162:
694:). An empress dowager wielded absolute power over the harem and imperial family and sometimes even for important issues that were necessary, the emperor or officials went to empress dowager to consult. Empress Dowager's position was second after the emperor, but she was ahead of him in respect, because the emperor lowered his head in front of her to show his respect and stood in front of her with respect and politeness, even was precise in the way he spoke and faced her. Numerous empress dowagers held
1051:
1279:
1222:
43:
1920:"Souborný katalog AV ČR - Zápas o funkci nejvyššího štolmistra na dvoře císařovny vdovy Eleonory Gonzagové : Edice důvěrné korespondence bratří Ditrichštejnů z roku 1683 = Struggle for the stallmeister's position on the court of the empress dowager Eleonora Gonzaga. : Edition of private correspondence between the Dietrichstein brothers dated 1683 / Jiří Kubeš"
1592:. Her son was appointed as crown prince, but later he was dethroned from the seat of crown prince to a normal prince due to an event. Her husband's concubine Lady Đỗ Thụy Châu gave birth to a prince and he was appointed as crown prince later. After her husband's death, the crown prince ascended to the throne, she became empress dowager.
1468:
of India. Her son, her grandson and her great-grandson all died before their wives, and their widows were known as
Empresses dowager in this Indian context. Had George VI, the last Emperor of India, died before the independence of India was proclaimed in 1947, his widow would have been known as the
698:
during the reign of underage emperors. Many of the most prominent empress dowagers also extended their control for long periods after the emperor was old enough to govern. This was a source of political turmoil according to the traditional view of
Chinese history.
1469:
dowager empress of India. However, George VI did not die until 1952, some years after India's formal independence and the renunciation of the title
Emperor of India by the British monarch (which took place formally in 1948).
524:
1396:, which put an enormous strain on their already tense relationship. The power struggle culminated when the Dowager Empress refused to hand over certain jewels traditionally associated with the Empress Consort.
1448:
Empress
Elizabeth Alexeievna was briefly and concurrently, along with her mother in-law Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, a Dowager empress. She is therefore often forgotten as a Dowager Empress.
1963:
1546:
and married him. Once again she took the title of empress consort. Because she was an empress twice with two different emperors, she is called "Hoàng hậu hai triều" (Two-dynasty
Empress).
517:
1404:
1377:
1380:(Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), for whom this tradition was started, often took the arm of her son Tsar Alexander I at court functions and ceremonies while his wife Empress
510:
1860:
1316:
and was crowned alongside him in 962. After her husbands death, her son Otto II succeeded as
Emperor, and on his death he was succeeded by Adelaide's grandson
1426:
1058:
In the complex organization of the
Japanese Imperial Court, the title of "empress dowager" does not automatically devolve to the principal consort of an
1559:
1919:
1415:
1381:
1542:
ascended to the throne, she became empress dowager and handled all political matters. But later she dethroned her son and ceded the throne to
1384:(Louise of Baden) walked behind, which caused resentment on the part of the young empress. The same thing happened decades later when Emperor
1888:
1437:
1393:
1389:
1332:
1067:
876:
1595:
Empress
Dowager Đỗ Thụy Châu: After her son ascended to the throne, she became the co-empress dowager with Empress Dowager Chiêu Linh.
1361:
832:
126:
1372:
Dowager empresses of Russia held precedence over the
Empress consort. This was occasionally a source of tension. For example, when
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1331:. She continued to be referred to as "Empress" long after the death of her first husband in 1125, and her subsequent remarriage to
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107:
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1585:(c. 1044–1117): After dethroning and killing the empress dowager, she became empress dowager and kept all political powers
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75:
53:
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1603:
1025:
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855:
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1419:
1005:
975:
764:
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641:
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1706:
1697:, some months later her sister Grand Empress Bảo Thánh died, she became the only surviving consort of
1694:
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1430:
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1000:
822:
753:
451:
1598:
Empress
Dowager An Toàn (?–1226): She was famous for misusing authority during the reign of her son
640:
of the same generation, while a woman from the previous generation was sometimes given the title of
1927:
1741:
1578:
vehemently opposed and forced her to the death. Her tenure of being an empress dowager is one year.
1522:
927:
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31:
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626:
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556:
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143:
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1128:
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1045:
844:
774:
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645:
622:
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274:
1867:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (The New Cambridge Medieval History), pp. 231–266.
1324:
1081:
1029:
669:
576:
467:
1518:
1726:
1903:
Lomax, John (18 October 2013). "Constance (1154–1198)". In Emmerson, Richard K. (ed.).
