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225:
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459:. Upon further investigation, archeologists realized the chultun was a tomb of a man ranging from 40–50 years old. The man lay facing south while his flexed arms lay with hands crossing. Two vessels containing the skull and the mandible were placed alongside the body of the skeleton in the Mayan lip-to-lip tradition.
377:
Classic Period. At the time of settlement, the central lowlands underwent a period of factionalization allowing various ceremonial sites like Kʼo to develop in the area. Lowland Maya settlement patterns suggest non-nucleated settlement in the area, as opposed to earlier assumptions of nucleated development.
442:
Both the decline of public construction and distribution of luxury goods suggest that the elite at the Kʼo site were no longer powerful enough to commission public architecture or trade luxury goods with other groups as they previously did in the
Terminal Preclassic. The site most likely maintained
438:
economic reciprocal exchange gradually declined at the site over time which correlates with the ceremonial sites decline in power. the marketplace goods which non-elite citizens traded for at the site remained largely unaffected throughout Kʼo's decline, suggesting ruling elite did not have as much
376:
region experienced 1900 years of uninterrupted human occupation from the Early Middle
Preclassic to the Late Classic with several sites occupied at one time. Evidence provided by dated ceramics throughout the Kʼo site suggests occupation for 1500 years from the Late Middle Preclassic to the Terminal
323:
region. The area receives an average of 80 in. (2000 mm) of rainfall annually and temperatures generally range from 70-95 F (25-35 C) similar to the neighboring southern lowlands. The site of Kʼo sits at about 200–250 meters above sea level on the edge of the highland plateau. This placement
385:
Public architecture rose and peaked prominently during the
Terminal Preclassic before gradually declining throughout the later periods. The ball court at Kʼo dates to the Terminal Preclassic. Different plazas also usually date to the Terminal Preclassic, though there is evidence for renovations,
443:
a close political relationship with the Holmul and related sites during the
Classic period. Different scholars debate whether the site and its relationship with Holmul reflected a hierarchy of scale or a hierarchy of control, though others argue both.
482:
This discovery sheds new light on the early Mayan ruler burial during the Late
Preclassic. The residents of Kʼo buried this ruler beneath the elite residential area, which may have been a custom early on. It became customary for the later
394:
Long term political decline occurred at Kʼo throughout the
Classic period. The exact cause of Kʼo's decline remains unknown, though many archaeologists attribute the decline to the centralization of two major polities in the area,
503:
and the associated sites from further looting. Additionally, these rangers protect the site from natural erosion while making sure roofs, trails, and research facilities in the area remain intact for archaeologist use.
474:
Some scholars interpret this find as a sign that the institutionalization of 'ajaw' occurred before Mayan rulership became associated with divine kingship. Another royal tomb found in a residential elite area at
470:
with the headdress. This discovery precedes what scholars believed to be the earliest Mayan ruler in 150 BC, as the tomb dates back to 350 BC, thus pushing the earliest known Mayan ruler back two centuries.
324:
allows the site easy access to wetlands and water sources. In fact, Kʼo elevation places it above several aguadas (water sources for various sites in the area) that branch from the Holmul River.
1073:
495:
Currently the Holmul
Archaeological Project and archaeologist Francisco Estrada-Belli's non-profit organization the Maya Archaeological Initiative employ four local
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466:(symbol of rulership). Mayan scholars associate the Jester God Headdress iconography with Mayan ruler status based on later artwork depicting a ruler or
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332:
843:
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at Holmul and associated sites such as Kʼo. The
Project mapped the sites, excavated artifacts, and salvaged damage done by looters.
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The archaeologists also discovered an incense burner alongside the man which depicted a Jester God
Headband or maize god with
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blades and grinding stones) obtained through non-elite market bartering. Tomasic found that throughout the site's occupation,
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411:'s growing political authority over the region throughout the Classic period as an undermining force of Kʼo elite authority.
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The Kʼo site core contains several large pyramid structures atop platforms arranged amongst the site's plazas.
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Prehistoric Human
Environment Interactions in the Southern Mayan Lowlands: the Holmul Region Case.
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In 2008, archaeologists investigating a wealthy Mayan home at Kʼo dug into a tunnel that led to a
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In his 2009 doctoral dissertation, John Tomasic analyzed the distribution and re-distribution of
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283:. Currently, the site boasts what may be the royal tomb of the earliest known Mayan ruler.
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dominated the region politically throughout the Late Preclassic and archaeologists view
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Investigating Terminal Preclassic and Classic Period Power and Wealth at Kʼo, Guatemala
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or storage area filled with eight different pieces of pottery dating back to the
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reconstruction, and construction of new plaza areas through the Early Classic.
