305:
95:
319:, in his 1974 classic survey of all known Australian tribes, was dismissive of Fraser's conjecture as "poor" in details, and "unquestionably the most inaccurate and garbled account ever published about the aborigines. Many of his tribal names were pure artifacts", each created to subsume under an invented label several different tribal identities: thus his fantasy of a
437:
Geoff Ford in his thesis, "Darkiñung recognition : an analysis of the historiography for the
Aborigines from the Hawkesbury-Hunter Ranges to the Northwest of Sydney (2010)" Chapters 8 & 9 in particular investigates the work of Threlkeld, Fraser, Matthews and others and determined that the
259:
to refer to the people inhabiting a large stretch of the central coastline of New South Wales. He regarded the language described by
Threlkeld as a dialect of a larger language, variations of which were spoken by many other tribes in New South Wales, and, in order to define this perceived language
424:
the language of the
Pittwater people, and included the well-known Cammeraygal on the extreme south, along the northern shores of Port Jackson, and stretched as far north at least as Broken Bay. This is the basis for the statement above that the "Sydney" language did not cross Port
413:, writing four years earlier, thought to the contrary that Kuringgai/Guriŋgai denoted some substantive historical reality, and was an appropriate name for the language spoken on the north side of Port Jackson northwards at least as far as
429:
Val
Attenbrow dismissed Capell's claim for an independent Guriŋgai, while Amanda Lissarrague and Jim Wafer reanalyzed the material and concluded the word denoted the "Hunter River-Lake Macquarie language", otherwise known as
758:
74:
633:
Darkiñung recognition: an analysis of the historiography for the
Aborigines from the Hawkesbury-Hunter Ranges to the Northwest of Sydney: [commonly written with English characters as 'Darkinung', Darkinyung or
264:
we have now come to know that this dialect was essentially the same as that spoken by the sub-tribes occupying the land where Sydney now stands, and that they all formed parts of one great tribe, the
Kuriggai.
930:
852:
An
Australian language as spoken by the Awabakal, the people of Awaba, or lake Macquarie (near Newcastle, New South Wales) being an account of their language, traditions, and customs
1752:
923:
1787:
1780:
1810:
1745:
916:
723:
Foley, Dennis (2007). "Leadership: the quandary of
Aboriginal societies in crises, 1788 – 1830, and 1966". In Macfarlane, Ingereth; Hannah, Mark (eds.).
1759:
1724:
1773:
1766:
793:
736:
679:
359:. Even his acknowledgement of the Ualarai actually sweeps up 5 distinct aboriginal societies. Under his heading for the Awabakal, he writes:
255:, with lengthy additions. In his "Map of New South Wales as occupied by the native tribes" and text accompanying it, he deploys the term
901:
671:
492:
1601:
467:
438:
Kuringgai were actually the "Wannungine". These were the same people that
Thelkeld worked with and Fraser identified as Awabakal.
304:
498:
477:
268:
Fraser lists a number of tribes to the north of his assumed
Kuriggai language family: the Gamilaraay and their sub-tribes, the
170:
300:
and southwards, and by other tests, I assured myself that the country thereabout was occupied by sub-tribes of the Kurringgai.
875:
226:
and the area around Sydney, and an historical people with its own distinctive language, located in part of that territory.
958:
785:
850:
472:
31:
754:
115:
892:
463:
The name invented by John Fraser still reverberates in a number of placenames and institutions in New South Wales.
174:
808:
1081:
1000:
242:
238:
125:
872:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
482:
367:
are the central one of a series of tribes to which the arbitrary term Kuringgai has been applied by Fraser.
939:
692:(September 1970). "Aboriginal Languages in the South Central Coast, New South Wales: Fresh Discoveries".
251:
219:
1683:
1645:
1628:
831:
371:
Where Fraser discerned one "nation", Tindale defined a conglomeration of distinct tribes such as the
1635:
1611:
487:
1690:
1666:
1659:
1495:
846:
742:
711:
867:
454:
to be "king" of the Sydney "blacks". He was the first person to be referred to as an Australian.