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42:
1909:. Routledge. pp. 153, 154. ISBN 978-1-136-77519-2. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
1574:(regent) for the new seven-year-old emperor, but the mother of the new emperor
1570:. After husband's death, she became empress dowager and declared that she will
1077:
The following were among the individuals who were granted this imperial title:
1880:
The Empress Matilda : queen consort, queen mother and lady of the English
1729:(1810–1902),born Phạm Thị Hằng, was a Vietnamese empress, the wife of Emperor
1562:(?–1073): While she could not give birth to any sons, her husband's concubine
989:
971:
945:
241:
1582:
1575:
1563:
1685:
Empress Dowager Tuyên Từ (?–1318): A concubine and younger sister-in-law of
870:
807:
488:
384:
379:
369:
353:
188:
1740:
Empress Dowager Từ Cung (1890–1980), mother of the last Vietnamese Emperor
2002:
472:
415:
394:
374:
364:
317:
312:
269:
246:
1622:
forced her son to abdicate and be a monk at the pagoda, her son did as
1464:(1819–1901, r. 1837–1901) was widowed in 1861, before her accession as
542:
483:
446:
441:
332:
171:
17:
1514:
Notes: The parentheses show the dates of birth and the dates of death.
949:
695:
653:
606:
560:
462:
436:
420:
389:
291:
257:
1689:, she is younger sister of the proper Empress Bảo Thánh. In 1293,
1630:, who is the only empress of Vietnamese history, thus, she became
1049:
637:
610:
425:
405:
343:
1327:
was the Holy Roman Empress from 1114 by her marriage to Emperor
1033:
348:
296:
281:
199:
183:
1066:" can only be bestowed or granted by the Emperor who will have
1273:
1216:
36:
27:
Mother or widow of an emperor in the Chinese cultural sphere
1950:"Chuyện về 'hoàng hậu hai triều' Dương Vân Nga - VnExpress"
1650:. At that point, An Toàn was no longer an empress dowager.
1364:, and after his death was Empress Dowager from 1657–1686.
1338:
Despite having abandoned the throne of Sicily for her son
1657:(?–1259): She became empress dowager after her daughter
1290:
1233:
1320:. She served as regent until he reached his majority.
1693:
ceded the throne to his son with Empress Bảo Thánh,
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1399:There have been four dowager empresses in Russia:
1405:Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)
636:The title was also given occasionally to another
1733:(1807–1847, r. 1841–1847) and mother of Emperor
1588:Empress Dowager Chiêu Linh (?–1200): Empress of
1046:Empress of Japan § List of empress dowagers
1991:Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959).
1906:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia
1626:told and ceded the throne to her granddaughter
1196:
1170:
1144:
1118:
1092:
1642:to get married with his seven-year-old nephew
1312:was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Emperor
1190:
1164:
1138:
1112:
1086:
1883:. Internet Archive. Oxford : Blackwell.
518:
8:
673:
580:
1427:Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
525:
511:
138:
1323:Although never referred to as a dowager,
1028:(1868–1913), wife and empress consort of
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1705:died, she became empress dowager. 1314,
1360:, was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to
1054:Standard of the Japanese Empress Dowager
978:(r. 1626–1636) and first Emperor of the
1816:
1789:
150:
1416:Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)
1022:ruler of the Qing dynasty for 40 years
605:translation of the title given to the
1538:died after an assassination, her son
7:
1997:. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
1438:Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
1394:Alexandra Fyodorovna (Alix of Hesse)
1390:Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
1333:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
787:(d. 189), second empress consort of
706:was given to the wife of a deceased
154:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1861:The Ottonians as kings and emperors
1713:, she became grand empress dowager.
1661:ascended to the throne. But later,
723:For grand empresses dowager, visit
1865:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1850:Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 337–338.
1841:Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 335–337.
1832:Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 334–335.
1823:Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 333–334.
1376:was assassinated, Dowager Empress
873:, more commonly known as Wu Zetian
25:
752:(241–180 BC), empress consort of
30:For the 1975 Hong Kong film, see
1665:ceded the throne to her husband
1534:(952–1000): In 979, her husband
1277:
1220:
974:(1592–1643), second Khan of the
930:(1210–1283), empress consort of
827:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei
302:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
160:
41:
1566:gave birth to a prince, called
1440:(1847–1928) Empress Consort of
1429:(1798–1860) Empress Consort of
1418:(1779–1826) Empress Consort of
1407:(1759–1828) Empress Consort of
1256:(1831–1903), wife and widow of
52:needs additional citations for
1673:was no longer empress dowager.
