoamerican cultures: the civilizations of Mexico and Central America
1488:
1355:
1283:
1168:
997:
933:
The cultural evolution of ancient Nahua civilizations : the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America
825:
803:
656:
620:
440:
404:
is the term that is most commonly encountered in anthropological and linguistic literature. This
373:
1928:
1891:
Obras históricas de Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlixochitl, publicadas y anotadas pro Alfredo Chavero
4120:
4115:
4049:
3983:
3798:
3728:
3694:
3417:
3407:
3117:
3085:
2995:
2965:
2895:
2860:
2830:
2826:
2627:
2602:
2534:
2524:
2362:
2248:
2223:
2207:
2170:
2154:
2012:
1872:
1868:
1727:
1716:
1671:
1649:
1600:
1474:
1451:
1402:
1341:
1275:
1185:
1158:
1098:
1048:
989:
947:
937:
894:
619:
led the Pipil forces against first contact with the Spanish, the most famous battle being the
588:
353:
338:
4181:
4140:
4064:
4029:
3943:
3498:
3438:
3422:
3305:
3269:
3176:
3080:
2880:
2697:
2672:
2489:
2484:
2199:
2146:
1807:
1443:
1267:
1215:
1150:
1040:
981:
600:
425:
409:
219:
171:
2331:
4003:
3993:
3938:
3913:
3621:
3300:
3259:
3244:
3207:
3171:
3065:
2960:
2875:
2850:
2811:
2796:
2617:
2454:
2272:
2069:
1689:
1240:
1141:
Fowler, William R.; Card, Jeb J. (2019), Hofman, Corinne L.; Keehnen, Floris W.M. (eds.),
754:
241:
4054:
1308:"Nahua-Pipil Diasporic Migration and Symbolic Landscape in Early Postclassic El Salvador"
2001:
1439:
4246:
4106:
4024:
3978:
3963:
3654:
3638:
3552:
3518:
3362:
3337:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3222:
3005:
2816:
2806:
2499:
2459:
2449:
1948:
1823:
1659:
1015:
843:
580:
421:
382:
335:
274:
237:
167:
138:
121:
101:
2298:
Facts and legends about the arrival of Nicarao to the shores of Grand Lake and Ometepe
1172:
1154:
1142:
4240:
4171:
4095:
3908:
3599:
3595:
3508:
3352:
3321:
3289:
3233:
3201:
3040:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2905:
2900:
2855:
2587:
2582:
2419:
2376:
2235:
2063:
1864:
1697:
1681:
853:
760:
455:
were land owners and composed a sovereign society state during the Toltec expansion.
386:
349:
1256:"Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis"
4008:
3958:
3894:
3591:
3567:
3523:
3473:
3468:
3357:
3342:
3326:
3191:
3142:
3137:
3112:
3090:
3055:
2935:
2572:
2529:
1997:
1737:
1557:
873:
266:
234:
227:
223:
215:
191:
117:
3075:
2048:
An archaeological reconnaissance in the Cotzumalhuapa region, Escuintla, Guatemala
1447:
1143:"Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in Early Colonial El Salvador"
595:, led the first Spanish invasion in June 1524. He was accompanied by thousands of
1380:"Pipil Writing: An Archaeology of Prototypes and a Political Economy of Literacy"
1319:
1147:
Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas
888:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3903:
3883:
3587:
3577:
3448:
3392:
3196:
3127:
2980:
2950:
2657:
2549:
2429:
2302:
1987:
Religión de los nicaraos: Análisis y comparación de tradiciones culturales Nahua
612:
505:
308:
175:
159:
155:
68:
1782:
Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierrafirme del mar de Océano
583:
ventured into Central America from Mexico, then known as the Spanish colony of
396:
is a cultural and ethnic term used for Nahuan-speaking groups. Though they are
3953:
3625:
3463:
3443:
3070:
2885:
2677:
2439:
2227:
2023:
1859:
1307:
1219:
1120:
985:
831:
793:
696:
616:
547:
439:
can be translated as "noble" and surmises that the invading Spanish and their
312:
2252:
2211:
2174:
2158:
1455:
1279:
1211:
1102:
1052:
1044:
993:
4034:
3873:
3646:
3642:
3617:
3367:
2702:
2592:
2307:
2297:
2016:
1844:
951:
632:
584:
345:
331:
183:
3151:
2821:
1028:
828:(1981), perpetrated by the Salvadoran Army during the Salvadoran Civil War.