1704:
1673:
1594:
1088:
1074:
789:
732:
694:
675:
451:
431:
384:
84:
665:
779:
703:
293:
38:
1697:
1652:
1618:
1499:
1487:
943:
388:
372:
364:
178:
908:
1503:
1025:
863:
707:
414:
316:
94:
1804:
1569:
1507:
1179:
822:
689:
410:
392:
289:
1431:
1403:
1284:
1158:
990:
380:
348:
156:
667:
Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records
1534:
1424:
1375:
1277:
1214:
1046:
804:
235:
1410:
1396:
1249:
1207:
1172:
1130:
1123:
1109:
746:
631:
223:
1548:
1452:
1445:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1291:
728:
356:
296:. then after, by examining the remains of the language of the natives about
105:
1018:
762:
328:
222:
people who once occupied the territory between the southern borders of the
17:
497:
Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education, subsumed in 1989 as part of the
1555:
1466:
1459:
1382:
1361:
1354:
1270:
1242:
1235:
1193:
1186:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1102:
1060:
1053:
1032:
447:
396:
336:
332:
246:
215:
210:
715:
1562:
1541:
1480:
1438:
1417:
1389:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1263:
1256:
1200:
1165:
1067:
1039:
273:
269:
781:
True Light and Shade: An Aboriginal Perspective of Joseph Lycett's Art
1576:
1473:
404:
400:
344:
297:
166:
37:"Guringai language" redirects here. For the Guringay language, see
1368:
1298:
1221:
1095:
976:
352:
303:
1516:
1116:
376:
912:
280:
The next great tribe is the Kuringgai on the sea coast. Their
27:
Aboriginal Australian people of an area in New South Wales
725:
Transgressions: Critical Australian Indigenous histories
450:, a Broken Bay clan member who was selected by Governor
1586:
1526:
1010:
968:
950:
162:
152:
147:
139:
131:
121:
111:
104:
48:
30:"Ku-ring-gai" redirects here. For other uses, see
637:(Thesis). Wahroonga, N.S.W.: Geoffrey Eric Ford.
545:
533:
276:. In the text accompanying his map, he states:
260:block he coined the word Kurriggai/Kuringgai:
924:
292:, and I found that southwards it reached the
8:
419:Karee/Kuringgai' that the reference is to:-
288:territory) is known to extend north to the
931:
917:
909:
1725:List of Australian Aboriginal group names
569:
557:
514:
343:dissolves into one fictional unity the
308:Fraser's 1892 map. Kuringgai is marked
605:
593:
581:
521:
323:crushed together 10 tribal units; his
209:
45:
1811:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales
647:
7:
729:Australian National University Press
858:. Sydney: C. Potter, Govt. Printer.
821:Steele, Jeremy M. (December 2005).
672:University of New South Wales Press
617:
241:edited and republished the work of
708:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1970.tb01112.x
25:
994:(mainly Queensland bordering NSW)
894:The Aborigines of New South Wales
824:The aboriginal language of Sydney
468:Electoral district of Ku-ring-gai
417:. He concluded under the heading
499:University of Technology, Sydney
93:
478:Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
876:Australian National University
1:
786:National Library of Australia
473:Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital
32:Ku-ring-gai (disambiguation)
810:The Aborigines of Australia
546:Threlkeld & Fraser 1892
534:Threlkeld & Fraser 1892
327:nation throws together the
1827:
951:Aboriginal language groups
816:. London: Edward Stanford.
36:
29:
1734:
1714:
1001:Western Bundjalung people
243:Lancelot Edward Threlkeld
92:
53:
803:Ridley, William (1861).
902:University of Newcastle
864:Tindale, Norman Barnett
849:; Fraser, John (1892).
664:Attenbrow, Val (2010).
483:Ku-ring-gai High School
245:on the language of the
230:Origins of the ethnonym
1215:Kawambarai/Gawambaraay
778:Maynard, John (2014).
427:
369:
313:
302:
266:
99:Sydney Basin bioregion
1740:By state or territory
959:Yugambeh-Bandjalangic
422:
361:
307:
278:
262:
252:An Australian Grammar
220:Indigenous Australian
1587:Aboriginal languages
832:Macquarie University
731:. pp. 177–192.
630:Ford, Geoff (2010).
650:, pp. 181–182.
572:, pp. 191–202.
560:, pp. 127–128.