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ceremonial center sites around and associated with the Classic Mayan city of
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The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power before the Classic Period
452:
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inspector Francisco Moro informed Boston University's recently created
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of the existence of the Kʼo site in 2000. Over the next decade, both
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control over the market place as other Mayan archaeologists argue.
1741:
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goods) by elites as well as the distribution of domestic goods (
419:
870:
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837:
Mesoweb Reports: Earliest Jester God Found at Kʼo, Guatemala
299:. It is one of several sites within a 6 km radius of
825:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. Print.
1794:
1783:
for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
1472:
1449:
1081:
904:
534:New Data from a Preclassic Tomb at Kʼo, Guatemala.
855:New Data from a Preclassic Tomb at Kʼo Guatemala
821:. 2010. :*Sharer, Robert and Loa Traxler.
487:rulers to be buried in a temple or a pyramid.
291:The site is located 15 kilometers west of the
882:
249:
8:
555:History of the Holmul Archaeological Project
479:in 2005 also supports this interpretation.
889:
875:
867:
806:Estrada-Belli, Francisco and David Wahl. "
457:Late Middle Preclassic and Late Preclassic
256:
242:
26:
531:John Tomasic and Steven Bozarth (2011),
524:
315:complex is located within Northeastern
185:
162:
38:
789:. New York: Routledge, (2011). Print.
447:The Jester God headdress (royal title)
295:border and 80 kilometers south of the
7:
333:Instituto de Antropología e Historia
853:Tomasic, John and Steven Bozarth. "
850:. Vanderbilt University, 2009. Web.
771:Maya Archeological Initiative 2010
645:Estrada-Belli and Wahl, 2010 p. 15
25:
582:Estrada-Belli and Wahl 2012, p. 6
1072:
803:". Boston University, 2010. Web.
564:Estrada-Belli and Wahl 2012, p.6
349:The Holmul Archeological Project
223:
48:
1872:2000 archaeological discoveries
810:" Boston University, 2010. Web.
735:Tomasic and Bozarth 2011, pg. 8
708:Tomasic and Bozarth 2011, pg. 2
627:Tomasic and Bozarth 2011, pg. 1
609:Tomasic and Bozarth 2011, pg. 1
813:Maya Archaeology Initiative. "
762:Tomasic and Bozarth 2011, p. 9
744:Tomasic and Bozarth 2011, p. 9
573:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 46
1:
801:Holmul Archaeological Project
337:Holmul Archeological Project
187:Spanish conquest of the Maya
819:Maya Archaeology Initiative
799:Estrada-Belli, Francisco. "
1888:
1839:
785:Estrada-Belli, Francisco.
726:Estrada-Belli 2011, pg. 63
1837:
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753:Estrada-Belli 2011, p. 63
30:This article is part of
1867:Maya sites in Guatemala
319:in the central lowland
537:Kansas.academia.edu p9
279:located in modern-day
230:Mesoamerica portal
914:Actun Tunichil Muknal
663:Tomasic 2009, pg. 322
636:Tomasic 2009, pg. 322
341:Vanderbilt University
178:Classic Maya collapse
1096:Altar de Sacrificios
690:Tomasic 2009, p. 323
681:Tomasic 2009, p. 323
672:Tomasic 2009, pg. 26
654:Tomasic 2009, p. 322
618:Tomasic 2009, pg. 30
303:and is southeast of
859:Kansas.academia.edu
717:Skidmore 2011, p. 2
699:Tomasic 2009, p. 34
600:Tomasic 2009, pg. 1
591:Tomasic 2009, pg. 1
546:Tomasic 2009, pg. 1
485:Mayan civilization
271:is one of several
1849:
1848:
1842:Pre-Columbian era
1787:
1296:Motul de San José
929:Barton Creek Cave
839:". Mesoweb, 2011.