2111:
1029:"Nahuatl and Pipil in Colonial Guatemala: A Central American Counterpoint"
4189:
4069:
3633:
3483:
3045:
3025:
3020:
2910:
2890:
1938:
1532:
931:
596:
471:
452:
448:
444:
300:
86:
1001:
969:
4194:
4039:
3629:
3166:
3095:
3050:
2791:
2687:
2662:
2647:
2567:
2562:
2519:
2494:
2464:
2219:
1724:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
608:
490:
479:
475:
447:, used the name as a reference to the population's elite, known as the
2166:
1694:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
1287:
1255:
4074:
3572:
3562:
3458:
3433:
2945:
2940:
2865:
2801:
2682:
2632:
2622:
2597:
1212:"Revitalizing indigenous languages: the case of Pipil in El Salvador"
1149:, Archaeological Case Studies, vol. 9, Brill, pp. 197–220,
1092:
764:
734:
405:
304:
297:
289:
187:
163:
134:
2203:
2150:
1271:
4199:
4044:
3212:
3156:
3147:
3035:
2612:
840:(1571), a manuscript written in the indigenous Kaqchikel language.
363:
262:
247:
205:
195:
142:
2074:
Seeing Indians: A Study of Race, Nation and Power in El Salvador
3835:
2335:
344:
Some urban centers developed into present-day cities, such as
341:
settlements were interspersed around the area of Chalchuapa.
3794:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1880:
1837:. J. A. Villacorta, R. A. Salazar, & S. Aguilar (Eds.).
1533:"Lenca | Indigenous, Honduras, Central America | Britannica"
1473:. CrabTree Publishing Company (published 2002). p. 11.
210:
Map of El Salvador's Indigenous Peoples at the time of the
261:, which was already home to various groups including the
1742:
Los nicarao y los chorotega según las fuentes históricas
158:
inhabiting the western and central areas of present-day
1819:
La distribución prehistórica e histórica de los pipiles
252:
Estimated paths of the Pipil migration to El Salvador
3789:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
2303:
Fernando Silva article on the historicity of Nicarao
1016:
http://www.famsi.org/reports/03101/99ruud/99ruud.pdf
4208:
4180:
4149:
4104:
4083:
4017:
3890:
3660:
3583:
3558:
3529:
3504:
3479:
3454:
3429:
3398:
3373:
3348:
3317:
3280:
3255:
3218:
3187:
3162:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:
2716:
2548:
2405:
2369:
2196:
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research
1027:Matthew, Laura E.; Romero, Sergio F. (2012-10-01).
428:. However, the Nahua do not refer to themselves as
128:
111:
95:
77:
59:
49:
39:
2056:Contributions to American anthropology and history
356:are considered to have been Nahua establishments.
1424:"The teachings of the Nahuat Pipil (El Salvador)"
435:Archaeologist William Fowler notes that the term
1912:Síntesis de la historia pretoleca de Mesoamérica
1091:Fuentes y Guzmán, Francisco Antonio de (1967) .
1072:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 15
693:people in poverty as they could no longer farm.
166:ethnic group of Central America. They speak the
1399:Matanza: El Salvador's Communist revolt of 1932
3769:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3754:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
3847:
2347:
1422:Castro, Maria Eugenia Aguilar (August 2002).
424:as a childish version of their own language,
8:
1190:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
352:. Ruins in Aguilares and those close to the
22:
2037:Seminaro de Integración Social Guatemalteca
2007:(Revised and expanded ed.). New York:
1957:Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas
1642:The Mythology of Mexico and Central America
655:(Indians), in accordance with the Vatican "
3854:
3840:
3832:
3737:
2354:
2340:
2332:
1993:, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
28:
21:
3759:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1401:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1128:U.S. Agency for International Development
818:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
751:(1792–1833), Tagateku Nonualco war chief
495:Dialects of Nawat include the following:
2363:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
2116:(MA thesis). Carbondale, Illinois, USA:
1953:Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl modern
936:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
466:) has also been used to refer to Nahuan
2118:Southern Illinois University Carbondale
2028:Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala
1991:Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas
1961:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
865:
757:(1885–1936), indigenous rights activist
579:In the early 16th century, the Spanish
34:Nahua family in Sonsonate, El Salvador.
2098:(Vols. 41-43). Mexico: Librería Porrúa
1831:de Fuentes y Guzmán, Francisco Antonio
1605:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1598:
1486:
1353:
1236:
1225:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1183:
1920:(Vol. 2, pp. 1019–1108). Mexico.