488:Ku-ring-gai Council
1753:Northern Territory
1082:Western Bundjalung
1011:Aboriginal peoples
969:Aboriginal nations
314:
211:[kuriŋɡai]
1798:
1797:
1788:Western Australia
1145:Gidhabal/Githabul
795:978-0-642-27708-4
765:on 27 August 2016
738:978-1-921-31344-8
681:978-1-742-23116-7
493:Mount Ku-ring-gai
452:Lachlan Macquarie
218:referring to an
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
1818:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1727:
1720:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1638:(or Yuwaaliyaay)
1631:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1527:Aboriginal clans
1519:
1510:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1152:Gringai/Guringay
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1003:
996:
995:
986:
979:
961:
933:
926:
919:
910:
905:
899:
879:
868:"Awabakal (NSW)"
859:
857:
842:
840:
838:
829:
817:
815:
799:
774:
772:
770:
761:. Archived from
750:
727:. Vol. 16.
719:
685:
651:
645:
639:
638:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
355:and some of the
284:(hunting ground
213:
208:
122:Language branch:
112:Language family:
97:
88:
78:
67:
49:Kuringgai people
46:
39:Gathang language
21:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1767:South Australia
1765:
1758:
1751:
1746:New South Wales
1744:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1604:(or Bundjalung)
1603:
1600:
1593:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1522:
1515:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1006:
999:
993:
989:
982:
975:
964:
957:
946:
944:New South Wales
937:
897:
890:
887:
885:Further reading
882:
862:
855:
847:Threlkeld, L.E.
845:
836:
834:
830:(M.A. thesis).
827:
820:
813:
805:Lang, Gideon S.
802:
796:
777:
768:
766:
753:
739:
722:
688:
682:
663:
659:
654:
646:
642:
634:Darkinjung]
629:
628:
624:
616:
612:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
576:
568:
564:
556:
552:
544:
540:
532:
528:
520:
516:
512:
507:
461:
444:
232:
206:
179:New South Wales
140:Group dialects:
132:Language group:
100:
79:
69:
68:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
997:
987:
980:
972:
970:
966:
965:
963:
962:
954:
952:
948:
947:
938:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
907:
906:
891:Fraser, John.
886:
883:
881:
880:
860:
843:
818:
800:
794:
775:
751:
747:j.ctt24hfb0.12
737:
720:
686:
680:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:
640:
622:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
460:
457:
456:
455:
443:
442:Notable people
440:
415:Tuggerah Lakes
317:Norman Tindale
231:
228:
189:(also spelled
182:
181:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
102:
101:
98:
90:
89:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:(or Dharawal)
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:Wallumettagal
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:Wanggeriburra
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
973:
971:
967:
960:
956:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
903:
896:
895:
889:
888:
884:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
853:
848:
844:
833:
826:
825:
819:
812:
811:
806:
801:
797:
791:
787:
783:
782:
776:
764:
760:
756:
755:"Ku-ring-gai"
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
677:
673:
669:
668:
662:
661:
656:
649:
644:
641:
636:
635:
626:
623:
619:
614:
611:
608:, p. 12.
607:
602:
599:
596:, p. 24.
595:
590:
587:
584:, p. 21.
583:
578:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
554:
551:
548:, p. ix.
547:
542:
539:
535:
530:
527:
523:
518:
515:
509:
504:
500:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
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464:
458:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
439:
435:
433:
426:
421:
420:
416:
412:
411:Arthur Capell
408:
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398:
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382:
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354:
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342:
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318:
311:
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299:
295:
291:
290:Macleay River
287:
283:
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271:
265:
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258:
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237:
229:
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172:
171:Central Coast
168:
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134:
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117:
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96:
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82:
76:
72:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1432:Wirraayaraay
1404:Wangaaypuwan
1285:Nhaawuparlku
1228:
1159:Gumbaynggirr
983:
893:
871:
851:
835:. Retrieved
823:
809:
780:
767:. Retrieved
763:the original
724:
702:(1): 20–27.
699:
693:
666:
643:
632:
625:
613:
601:
589:
577:
570:Tindale 1974
565:
558:Tindale 1974
553:
541:
536:, p. v.
