150:
1797:
1309:
129:
366:, which reached a total length of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and a body mass of 116 kg (256 lbs). This is a particularly significant discovery because the fossil is fifty-five million years old — older than all other previously found remains of penguins which reached 'giant' sizes. Therefore, it allows scientists to better understand the evolution of penguins.
396:
Waipara
Greensand formation. The fossils were studied by a New Zealand and German team, led by Gerald Mayr of the Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum. He was the lead author of an article on the subject published online in December 2017.
345:
refers to all living and extinct penguin species. In 2017 an article on one of the largest and oldest species of the order herewith discovered was published. It was discovered at
Hampden Beach in the Otago region of New Zealand. This organism is named
650:
Jadwiszczak, Piotr, et al. “Redescription Of
Crossvallia Unienwillia: The Only Paleocene Antarctic Penguin.” Ameghiniana, vol. 50, no. 6, 2013, pp. 545–553., doi:10.5710/amgh.09.10.2013.1058"
403:
is named from a large specimen from the late
Palaeocene Moeraki Formation, dating to 55.5–59.5 million years ago. It was found by palaeontologist Alan Tennyson in 2017.
414:
lived in New
Zealand, which was subtropical during much of the Paleocene era. There were many organisms in these waters including sea turtles and various fishes.
696:
418:
were likely similar to modern-day penguins in the way they lived. However, these “monster birds” were likely able to consume larger prey due to their size.
322:
504:
Ksepka, Daniel T.; Field, Daniel J.; Heath, Tracy A.; Pett, Walker; Thomas, Daniel B.; Giovanardi, Simone; Tennyson, Alan J. D. (8 February 2023).
372:
is among the heaviest known living or extinct penguin species, with an estimated weight of 148–159.7 kg. The species name honours palaeontologist
1944:
1934:
1919:
1914:
1939:
689:
1929:
358:
from the tip of the beak to tail is estimated at 177 centimeters (5.81 ft), and body mass at 101 kg (222 lbs). The genus
601:
674:
506:"Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy"
682:
1924:
149:
444:"A Paleocene penguin from New Zealand substantiates multiple origins of gigantism in fossil Sphenisciformes"
1796:
1816:
657:
1886:
627:
1127:
562:
1863:
1854:
517:
455:
354:
as "monster bird," while the specific name honours the nickname of the mother of one of the authors.
1308:
663:
1653:
1196:
800:
1415:
1268:
1203:
1097:
953:
860:
751:
543:
144:
1891:
1736:
1684:
1507:
1480:
1470:
1401:
920:
900:
850:
442:
Mayr, Gerald; Scofield, R. Paul; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Tennyson, Alan J. D. (12 December 2017).
1531:
1424:
1350:
1106:
329:
were found in New
Zealand, and the discovery was announced in December 2017. A second species,
1497:
1438:
1371:
1326:
1182:
1043:
582:
535:
481:
351:
1113:
1063:
574:
525:
471:
463:
355:
1548:
1158:
1023:
342:
521:
459:
1767:
1750:
1627:
1385:
1168:
1143:
476:
443:
563:"New giant penguin bones from Antarctica: Systematic and paleobiological significance"
1908:
1878:
1217:
1083:
963:
547:
79:
1726:
1607:
1582:
1538:
1447:
1394:
1235:
1189:
1175:
1033:
931:
890:
389:
373:
230:
1839:
17:
1848:
1781:
1743:
1719:
1705:
1667:
1596:
1559:
1514:
1458:
1360:
1244:
1224:
1210:
1136:
943:
880:
840:
790:
206:
54:
578:
467:
1757:
1712:
1636:
1616:
1521:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1073:
1053:
870:
745:
666:
99:
64:
586:
539:
1698:
1589:
1258:
983:
714:
393:
161:
104:
48:
41:
485:
1833:
1774:
1691:
1660:
1575:
1568:
1487:
1251:
1003:
830:
733:
362:
contains some of the largest penguins specimens known, surpassed only by
181:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
530:
505:
128:
1674:
1643:
1013:
910:
766:
706:
326:
312:
308:
301:
201:
109:
84:
602:"Paleontology powerhouse honoured by former students | LiveNews.co.nz"
993:
973:
810:
727:
710:
384:
The fossils were found by a group of researchers from New
Zealand in
171:
1810:
385:
304:
1868:
739:
191:
1814:
1324:
764:
678:
658:"Ancient penguin was as big as a (human) Pittsburgh Penguin"
628:"The Biggest Penguin That Ever Existed Was a 'Monster Bird'"
311:, which lived around 60 to 56 million years ago. The type
1763:
1732:
1680:
1649:
1544:
1527:
1503:
1493:
1476:
1466:
1435:
1412:
1382:
1367:
1356:
1346:
1264:
1154:
1124:
1094:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
916:
906:
896:
886:
876:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
796:
786:
273:
260:
237:
1823:
1626:
1606:
1558:
1457:
1434:
1411:
1381:
1337:
1234:
1153:
1123:
1093:
930:
777:
269:Mayr, Scofield, De Pietri & Tennyson, 2017
247:Mayr, Scofield, De Pietri & Tennyson, 2017
690:
8:
561:Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2014-10-01).
653:"Ancient Mega-Penguin Reached Human Height"
1811:
1334:
1321:
1090:
774:
761:
697:
683:
675:
350:, of which the genus name translates from
209:, Scofield, De Pietri & Tennyson, 2017
127:
31:
529:
475:
499:
497:
495:
600:Publisher, LiveNews (9 February 2023).
427:
437:
435:
433:
431:
323:extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs
7:
626:Tamisiea, Jack (8 February 2023).
25:
1795:
1307:
148:
662:(Note: The title refers to the
333:, was named in February 2023.
1:
1945:Extinct monotypic bird genera
1935:Fossil taxa described in 2017
660:, retrieved 15 December 2017.
1920:Extinct birds of New Zealand
392:. The fossils are from the
390:South Island of New Zealand
1961:
1915:Paleogene birds of Oceania
579:10.1016/j.crpv.2014.03.008
468:10.1038/s41467-017-01959-6
1793:
1333:
1320:
1305:
773:
760:
722:
257:
252:
236:
229:
145:Scientific classification
143:
135:
126:
34:
717:and their extinct allies
321:, which arose after the
1940:Prehistoric bird genera
510:Journal of Paleontology
1930:Fossils of New Zealand
567:Comptes Rendus Palevol
380:Discovery and analysis
27:Extinct genus of birds
1887:Paleobiology Database
448:Nature Communications
407:Ecology and behavior
136:Life restoration of
1098:Palaeospheniscinae
664:Pittsburgh Penguins
531:10.1017/jpa.2022.88
522:2023JPal...97..434K
460:2017NatCo...8.1927M
337:General information
752:Austrodyptornithes
632:The New York Times
1902:
1901:
1817:Taxon identifiers
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1790:
1439:Tytthostonychidae
1327:Procellariiformes
1316:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1183:Archaeospheniscus
1044:Palaeoapterodytes
670:
401:Kumimanu fordycei
370:Kumimanu fordycei
331:Kumimanu fordycei
293:
292:
287:
270:
210:
18:Kumimanu fordycei
16:(Redirected from
1952:
1925:Extinct penguins
1895:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1825:Kumimanu bicease
1812:
1799:
1765:
1734:
1682:
1651:
1546:
1529:
1505:
1495:
1478:
1468:
1437:
1414:
1384:
1369:
1358:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1311:
1266:
1156:
1128:Paraptenodytinae
1126:
1114:Palaeospheniscus
1096:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1064:Pseudaptenodytes
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
918:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
775:
762:
699:
692:
685:
676:
661:
656:Malcolm Ritter:
643:
642:
640:
638:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
597:
591:
590:
558:
552:
551:
533:
501:
490:
489:
479:
439:
281:
275:
268:
262:
239:
220:
205:
153:
152:
131:
121:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1855:Kumimanu biceae
1853:
1852:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1819:
1809:
1800:
1787:
1622:
1602:
1554:
1453:
1430:
1407:
1377:
1329:
1312:
1295:
1230:
1159:Palaeeudyptinae
1149:
1119:
1089:
1024:Marambiornopsis
926:
769:
767:Sphenisciformes
756:
718:
703:
647:
646:
636:
634:
625:
624:
620:
610:
608:
599:
598:
594:
560:
559:
555:
503:
502:
493:
441:
440:
429:
424:
412:Kumimanu biceae
409:
382:
348:Kumimanu biceae
343:Sphenisciformes
339:
248:
245:
242:Kumimanu biceae
218:
204:
202:Sphenisciformes
147:
138:Kumimanu biceae
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1883:
1873:
1860:
1845:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1768:Pterodromoides
1761:
1754:
1751:Pseudobulweria
1747:
1740:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1628:Procellariidae