1778:Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo
1726:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1373:
1371:
1331:
1329:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1097:. Editorial "José de Pineda Ibarra".
849:Pipil language (typological overview)
779:, poet and Nawat linguist (1959-2016)
7:
2245:Antropología e Historia de Guatemala
1804:The Pipil-Nicarao of Central America
1471:El Salvador, The People, and Culture
1114:
1112:
963:
961:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
296:They were also competent workers in
162:. They are a subgroup of the larger
124:) and Traditional Indigenous Customs
50:Regions with significant populations
4105:Descendants of Europeans (white or
2787:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
1887:Ixtlilxochitl, Don Fernando de Alva
3779:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
2758:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
2052:Carnegie Institution of Washington
1923:Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto. (1966).
1860:Ethnologue: Languages of the world
1509:"The Pipil Indians of El Salvador"
890:Culture and Customs of El Salvador
470:in the southern Mexican states of
14:
2770:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
2741:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1709:The Pipil language of El Salvador
1155:10.1163/j.ctvrxk2gr.15?seq=11
1130:: 3–9 – via Google Scholar.
1069:The Pipil Language of El Salvador
723:According to a special report in
486:subgrouping that includes Nawat.
408:derives from the closely related
360:Language, etymology, and synonymy
16:Nahua ethnic group of El Salvador
3863:
3811:
2763:Archaeological sites in Colombia
2736:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1849:Sociedad de Geografía e Historia
810:
796:
376:" with the symbol of an altepetl
79:
61:
2746:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
2192:The University of Chicago Press
1513:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
887:Boland, Roy (17 October 2017).
571:Spanish conquest of El Salvador
55:Western and central El Salvador
2078:University of New Mexico Press
2004:Honduras Inter-Oceanic Railway
1925:Mesoamerica before the Tolteca
1556:Morales, Olmedo (2021-08-09).
893:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1:
3690:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
2751:Archaeological sites in Chile
1810:, Department of Archaeology,
1493:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1448:10.1080/14888386.2002.9712587
1360:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1306:Rodriguez, Escamilla (2022).
1119:Chapin, Mac (December 1989).
607:According to legend, a Nahua
575:Spanish conquest of Nicaragua
567:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
3784:Mesoamerican writing systems
2780:Archaeological sites in Peru
1917:Esplendor del México antiguo
1397:Anderson, Thomas P. (1971).
1121:"The Indians of El Salvador"
968:Sampeck, Kathryn E. (2010).
777:Nantzin Paula López Witzapan
743:Notable Nahua of El Salvador
3680:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1817:Fowler, William R. (1983).
1764:Clavijero, Francisco Xavier
1558:"¿Quiénes son los Chortís?"
1469:Greg, Nickels (June 2002).
1254:Fowler, William R. (1985).
930:Fowler, William R. (1989).
458:For most authors, the term
4273:
3706:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3609:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
2260:Van Akkeren, Ruud (2005).
2110:Batres, Carlos A. (2009).
1768:Historia Antigua de México
1750:Serie historia y geografía
1336:Card, Jeb (Oct 22, 2013).
651:by the Spanish but simply
564:
488:
416:(meaning "boy"). The term
186:is related to that of the
3880:
3807:
3749:
3740:
3104:
2931:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
1949:Lastra de Suarez, Yolanda
1943:Stanford University Press
1746:Universidad de Costa Rica
1702:University of Texas Press
1686:Middle American languages
1220:10.13140/RG.2.1.2393.6167
986:10.1017/S0956536111000174
910:– via Google Books.
838:Annals of the Cakchiquels
771:Francisco "Chico" Sánchez
625:Annals of the Cakchiquels
133:
116:
100:
54:
44:
27:
3891:Guatemalan native groups
3882:Ancestral background of
3818:Civilizations portal
2775:Cultural periods of Peru
2084:de Torquemada, Fray Juan
1901:Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto
1722:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
1707:Campbell, Lyle. (1985).
1378:Sempek, Kathryn (2015).
1045:10.1215/00141801-1642743
3712:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2558:Mesoamerican chronology
2032:Etnografía de Guatemala
1840:Biblioteca "Goathemala"
1688:. in L. Campbell &
1668:Oxford University Press
1210:Lemus, Jorge E (2003).
1157:(inactive 2024-06-12),
513:Santo Domingo de Guzmán
460:Pipil or Nawat (Nahuat)
214:: 1. Pipil (Nahua), 2.