1388:died, and the Dowager Empress
1:
1392:held precedence over Empress
1797:Indian Independence Act 1947
1709:ceded the throne to his son
1703:Grand Emperor Trần Nhân Tông
1699:Grand Emperor Trần Nhân Tông
1510:Vietnamese empresses dowager
1496:(d. 30 Mar. 2002), widow of
1486:(d. 24 Mar. 1953), widow of
1476:(d. 20 Nov. 1925), widow of
1270:Holy Roman dowager empresses
1030:Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor
852:Empress Dowager Xiao Wenshou
287:Crown prince, Crown princess
1994:The Imperial House of Japan
1877:Chibnall, Marjorie (1993).
1859:Müller-Mertens, E. (2000) ‘
1344:Empress Constance of Sicily
1197:
1171:
1145:
1119:
1093:
968:Empress Dowager Xiaoduanwen
910:Empress Dowager Xiao Noujin
756:(256-195 BC, r. 202-195 BC)
2037:
1610:plotting to overthrow the
1513:
1254:Empress dowager Myeongheon
1043:
986:Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
692:Thái Hoàng Thái Hậu (太皇太后)
29:
1368:Russian dowager empresses
1354:until her death in 1198.
1191:
1165:
1139:
1113:
1087:
1062:who has died. The title "
1032:, abdicated on behalf of
1006:Empress Dowager Chongqing
912:(980–1057), concubine of
905:Empress Dowager Chengtian
854:(343–423), stepmother of
835:, (d. 528), concubine of
737:Chinese empresses dowager
674:
581:
242:Grand duke, Grand duchess
1964:"Vietnampackagetour.com"
1646:and ceded the throne to
1457:Indian empresses dowager
1350:, retained her title as
1040:Japanese empress dowager
988:(1613–1688), consort of
970:(1599–1649), consort of
948:(1315–1369), one of the
898:(d. 951?), concubine of
1602:. Her daughter-in-law,
1572:"buông rèm nhiếp chính"
1494:Queen-Empress Elizabeth
1478:King-Emperor Edward VII
1474:Queen-Empress Alexandra
1442:Alexander III of Russia
1082:Empress Dowager Yoshiko
995:Empress Dowager Renxian
631:Chinese cultural sphere
152:Imperial, royal, noble,
1968:vietnampackagetour.com
1863:’, in T. Reuter (ed.)
1691:Emperor Trần Nhân Tông
1687:Emperor Trần Nhân Tông
1498:King-Emperor George VI
1462:Queen-Empress Victoria
1213:Korean empress dowager
1160:Empress Dowager Teimei
1134:Empress Dowager Shōken
1055:
1026:Empress Dowager Longyu
932:Emperor Lizong of Song
856:Emperor Wu of Liu Song
777:(116–150), empress to
691:
598:
489:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
1760:Grand empress dowager
1707:Emperor Trần Anh Tông
1632:grand empress dowager
1604:Empress Trần Thị Dung
1488:King-Emperor George V
1420:Alexander I of Russia
1362:Emperor Ferdinand III
1186:Empress Dowager Kōjun
1108:Empress Dowager Eishō
1053:
1044:Further information:
1011:Empress Dowager Ci'an
858:(363–422, r. 420–422)
839:(483–515, r. 499–515)
829:(440–465, r. 452–465)
825:, empress consort of
791:(156–189, r. 168–189)
781:(115–144, r. 125–144)
775:Empress Dowager Liang
725:grand empress dowager
702:In Europe, the title
642:grand empress dowager
365:Viscount, Viscountess
313:Marquess, Marchioness
247:Archduke, Archduchess
189:High king, High queen
1590:Emperor Lý Thần Tông
1536:Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh
1431:Nicholas I of Russia
1382:Elizabeth Alexeievna
1072:Chrysanthemum Throne
1016:Empress Dowager Cixi
1001:Empress Dowager Cihe
896:Empress Dowager Xiao
877:Empress Dowager Xiao
823:Empress Dowager Feng
816:Northern Wei dynasty
770:Empress Dowager Deng
765:Empress Dowager Wang
754:Emperor Gaozu of Han
599:Hoàng Thái Hậu (皇太后)
375:Burgrave, Burgravine
318:Margrave, Margravine
61:improve this article
1600:Emperor Lý Huệ Tông
928:Empress Dowager Xie
806:(217–268), wife of
789:Emperor Ling of Han
779:Emperor Shun of Han
760:Empress Dowager Dou
442:Baronet, Baronetess
32:The Empress Dowager
1576:Lady Dowager Ỷ Lan
1484:Queen-Empress Mary
1289:. You can help by
1258:Heonjong of Joseon
1232:. You can help by
1056:
882:Empress Dowager He
871:Empress Dowager Wu
833:Empress Dowager Hu
785:Empress Dowager He
750:Empress Dowager Lü
712:Holy Roman Emperor
652:: 太皇太后;
2021:Empresses dowager
1890:978-0-631-19028-8
1310:Adelaide of Italy
1307:
1306:
1250:
1249:
976:Later Jin dynasty
950:primary empresses
914:Emperor Shengzong
708:Emperor of Russia
559:: 皇太后;
535:
534:
499:Lord of the Manor
463:Knight, Chevalier
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Empress dowager"
16:(Redirected from
2028:
2006:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1926:. Archived from
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1910:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
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1821:
1799:
1794:
1725:Empress Dowager
1653:Empress Dowager
1581:Empress Dowager
1558:Empress Dowager
1540:Prince Đinh Toàn
1530:Empress Dowager
1409:Paul I of Russia
1378:Maria Feodorovna
1358:Eleonora Gonzaga
1302:
1299:
1281:
1274:
1245:
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1202:
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1141:
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1090:
1089:
845:Liu Song dynasty
684:Tae Hwang Tae Hu
677:
676:
603:English language
584:
583:
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520:
513:
172:Emperor, Empress
164:
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132:
125:
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118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2036:
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2025:
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1902:
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1840:
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1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1751:
1614:and replace by
1515:
1512:
1507:
1459:
1454:
1370:
1352:Empress Dowager
1325:Empress Matilda
1303:
1297:
1294:
1287:needs expansion
1272:
1267:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1230:needs expansion
1215:
1188:
1162:
1136:
1110:
1095:Yoshiko kōtaigō
1084:
1048:
1042:
804:Empress Wenming
739:
734:
720:
704:dowager empress
629:monarch in the
538:Empress dowager
531:
468:Imperial Knight
406:Baron, Baroness
344:Count, Countess
153:
133:
122:
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113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
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1940:
1924:www.lib.cas.cz
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1778:Ottoman Empire
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1746:
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1721:
1719:Nguyễn dynasty
1715:
1714:
1711:Trần Minh Tông
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1663:Lý Chiêu Hoàng
1659:Lý Chiêu Hoàng
1651:
1640:Lý Chiêu Hoàng
1628:Lý Chiêu Hoàng
1596:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1555:
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1548:
1547:
1527:
1526:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Southeast Asia
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:(r. 1936–1947)
1491:
1490:(r. 1910–1936)
1481:
1480:(r. 1901–1910)
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:(r. 1881–1894)
1434:
1433:(r. 1825–1855)
1423:
1422:(r. 1801–1825)
1412:
1411:(r. 1796–1801)
1369:
1366:
1314:Otto the Great
1305:
1304:
1298:September 2024
1284:
1282:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1248:
1247:
1241:September 2024
1227:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1183:
1181:Emperor Taishō
1173:Teimei kōtaigō
1157:
1147:Shōken kōtaigō
1131:
1105:
1103:Emperor Kōkaku
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
983:
982:(r. 1636–1643)
964:
963:
957:
956:
942:
941:
935:
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924:
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892:
891:
885:
884:
879:
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859:
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837:Emperor Xuanwu
830:
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782:
772:
767:
762:
757:
746:
745:
738:
735:
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730:
719:
716:
658:tàihúangtàihòu
549:empress mother
533:
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49:
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40:
26:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
2033:
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2018:
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1989:
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1984:
1983:
1978:
1969:
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1956:
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1930:on 2017-07-03
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1925:
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1765:Queen dowager
1763:
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1695:Trần Anh Tông
1692:
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1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:Trần Thị Dung
1668:
1664:
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1655:Trần Thị Dung
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1532:Dương Vân Nga
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1466:Queen-Empress
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1449:
1443:
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1424:
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1397:
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1386:Alexander III
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1330:
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1321:
1319:
1315:
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1301:
1292:
1288:
1285:This section
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1228:This section
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:Emperor Shōwa
1201:
1200:
1199:Kōjun kōtaigō
1187:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Emperor Meiji
1149:
1148:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Emperor Kōmei
1123:
1122:
1121:Eishō kōtaigō
1109:
1106:
1104:
1097:
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1080:
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546:
544:
539:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
508:
506:
505:
500:
497:
495:
494:Ministerialis
492:
490:
487:
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482:
481:
480:
479:
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469:
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282:Duke, Duchess
280:
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261:
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184:Tsar, Tsarina
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1993:
1967:
1958:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1923:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1792:
1769:queen mother
1679:Trần dynasty
1634:. But later
1616:Trần dynasty
1571:
1560:Thượng Dương
1460:
1447:
1398:
1371:
1356:
1351:
1340:Frederick II
1337:
1322:
1308:
1295:
1291:adding to it
1286:
1238:
1234:adding to it
1229:
1203:, 1903–2000)
1198:
1177:, 1884–1951)
1172:
1151:, 1849–1914)
1146:
1125:, 1834–1898)
1120:
1099:, 1779–1846)
1094:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1019:
961:Qing dynasty
954:Toghon Temur
939:Yuan dynasty
921:Song dynasty
889:Liao dynasty
864:Tang dynasty
722:
721:
703:
701:
686:;
683:
678:;
668:;
665:
660:;
657:
635:
593:;
591:Hwang Tae Hu
590:
585:;
575:;
572:
567:;
564:
548:
541:
537:
536:
323:Marcher lord
176:
123:
117:January 2008
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1979:Works cited
1948:VnExpress.