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1484:
1474:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:Diomedeoididae
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1341:
1339:incertae sedis
1331:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1169:Anthropodyptes
1164:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1144:Paraptenodytes
1140:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
936:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
914:
904:
894:
884:
874:
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
794:
783:
781:
779:incertae sedis
771:
770:
765:
758:
757:
755:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
723:
720:
719:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
673:
672:
654:
651:
645:
644:
618:
592:
573:(7): 555–560.
553:
516:(2): 434–453.
491:
426:
425:
423:
420:
408:
405:
381:
378:
338:
335:
291:
290:
289:
288:
271:
255:
254:
250:
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246:
234:
233:
227:
226:
216:
212:
211:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
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175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1957:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:bices-penguin
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:Palaeeudyptes
1215:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1084:Tereingaornis
1078:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1005:
998:
996:
995:
988:
986:
985:
978:
976:
975:
968:
966:
965:
964:Duntroonornis
958:
956:
955:
948:
946:
945:
938:
937:
935:
933:
929:
923:
922:
915:
913:
912:
905:
903:
902:
895:
893:
892:
885:
883:
882:
875:
873:
872:
865:
863:
862:
855:
853:
852:
845:
843:
842:
835:
833:
832:
825:
823:
822:
815:
813:
812:
805:
803:
802:
795:
793:
792:
785:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
753:
749:
747:
743:
741:
737:
735:
731:
729:
725:
724:
721:
716:
712:
708:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
680:
677:
668:
665:
659:
655:
652:
649:
648:
633:
629:
622:
619:
607:
603:
596:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
487:
483:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
432:
428:
421:
419:
417:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
365:
364:Palaeeudyptes
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
285:
280:
279:
272:
267:
266:
259:
258:
256:
251:
244:
243:
235:
232:
228:
225:
224:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1824:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:Pelecanoides
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1654:Argyrodyptes
1652:
1642:
1635:
1615:
1608:Hydrobatidae
1595:
1588:
1583:Nesofregetta
1581:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1539:Thalassarche
1537:
1530:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1479:
1469:
1448:Tytthostonyx
1446:
1423:
1400:
1395:Diomedeoides
1393:
1370:
1359:
1349:
1338:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:Spheniscinae
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1197:Marambiornis
1195:
1190:Delphinornis
1188:
1181:
1176:Anthropornis
1174:
1167:
1142:
1135:
1112:
1105:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1034:Marplesornis
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:Spheniscidae
919:
909:
899:
891:Sequiwaimanu
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
820:
819:
809:
801:Aprosdokitos
799:
789:
778:
744:Infraclass:
635:. Retrieved
631:
621:
609:. Retrieved
605:
595:
570:
566:
556:
513:
509:
451:
447:
415:
411:
410:
400:
399:
383:
374:Ewan Fordyce
369:
368:
363:
359:
356:Total length
347:
340:
330:
317:
316:
296:
295:
294:
283:
277:
276:
264:
263:
241:
240:
231:Type species
222:
221:
137:
35:
29:
1849:Wikispecies
1782:Thalassoica
1744:Procellaria
1706:Macronectes
1668:Calonectris
1597:Pelagodroma
1560:Oceanitidae
1515:Phoebastria
1459:Diomedeidae
1416:Marinavidae
1361:Lonchodytes
1269:Madrynornis
1245:Aptenodytes
1225:Platydyptes
1211:Pachydyptes
1204:Mesetaornis
1137:Arthrodytes
944:Crossvallia
881:Petradyptes
861:Orthopteryx
841:Muriwaimanu
791:Arthrodytes
715:albatrosses
454:(1): 1927.