174:language branch of the
170:, which belongs to the
4252:History of El Salvador
3870:Ancestry and ethnicity
2415:Archaeological periods
2313:Nawat language program
1998:Squier, Ephraim George
1833:. (1932–1933 ).
1744:. Publicaciones de la
1713:Mouton grammar library
1235:Cite journal requires
1173:10.1163/j.ctvrxk2gr.15
1066:Cambell, Lyle (1985).
874:"Pipil in El Salvador"
516:Santa Catarina Mazagua
377:
253:
245:
4257:Mesoamerican cultures
4150:Descendants of Asians
3718:List of Conquistadors
3605:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
3016:Quebrada de Humahuaca
2435:Caddoan Mississippian
2143:Duke University Press
2009:Harper & Brothers
1855:Raymond G. Gordon Jr.
1812:University of Calgary
1786:J. Amador de los Ríos
1696:(pp. 902–1000).
367:
251:
209:
129:Related ethnic groups
3685:Francisco de Montejo
3613:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
2726:Andean civilizations
2653:Shaft tomb tradition
2184:Current Anthropology
2044:Thompson, J. Eric S.
1983:Miguel León-Portilla
1758:Ciudad Universitaria
707:Modern Nahua Culture
220:Kakawira o Cacaopera
3884:Guatemalan citizens
3651:Manco Inca Yupanqui
2956:Manteño-Huancavilca
2425:Ancestral Puebloans
1879:. (Online version:
1666:, in four volumes.
1662:, Editor in chief.
1440:2002Biodi...3c..10C
974:Ancient Mesoamerica
739:and atol de elote.
623:led by Atunal. The
156:Mesoamerican people
24:
4084:Guatemalan mestizo
4018:Former and extinct
3774:Columbian exchange
3764:Portal:Mesoamerica
2916:La Tolita (Tumaco)
2731:Indigenous peoples
2470:Hopewell tradition
2397:Indigenous peoples
2318:Salvadoran article
1881:www.ethnologue.com
1800:Fowler, William R.
1790:Asunción, Paraguay
1670:, New York, 2001.
1648:, New York, 1990.
1621:"Anastacio Aquino"
1562:ASB América Latina
1537:www.britannica.com
826:El Mozote massacre
804:El Salvador portal
657:Discovery doctrine
621:Battle of Acajutla
591:, a lieutenant of
468:language varieties
441:Indian auxiliaries
378:
374:Lienzo de Tlaxcala
254:
246:
242:Mangue o Chorotega
106:Salvadoran Spanish
4234:
4233:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3799:Pre-Columbian art
3735:
3734:
3729:Francisco Pizarro
3695:Pedro de Alvarado
3011:Pucará de Tilcara
2095:Biblioteca Porrúa
2089:Monarquía Indiana
1937:(pp. 4–82).
1895:Editoria Nacional
1869:SIL International
1794:Editorial Guaraní
1717:Mouton Publishers
1715:(No. 1). Berlin:
1408:978-0-8032-0794-3
1164:978-90-04-39245-8
668:Pipil Archaeology
589:Pedro de Alvarado
286:Early Postclassic
150:The Pipil are an
148:
147:
73:Estimated 12,000
4264:
4182:Afro-descendants
3868:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3738:
3724:Spanish Conquest
3701:Spanish Conquest
3676:Spanish Conquest
3665:Spanish Conquest
3107:
3106:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2322:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2266:
2256:
2239:
2178:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2070:Tilley, Virginia
2020:
1909:
1808:PhD dissertation
1772:Editorial Porrúa
1738:Chapman, Anne M.
1625:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1584:. Archived from
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:
965:
956:
955:
927:
912:
911:
909:
907:
884:
878:
877:
870:
820:
815:
814:
813:
806:
801:
800:
799:
783:Alicia Maria Siu
749:Anastasio Aquino
725:El Diario de Hoy
688:Pipil resistance
561:Spanish conquest
212:Spanish conquest
85:
83:
82:
67:
65:
64:
40:Total population
32:
25:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4204:
4176:
4145:
4100:
4079:
4013:
3892:
3886:
3876:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3745:
3736:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3667:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3622:Quemuenchatocha
3620:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3551:
3420:
3329:
3303:
3292:
3239:Human Sacrifice
3236:
3228:Human Sacrifice
3225:
3199:
3172:Mayan Languages
3100:
2712:
2544:
2401:
2382:Genetic history
2365:
2360:
2320:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2259:
2242:
2181:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2103:Further reading
1996:
1977:Dietrich Reimer
1972:Zentral-Amerika
1967:Lehmann, Walter
1903:
1857:(Ed.). (2005).