1755:Consort kin
1636:Trần Thủ Độ
1624:Trần Thủ Độ
1620:Trần Thủ Độ
1608:Trần Thủ Độ
1544:Lê Đại Hành
1346:, widow of
1205:, widow of
1179:, widow of
1153:, widow of
1127:, widow of
1101:, widow of
997:(1641–1718)
980:Qin dynasty
797:Jin dynasty
743:Han dynasty
675:태황태후 (太皇太后)
565:huángtàihòu
1934:2014-09-25
1806:References
1612:Lý dynasty
1568:Lý Càn Đức
1564:Lady Ỷ Lan
1552:Lý dynasty
1452:South Asia
990:Hong Taiji
972:Hong Taiji
946:Empress Gi
718:By country
688:Vietnamese
666:Taikōtaigō
627:Vietnamese
595:Vietnamese
473:Druzhinnik
87:newspapers
1811:Citations
1731:Thiệu Trị
1667:Trần Cảnh
1648:Trần Cảnh
1644:Trần Cảnh
1525:dynasties
1335:in 1128.
810:(211–265)
808:Sima Zhao
732:East Asia
601:) is the
582:황태후 (皇太后)
385:Advocatus
380:Landgrave
370:Castellan
354:Ealdorman
2015:Category
1749:See also
1701:. 1308,
1523:Early Lê
1436:Empress
1425:Empress
1414:Empress
1403:Empress
1348:Henry VI
1318:Otto III
1020:de facto
900:Yelü Bei
650:Japanese
619:Japanese
557:Japanese
416:Lendmann
395:Starosta
270:Princess
144:a series
142:Part of
1776:of the
1742:Bảo Đại
1638:forced
1606:joined
1329:Henry V
1070:to the
1068:acceded
1064:Kōtaigō
1060:Emperor
696:regency
646:Chinese
615:Chinese
573:Kōtaigō
553:Chinese
545:empress
543:dowager
484:Esquire
447:Fidalgo
333:Voivode
275:consort
263:consort
230:dowager
225:consort
220:regnant
210:dowager
205:consort
177:dowager
101:scholar
18:Kōtaigō
2003:194887
2001:
1887:
1735:Tự Đức
1374:Paul I
1265:Europe
680:romaja
670:Korean
662:rōmaji
654:pinyin
623:Korean
607:mother
587:romaja
577:Korean
569:rōmaji
561:pinyin
540:(also
452:Nobile
437:Ritter
421:Primor
390:Vidame
292:Herzog
258:Prince
235:mother
216:Queen
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1985:Books
1784:Notes
1727:Từ Dụ
1583:Ỷ Lan
1140:昭憲皇太后
1114:英照皇太后
1088:欣子皇太后
638:woman
625:, or
613:of a
611:widow
426:Boyar
411:Thane
108:JSTOR
94:books
1999:OCLC
1885:ISBN
1767:and
1519:Đinh
1192:香淳皇后
1166:貞明皇后
1034:Puyi
648:and
555:and
349:Earl
297:Jarl
200:King
80:news
1293:.
1236:.
952:of
710:or
609:or
551:) (
547:or
63:by
2017::
1966:.
1922:.
1669:.
1618:.
1342:,
1195:,
1169:,
1143:,
1117:,
1091:,
1074:.
1018:,
714:.
690::
682::
672::
664::
656::
633:.
621:,
617:,
597::
589::
579::
571::
563::
146:on
2005:.
1970:.
1952:.
1937:.
1893:.
1744:.
1737:.
1521:-
1300:)
1296:(
1260:.
1243:)
1239:(
1189:(
1163:(
1137:(
1111:(
1085:(
727:.
644:(
526:e
519:t
512:v
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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