529:
517:
462:
436:
428:
423:
418:
409:
370:
362:
349:Gumbaynggirr
340:
324:
320:
315:
309:
285:
281:
279:
267:
263:
256:
250:
233:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
157:Sydney Basin
116:Pama–Nyungan
80:
70:
64:
60:
56:
43:
1684:Wemba Wemba
1646:Madhi Madhi
1636:Gamilaraay
1629:Dyirringany
1602:Bandjalang
1535:Cammeraygal
1425:Wemba-Wemba
1376:Yuwaalaraay
1278:Muthi Muthi
1047:Barranbinya
942:peoples in
606:Steele 2005
594:Capell 1970
582:Capell 1970
522:Steele 2005
239:John Fraser
236:ethnologist
191:Ku-ring-gai
57:Ku-ring-gai
18:Ku-ring-gai
1760:Queensland
1653:Nganywyana
1612:Darkinjung
1500:Kombumerri
1411:Wanjiwalku
1397:Wandandian
1250:Malyangapa
1222:Kula/Kurnu
1208:Karenggapa
1173:Himberrong
1131:Gandangara
1124:Gamilaraay
1110:Djiringanj
1089:Darkinyung
1075:Bundjalung
940:Aboriginal
690:Capell, A.
648:Foley 2007
385:Darkinjang
321:Paikalyung
294:Hawkesbury
224:Gamilaraay
195:Kuring-gai
153:Bioregion:
126:Yuin–Kuric
61:Kuring-gai
1691:Wiradjuri
1674:Tharawal
1667:Ngunnawal
1660:Ngiyambaa
1621:(or Eora)
1549:Gorualgal
1504:Mununjali
1453:Wiradjuri
1446:Wilyakali
1348:Paaruntyi
1341:Paakantyi
1334:Ngunnawal
1327:Ngiyampaa
1292:Nari-Nari
1229:Kuringgai
984:Kuringgai
837:1 January
769:1 January
510:Citations
357:Dunghutti
341:Wachigaru
257:Kuringgai
234:In 1892,
214:,) is an
187:Kuringgai
175:Newcastle
163:Location:
106:Hierarchy
71:Kuringgai
1805:Category
1781:Victoria
1774:Tasmania
1719:See also
1705:Yugambeh
1595:Awabakal
1556:Jerrinja
1508:Tulgigin
1488:Yugambeh
1467:Wonnarua
1460:Wodiwodi
1383:Walbunja
1362:Tharawal
1355:Barindji
1271:Muruwari
1243:Kwiambal
1236:Kureinji
1194:Jukambal
1187:Jitajita
1138:Geawegal
1103:Djangadi
1061:Bigambul
1054:Bidjigal
1033:Awabakal
866:(1974).
716:40329895
448:Bungaree
432:Awabakal
397:Wonnarua
389:Awabakal
373:Tharawal
365:Awabakal
337:Kwiambal
335:and the
333:Jukambal
249:people,
247:Awabakal
216:ethnonym
203:Kuriggai
199:Guringai
65:Guringai
1619:Dharug
1563:Ngambri
1542:Gadigal
1494:Clans:
1481:Yaygirr
1439:Wiyabal
1418:Weilwan
1390:Walgalu
1320:Ngarigo
1313:Ngarbal
1306:Ngambaa
1264:Milpulo
1257:Maraura
1201:Galibal
1166:Gweagal
1068:Birrbay
1026:Arakwal
807:(ed.).
759:AIATSIS
695:Oceania
657:Sources
618:AIATSIS
425:Jackson
325:Yunggai
274:Weilwan
270:Ualarai
143:unknown
135:unknown
75:AIATSIS
1698:Worimi
1577:Wangal
1474:Worimi
1180:Jeithi
1040:Banbai
1019:Anēwan
792:
745:
735:
714:
678:
405:Ngamba
401:Birpai
393:Worimi
381:Dharuk
345:Banbai
339:; his
329:Anēwan
298:Sydney
282:taurai
173:, and
167:Sydney
63:, and
1369:Thaua
1299:Ngaku
1096:Darug
991:Murri
977:Koori
898:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
814:(PDF)
743:JSTOR
712:JSTOR
505:Notes
459:Today
353:Ngaku
55:aka:
1517:Yuin
1117:Eora
839:2013
790:ISBN
771:2013
733:ISBN
676:ISBN
403:and
377:Eora
363:the
310:VIII
272:and
207:IPA:
148:Area
704:doi
205:) (
85:SIL
1807::
1506:,
1502:,
1498:,
900:.
874:.
870:.
788:.
784:.
757:.
741:.
710:.
700:41
698:.
674:.
670:.
434:.
407:.
399:,
395:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
375:,
351:,
347:,
331:,
286:or
201:,
197:,
193:,
177:,
169:,
81:nd
77:),
59:,
932:e
925:t
918:v
904:.
878:.
841:.
798:.
773:.
749:.
718:.
706::
684:.
620:.
524:.
312:.
87:)
83:(
73:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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