1806:. (Unpublished
1690:Marianne Mithun
1660:Carrasco, David
1638:Bierhorst, John
1634:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1582:"Archived copy"
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1352:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
967:
966:
959:
944:
929:
928:
915:
905:
903:
901:
886:
885:
881:
872:
871:
867:
862:
816:
811:
809:
802:
797:
795:
792:
755:Prudencia Ayala
745:
709:
690:
670:
577:
563:
493:
484:Eastern Nahuatl
464:Eastern Nahuatl
362:
354:Guazapa volcano
231:Ch'orti' people
204:
120:(Predominantly
80:
78:
62:
60:
35:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Lakandon Chʼol
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3698:
3673:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3636:
3615:
3602:
3585:
3584:Notable Rulers
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:Neo-Inca State
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3298:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2292:External links
2290:
2288:
2287:
2257:
2240:
2204:10.1086/202685
2179:
2151:10.2307/482092
2128:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2081:
2067:
2041:
2040:publication 8.
2021:
1994:
1980:
1964:
1946:
1934:Ancient Oaxaca
1921:
1898:
1884:
1852:
1828:
1815:
1797:
1775:
1761:
1735:
1720:
1705:
1682:Campbell, Lyle
1679:
1657:
1646:William Morrow
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1573:
1548:
1524:
1500:
1479:
1461:
1414:
1407:
1389:
1367:
1347:978-0809333165
1346:
1325:
1293:
1272:10.2307/482092
1246:
1237:|journal=
1197:
1163:
1133:
1108:
1083:
1058:
1039:(4): 765–783.
1019:
1007:
980:(2): 261–282.
957:
942:
913:
899:
879:
864:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
851:
846:
844:Pipil language
841:
835:
829:
822:
821:
807:
791:
788:
787:
786:
780:
774:
773:, Juayua Chief
768:
758:
752:
744:
741:
708:
705:
689:
686:
669:
666:
611:or Lord named
581:conquistadores
562:
559:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
503:
500:
422:Nawat language
383:Nawat language
372:based on the "
361:
358:
238:Poqomam people
203:
200:
168:Nawat language
146:
145:
139:Nicarao people
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:Roman Catholic
114:
113:
109:
108:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
75:
74:
71:
57:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3820:
3819:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:Hernán Cortés
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2718:South America
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2540:Weeden Island
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Poverty Point
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Mississippian
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2407:North America
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Paleo-Indians
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Pipil (Nawat)
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2278:on 2011-09-14
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:on behalf of
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:Massachusetts
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:1-55671-159-X
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:Dallas, Texas
1862:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:(Vols. 6-8).
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:, 6, 348-372.
1826:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:0-19-509427-1
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:0-19-510815-9
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:0-688-11280-3
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1588:on 2012-09-28
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1480:9780778793687
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1340:. SIU Press.
1339:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
943:0-8061-2197-1
939:
935:
934:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
902:
900:9780313306204
896:
892:
891:
883:
880:
875:
869:
866:
859:
855:
854:Pipil grammar
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
808:
805:
794:
789:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:(1881–1932),
762:
761:Feliciano Ama
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
726:
721:
717:
713:
706:
704:
701:
698:
694:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
602:
598:
594:
593:Hernán Cortés
590:
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
555:
549:
546:departments.
545:
541:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
389:
388:
387:Nawat grammar
384:
375:
371:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
337:
333:
328:
325:
321:
316:
314:
311:and south to
310:
306:
302:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:
88:
76:
72:
70:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
31:
26:
4059:
4055:Manche Chʼol
3809:
3742:
3592:Moctezuma II
3549:Inca history
3474:Andean Music
3418:Architecture
3413:Architecture
3408:Architecture
3403:Architecture
3399:Architecture
3393:Gender Roles
3138:Tenochtitlan
3061:Timoto–Cuica
3056:Tierradentro
2841:Casma–Sechin
2637:
2573:Chalcatzingo
2321:(in Spanish)
2280:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2268:
2244:
2187:
2183:
2138:
2134:Ethnohistory
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2112:
2093:
2087:
2073:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1952:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1890:
1863:(15th ed.).
1858:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1803:
1781:
1767:
1741:
1723:
1708:
1693:
1685:
1663:
1641:
1632:Bibliography
1615:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1470:
1464:
1431:
1428:Biodiversity
1427:
1417:
1398:
1392:
1384:Ethnohistory
1383:
1337:
1311:
1266:(1): 37–62.