278:K. fordycei
47:60–56
1909:Categories
1758:Pterodroma
1737:Primodroma
1713:Pachyptila
1685:Eopuffinus
1637:Aphrodroma
1617:Hydrobates
1522:Phoebetria
1508:Notoleptos
1481:Diomedavus
1471:Aldiomedes
1402:Rupelornis
1290:Spheniscus
1283:Pygoscelis
1276:Megadyptes
1074:Tasidyptes
1054:Perudyptes
921:Wimanornis
901:Tonniornis
871:Pakudyptes
851:Nucleornis
746:Neognathae
705:Genera of
667:ice hockey
637:9 February
611:9 February
422:References
341:The order
1840:Q45352295
1720:Pagodroma
1699:Halobaena
1590:Oceanites
1532:Plotornis
1425:Marinavis
1351:Kievornis
1259:Eudyptula
1107:Eretiscus
984:Icadyptes
726:Kingdom:
606:Live News
587:1631-0683
548:256709376
540:0022-3360
416:K. biceae
394:Paleocene
388:, on the
318:K. biceae
307:of giant
265:K. biceae
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
42:Paleocene
1869:60973129
1834:Wikidata
1775:Puffinus
1692:Fulmarus
1661:Bulweria
1576:Garrodia
1569:Fregetta
1498:Murunkus
1488:Diomedea
1372:Makahala
1252:Eudyptes
1004:Inkayacu
831:Kupoupou
821:Kumimanu
734:Chordata
732:Phylum:
728:Animalia
707:penguins
486:29233963
360:Kumimanu
297:Kumimanu
253:Species
223:Kumimanu
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
36:Kumimanu
1675:Daption
1644:Ardenna
1014:Kairuku
911:Waimanu
750:Clade:
738:Class:
711:petrels
518:Bibcode
477:5727159
456:Bibcode
327:Fossils
313:species
309:penguin
302:extinct
282:Ksepka
215:Genus:
198:Order:
188:Class:
116:↓
1892:364166
1876:NZBO:
994:Inguza
974:Korora
811:Kaiika
713:, and
585:
546:
538:
484:
474:
300:is an
286:, 2023
284:et al.
1549:Tydea
669:team)
544:S2CID
386:Otago
352:Māori
305:genus
954:Dege
740:Aves
639:2023
613:2023
583:ISSN
536:ISSN
482:PMID
207:Mayr
192:Aves
55:PreꞒ
1864:EoL
575:doi
526:doi
472:PMC
464:doi
315:is
1911::
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1866::
1851::
1836::
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630:.
604:.
581:.
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569:.
565:.
542:.
534:.
524:.
514:97
512:.
508:.
494:^
480:.
470:.
462:.
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446:.
430:^
376:.
325:.
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
1764:†
1733:†
1681:†
1650:†
1545:†
1528:†
1504:†
1494:†
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1050:†
1040:†
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1020:†
1010:†
1000:†
990:†
980:†
970:†
960:†
950:†
940:†
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897:†
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867:†
857:†
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827:†
817:†
807:†
797:†
787:†
698:e
691:t
684:v
671:.
641:.
615:.
589:.
577::
550:.
528::
520::
488:.
466::
458::
452:8
274:†
261:†
238:†
219:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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