835:Skidmore, Joel. "
795:978-0-415-42994-8
345:Boston University
266:
265:
41:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
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1331:Punta de Chimino
1101:Arroyo de Piedra
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842:Tomasic, John. "
823:The Ancient Maya
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1781:
1702:San Gervasio
1542:Chichen Itza
1487:Aguada Fénix
1441:Zapote Bobal
1371:Takalik Abaj
1361:San Clemente
1014:Nim Li Punit
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497:park rangers
494:
491:Preservation
481:
473:
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450:
441:
432:luxury goods
416:luxury goods
413:
393:
384:
371:
358:
331:
309:Holmul River
290:
268:
267:
100:Architecture
1809:Casa Blanca
1796:El Salvador
1547:Chunchucmil
1502:Balankanche
1411:Wajxaklajun
1376:Tamarindito
1356:San Bartolo
1286:Mixco Viejo
1241:Kaminaljuyu
1176:El Porvenir
1121:Cerro Quiac
1064:Xunantunich
1039:San Estevan
994:Lower Dover
499:to protect
477:San Bartolo
307:across the
1862:Maya sites
1856:Categories
1840:See also:
1824:San Andrés
1804:Cara Sucia
1717:Tortuguero
1592:Hormiguero
1567:Comalcalco
1537:Chinkultic
1522:Chacchoben
1396:Tres Islas
1281:Machaquila
1271:La Joyanca
1181:El Temblor
1166:El Mirador
1141:Chutixtiox
1131:Chitinamit
1044:Santa Rita
989:Louisville
949:Chaa Creek
934:Cahal Pech
924:Baking Pot
898:Maya sites
778:References
368:Settlement
1762:Yaxchilan
1692:Punta Sur
1627:Kohunlich
1587:Ekʼ Balam
1572:Dzibanche
1557:Chunlimón
1552:Chunhuhub
1464:El Puente
1341:Qʼumarkaj
1276:La Muerta
1266:La Corona
1261:La Blanca
1256:La Amelia
1186:El Tintal
1151:Dos Pilas
1083:Guatemala
999:Lubaantun
969:KaʼKabish
464:hun jewel
343:and then
328:Discovery
317:Guatemala
287:Geography
281:Guatemala
206:Guatemala
105:Astronomy
90:Sacrifice
85:Mythology
70:Languages
1814:Cihuatán
1777:Yoʼokop
1677:Palenque
1672:Oxkintok
1532:Chicanná
1517:Calakmul
1512:Bonampak
1451:Honduras
1431:Zacpeten
1401:Uaxactun
1346:Río Azul
1336:Quiriguá
1301:Naachtun
1251:Kʼatepan
1231:Ixtonton
1106:Balberta
1091:Aguateca
1029:Pacbitun
979:La Milpa
964:El Pilar
919:Altun Ha
508:See also
434:used in
428:obsidian
145:Medicine
125:Textiles
110:Calendar
80:Religion
32:a series
18:K'o
1829:Tazumal
1757:Xtampak
1697:Río Bec
1667:Ocomtún
1647:Mayapan
1632:Komchen
1527:Chactún
1497:Balamku
1482:Acanceh
1436:Zaculeu
1391:Topoxte
1381:Tayasal
1321:Pajaral
1316:Naranjo
1291:Montana
1216:Iximche
1196:Guaytán
1191:El Zotz
1171:El Perú
1161:El Chal
1156:El Baúl
1136:Chocolá
1116:Cancuén
1111:Bejucal
1054:Uxbenka
1034:Pusilha
1009:Minanha
984:Lamanai
939:Caracol
861:, 2011.
453:chultun
390:Decline
363:History
201:Chiapas
196:Yucatán
164:History
155:Warfare
150:Cuisine
75:Writing
65:Society
1767:Yaxuná
1752:Xpuhil
1747:Xlapak
1737:Xcaret
1712:Toniná
1687:Pomona
1642:La Mar
1612:Joljaʼ
1597:Izamal
1474:Mexico
1421:Xultun
1416:Witzna
1406:Ucanal
1366:Seibal
1236:Ixtutz
1206:Holtun
1201:Holmul
1059:Xnaheb
1019:Nohmul
974:Kʼaxob
959:Cuello
944:Cerros
906:Belize
829:
815:Holmul
793:
501:Holmul
409:Holmul
397:Holmul
374:Holmul
355:Layout
313:Holmul
305:Holmul
301:Holmul
293:Belize
277:Holmul
115:Stelae
95:Cities
60:People
34:on the
1742:Xelha
1727:Uxmal
1722:Tulum
1707:Sayil
1662:Muyil
1637:Labna
1622:Kiuic
1617:Kabah
1607:Jaina
1602:Izapa
1582:Edzna
1507:Becan
1459:Copán
1426:Yaxha
1386:Tikal
1351:Sacul
1311:Nakum
1306:Nakbe
1246:Kinal
1221:Ixkun
1211:Itzan
1126:Chama
954:Colha
520:Notes
436:elite
424:shell
405:Cival
401:Cival
321:Peten
273:Mayan
211:Petén
140:Dance
135:Music
130:Trade
1772:Yula
1732:Uxul
1652:Maní
1562:Coba
1226:Ixlu
1049:Tipu
827:ISBN
791:ISBN
468:ajaw
422:and
420:jade
399:and
381:Rise
372:The
347:led
1492:Aké
857:".
846:".
817:".
269:Kʼo
120:Art
1858::
403:.
1786:)
1780:(
890:e
883:t
876:v
418:(
257:e
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243:v
20:)
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