1263:
1260:Ethnohistory
1259:
1249:
1228:cite journal
1176:, retrieved
1146:
1136:
1127:
1093:
1086:
1076:14 September
1074:. Retrieved
1068:
1061:
1036:
1033:Ethnohistory
1032:
1022:
1010:
977:
973:
932:
904:. Retrieved
889:
882:
868:
732:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
697:La Mantanza:
695:
691:
682:
678:
674:
671:
660:
659:". The term
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
629:
606:
578:
552:
537:
494:
483:
463:
459:
457:
436:
434:
429:
417:
413:
401:
397:
393:
391:
380:
379:
368:The seal of
343:
329:
317:
294:
279:
255:
181:
149:
118:Christianity
19:Ethnic group
4226:Salvadorans
4025:Acala Chʼol
3989:Sipakapense
3897:and others)
3655:Túpac Amaru
3639:Manco Cápac
3588:Moctezuma I
3499:Agriculture
3494:Agriculture
3489:Agriculture
3480:Agriculture
3423:Road System
3312:Mathematics
3177:Muysc Cubun
3031:San Agustín
2981:Monte Verde
2658:Teotihuacan
2550:Mesoamerica
2445:Coles Creek
2430:Anishinaabe
2387:Archaeology
2198:: 321–346.
2086:. (1969 ).
2026:. (1958 ).
2024:Stoll, Otto
1904: [
1889:. (1952 ).
1824:Mesoamérica
1780:. (1945 ).
1766:. (1974 ).
785:, muralist.
506:Panchimalco
309:Teotihuacan
176:Uto-Aztecan
160:El Salvador
69:El Salvador
4241:Categories
3984:Sakapultek
3974:Qʼanjobʼal
3626:Tisquesusa
3600:Cuauhtémoc
3596:Cuitláhuac
2926:Lauricocha
2896:Gran Chaco
2886:Cupisnique
2871:Chinchorro
2846:Chachapoya
2836:Caral–Supe
2678:Tlaxcaltec
2668:Teuchitlán
2583:Chupícuaro
2510:Plum Bayou
2505:Plaquemine
2475:Marksville
2440:Chichimeca
2326:World Book
2282:2012-02-18
2228:4644864425
2123:2011-10-02
2072:. (2005).
1989:. Mexico:
1985:. (1972).
1975:. Berlin:
1969:. (1920).
1955:. Mexico:
1929:J. Paddock
1910:. (1959).
1893:. Mexico:
1770:. Mexico:
1684:. (1978).
1592:2012-09-30
1567:2024-05-16
1542:2024-05-16
1518:2024-05-16
1320:2723811681
1178:2024-05-23
906:17 October
860:References
832:La Matanza
617:Atunal Tut
601:Cakchiquel
565:See also:
554:La Matanza
548:Cuisnahuat
544:Ahuachapán
534:Chiltiupan
519:Teotepeque
510:Cuisnahuat
502:Nahuizalco
489:See also:
381:See also:
350:Ahuachapán
313:Costa Rica
152:Indigenous
104:(Nahuat),
4216:Americans
4065:Tojolabal
4035:Chinamita
4030:Alaguilac
3999:Tzʼutujil
3969:Poqomchiʼ
3944:Kaqchikel
3874:Guatemala
3647:Atahualpa
3643:Pachacuti
3618:Nemequene
3484:Chinampas
3306:Astronomy
3295:Astronomy
3275:Mythology
3270:Mythology
3265:Mythology
3260:Mythology
3256:Mythology
3086:Wankarani
3076:Tuncahuán
2966:Marajoara
2921:Las Vegas
2807:Atacameño
2703:Xochipala
2643:Purépecha
2603:Epi-Olmec
2593:Cuicuilco
2535:Troyville
2525:St. Johns
2253:605015816
2236:144750081
2212:0011-3204
2175:478130795
2159:0014-1801
2145:: 37–62.
2060:Cambridge
1845:Guatemala
1489:cite book
1456:1488-8386
1434:(3): 10.
1356:cite book
1280:0014-1801
1103:948355675
1053:0014-1801
994:0956-5361
633:grid plan
615:and Lord
585:New Spain
540:Sonsonate
531:Comazagua
400:the term
392:The term
346:Sonsonate
332:Guatemala
320:Tz'utujil
184:cosmology
154:group of
96:Languages
4221:Mexicans
4209:Americas
4190:Garifuna
4167:Lebanese
4070:Toquegua
4004:Uspantek
3994:Tektitek
3979:Qʼeqchiʼ
3939:Jakaltek
3924:Chʼortiʼ
3914:Awakatek
3743:See also
3661:Conquest
3634:Zoratama
3301:Calendar
3290:Calendar
3285:Calendar
3281:Calendar
3250:Religion
3245:Religion
3234:Religion
3223:Religion
3219:Religion
3208:Numerals
3202:Numerals
3163:Language
3143:Multiple
3081:Valdivia
3066:Tiwanaku
3026:Saladoid
3021:Quimbaya
2911:Kuhikugu
2891:Diaguita
2881:Chorrera
2698:Veraguas
2693:Veracruz
2673:Tlatilco
2485:Mogollon
2392:Cultures
2370:Americas
2046:(1948).
2017:13436697
2000:(1858).
1951:. 1986.
1939:Stanford
1802:(1981).
1754:San José
1740:(1960).
1692:(Eds.),
1601:cite web
1316:ProQuest
1312:ProQuest
1186:citation
1002:26309197
952:19130791
790:See also
613:Atlácatl
597:Tlaxcala
528:Jicalapa
472:Veracruz
453:Pipiltin
449:Pipiltin
445:Tlaxcala
370:Kuskatan
301:textiles
259:Kūskatan
112:Religion
87:Honduras
4195:Mulatto
4136:Spanish
4131:Russian
4126:Italian
4107:Criollo
4091:Mestizo
4040:Kejache
3964:Poqomam
3949:Kʼicheʼ
3630:Tundama
3559:Peoples
3544:History
3539:History
3534:History
3530:History
3524:Cuisine
3519:Cuisine
3514:Cuisine
3509:Cuisine
3505:Cuisine
3363:Warfare
3358:Warfare
3353:Warfare
3349:Warfare
3343:Society
3338:Economy
3327:Society
3322:Society
3318:Society
3188:Writing
3182:Quechua
3167:Nahuatl
3134:Capital
3071:Toyopán
3051:Tairona
2961:Mapuche
2876:Chiripa
2851:Chancay
2822:Cañaris
2797:Amotape
2792:El Abra
2708:Zapotec
2688:Totonac
2663:Tepanec
2648:Quelepa
2618:Mezcala
2608:Huastec
2578:Cholula
2568:Capacha
2563:Acolhua
2520:Sinagua
2495:Patayan
2465:Hohokam
2455:Fremont
2220:2742225
1931:(Ed.),
1436:Bibcode
649:Pipiles
609:Cacique
491:Nahuatl
480:Chiapas
476:Tabasco
426:Nahuatl
410:Nahuatl
336:Poqomam
290:Toltecs
282:Classic
275:Poqomam
273:', and
271:Ch'orti
202:History
45:~12,000
4172:Romani
4162:Korean
4157:Jewish
4121:German
4116:French
4096:Ladino
4075:Yalain
3909:Akatek
3573:Muisca
3568:Mayans
3563:Aztecs
3197:Script
3192:Script
3152:Bacatá
3123:Muisca
3006:Pucará
3001:Piaroa
2996:Paiján
2991:Omagua
2946:Lupaca
2941:Lokono
2906:Kalina
2901:Huetar
2861:Chavín
2856:Chango
2831:Nariño
2827:Capulí
2817:Calima
2812:Aymara
2802:Arawak
2683:Toltec
2633:Olmecs
2628:Nicoya
2623:Mixtec
2598:Diquis
2500:Picosa
2490:Oshara
2460:Glades
2450:Dorset
2251:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2173:
2167:482092
2165:
2157:
2058:(44).
2015:
1897:, S.A.
1875:
1788:(ed).
1730:
1698:Austin
1678:(set).
1674:
1652:
1477:
1454:
1405:
1344:
1318:
1288:482092
1286:
1278:
1171:
1161:
1101:
1051:
1000:
992:
950:
940:
897:
765:Izalco
735:Pupusa
653:indios
573:, and
522:Tacuba
499:Izalco
478:, and
451:. The
443:, the
406:exonym
398:Nahua,
324:K'iche
305:Izalco
298:cotton
188:Toltec
182:Nahua
172:Nahuan
135:Nahuas
84:
66:
4247:Pipil
4200:Zambo
4141:Swiss
4060:Pipil
4045:Kowoj
4009:Xinca
3959:Mopan
3578:Incas
3469:Music
3464:Music
3459:Music
3455:Music
3388:Women
3383:Women
3378:Women
3374:Women
3332:Trade
3213:Quipu
3157:Cusco
3148:Hunza
3113:Aztec
3046:Taíno
3041:Sican
3036:Shuar
2986:Nazca
2976:Mollo
2971:Moche
2951:Luzia
2866:Chimú
2638:Pipil
2613:Izapa
2588:Coclé
2530:Thule
2420:Adena
2276:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2232:S2CID
2216:JSTOR
2190:(4).
2163:JSTOR
2141:(1).
1927:. In
1908:]
1284:JSTOR
1169:JSTOR
1124:(PDF)
998:JSTOR
767:chief
661:Pipil
525:Ataco
437:Pipil
430:Pipil
418:Pipil
412:word
402:Pipil
394:Nahua
267:Xinca
263:Lenca
240:, 7.
233:, 6.
226:, 5.
224:Xinca
222:, 4.
218:, 3.
216:Lenca
196:Lenca
164:Nahua
143:Lenca
102:Nawat
91:6,388
23:Nahua
3934:Ixil
3929:Itza
3919:Chuj
3904:Achi
3895:Maya
3368:Army
3150:and
3128:Inca
3118:Maya
3096:Zenú
3091:Wari
2936:Lima
2249:OCLC
2224:OCLC
2208:ISSN
2171:OCLC
2155:ISSN
2013:OCLC
1873:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1607:link
1495:link
1475:ISBN
1452:ISSN
1403:ISBN
1362:link
1342:ISBN
1276:ISSN
1241:help
1192:link
1159:ISBN
1099:OCLC
1078:2022
1049:ISSN
990:ISSN
948:OCLC
938:ISBN
908:2017
895:ISBN
733:see
599:and
542:and
385:and
348:and
339:Maya
322:and
284:and
235:Maya
228:Maya
194:and
192:Maya
3954:Mam
3872:in
3449:Art
3444:Art
3439:Art
3434:Art
3430:Art
2200:doi
2147:doi
2034:).
1914:.,
1752:4.
1444:doi
1268:doi
1216:doi
1151:doi
1041:doi
982:doi
414:pil
4243::
3687:)
2267:.
2230:.
2222:.
2214:.
2206:.
2188:22
2186:.
2169:.
2161:.
2153:.
2139:32
2137:.
2092:.
2076:.
2062:,
2054:,
2050:.
2011:.
1959:,
1941::
1906:es
1883:).
1871:.
1867::
1847::
1821:.
1814:).
1792::
1784:.
1756::
1748:,
1711:.
1700::
1644:.
1640:.
1603:}}
1599:{{
1560:.
1535:.
1511:.
1491:}}
1487:{{
1450:.
1442:.
1430:.
1426:.
1382:.
1370:^
1358:}}
1354:{{
1328:^
1314:.
1310:.
1296:^
1282:.
1274:.
1264:32
1262:.
1258:.
1232::
1230:}}
1226:{{
1214:.
1200:^
1188:}}
1184:{{
1167:,
1145:,
1126:.
1111:^
1047:.
1037:59
1035:.
1031:.
996:.
988:.
978:21
976:.
972:.
960:^
946:.
916:^
569:,
474:,
334:.
315:.
277:.
269:,
265:,
198:.
190:,
141:,
137:,
4109:)
3893:(
3855:e
3848:t
3841:v
3731:)
3727:(
3720:)
3716:(
3714:)
3710:(
3708:)
3704:(
3697:)
3693:(
3683:(
3672:)
3668:(
3425:)
3421:(
3334:)
3330:(
3308:)
3304:(
3297:)
3293:(
3241:)
3237:(
3230:)
3226:(
3204:)
3200:(
2829:/
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
2328:.
2285:.
2255:.
2238:.
2202::
2177:.
2149::
2126:.
2080:.
2066:.
2030:(
2019:.
1979:.
1963:.
1945:.
1851:.
1796:.
1774:.
1760:.
1734:.
1719:.
1704:.
1656:.
1623:.
1609:)
1595:.
1570:.
1545:.
1521:.
1497:)
1483:.
1458:.
1446::
1438::
1432:3
1411:.
1386:.
1364:)
1350:.
1322:.
1290:.
1270::
1243:)
1239:(
1222:.
1218::
1194:)
1153::
1105:.
1080:.
1055:.
1043::
1004:.
984::
954:.
876:.
737:)
244:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
