515:, "hands-off housewife"). This stereotype describes women who typically have jobs and are not around the children as much, essentially becoming the female version of the stereotypical absent Japanese father, a "leisure-time parent" or "Sunday friend". These mothers are said to not do a lot of homemaking, commonly making large, freezable meals that are easy to reheat in case they are not home or too busy to do the cooking. They do not attempt to represent their families in the community through participation in their children's school PTA and other community functions.
444:. Other mothers who pass by the house will see the child's bedroom light off, assuming that the child has shirked his or her studies to watch television. The next morning, the mother will report what happened on the shows to her child, who will go to school and talk about it to his or her classmates, who will also assume that their friend is a slacker, lowering their expectations of their friend and for themselves. However, when examination time rolls around, the "slacker" will be admitted into an elite school while his or her friends will drop behind.
165:, a prestigious kindergarten for children who are three or four years old. Because of the kindergarten's affiliation with an elite university, parents are willing to go to extreme lengths to get their children enrolled. Aoyama Gakuin has room for 40 new students a year. Every year, it receives more than 2000 hopeful applicants. The tests the potential students take are known to be extremely difficult.
194:, and more children: siblings and cousins. Children who grew up in that time learned responsibilities through the care of younger siblings. These children relied on themselves in the outside world through much of their childhood lives. In those days, child-raising was more of a private matter, handled only by the child's surrounding family.
380:. While students' enrollment in high school slightly improved, academic achievement level remained lower than the national average. This study revealed that students' academic problems were deeply related to their home environments. Most students had parents who were uneducated and not involved in their children's education.
206:
in their child-raising abilities. Indeed, most
Japanese mothers today grew up in smaller families with only one or two children. Their mothers provided them with everything they needed and gave them little to no responsibilities involving their siblings. Thus, that generation of children has grown up
435:
Some mothers are beginning their children's education at even younger ages. A 30-year-old mother in Japan says, "This is my first baby, and I didn't know how to play with her or help her develop". She sends her 6-month-old daughter to a pre-pre-school in Tokyo. A headmaster at another pre-pre-school
375:
mothers are not as intensely active in their children's education as middle-class mothers. An ethnographic study by
Shimizu Tokuda (1991) portrayed one middle school that faced persistent academic problems in a working-class neighborhood of Osaka. The study illustrated efforts by teachers to improve
439:
Mothers are essentially in heavy competition with other mothers who want their children to get into the elite universities. In some cases, to make it seem like her own child is not studying as much, mothers will let their child use the parents' bedroom to study while the mothers watch television in
431:
Many
Japanese mothers dedicate much time to get their children from one entrance exam to another. At the national university entrance exams, held in Tokyo, most mothers travel with their children to the examination hall. They arrive and stay at a nearby hotel, grilling their children on last-minute
250:
When compared to
American mothers, Japanese mothers have a stronger belief in effort as opposed to innate ability. Japanese children see their efforts as necessary to fulfill a social obligation to family, peers, and community. Children are forced to focus on their effort, seeing it as the cause of
568:
In 2001, the
National Education Research Institute found that 33 percent of teachers and principals polled said that they had witnessed a complete breakdown of class "over a continuous period" due to defiant children "engaging in arbitrary activity". In 2002, the Japanese Education Ministry —
471:
about juku and education mamas occurred at the same time, in the 1970s. "As 'second schools', the juku, as consumer services, appealed to mothers’ anxieties about their children, shaping the image of the 'normal' mother as one who sends her children to juku and stays up to date with commercialized
254:
It is very hard to find daycare in some parts of Japan, and it is socially looked down upon if a mother sends her child to one. The mother is seen as insufficient, not having the skills to raise a child on her own, or selfish, giving her child over to a caretaker while she pursues her own separate
201:
In contemporary Japan, couples are having fewer children and teaching the children self-reliance. This involves consulting child-raising professionals. This new need in professional advice is commonly termed "child-raising neurosis" by professionals. Reliance on professionals has largely created a
149:
that blame women rather than political conditions. Getting a good, steady job in the future very much depends on getting into a good university, which depends on attaining high scores on the national university exams in a student's last year of high school. Ordinary people, including mothers, feel
313:
In the post-World War II era in Japan, the mother was the creator of a new child-centered world stamped with middle-class values. The mother was linked with the success of the child's education. A woman was expected to be a "good wife, wise mother" and became the single most important figure in
534:
has admitted that the education system and parental pressure are taking their toll on children. Education reforms that the
Ministry of Education has enacted beginning in the 1970s have challenged Japan's egalitarian school system. To decrease academic pressure among students from examination
157:
that leads to the right kindergarten, the best elementary school, junior high school, and high school, all of which may be associated with prestigious universities. To ensure these results, some parents have been known to commit unethical or illegal acts to promote their child's success.
314:
raising the child to become a successful future adult. Mothers needed to put their efforts into raising and teaching their children. Through self-cultivation and rearing of the children, the woman was crucial to a family's ability to claim a place in the so-called middle stratum.
251:
success. According to society, if a child does not succeed, they were not trying hard enough. This is unrelated to the child's grades; children always need to put forth more effort. Mothers pressure children because they are held strongly accountable for their children's actions.
131:). This encompassed a major responsibility to "rear children, especially the males, to successfully pass the competitive tests needed to enter high school and college". No such idiom emerged that deemed men "education papas"; it was "mamas" who became a social phenomenon.
551:
Post-war Japan in the 1950s made it a "national mission to accelerate its education program. Children of this era had to distinguish themselves from peers at an early age if they hoped to get into a top university. Entrance exams for these children began in kindergarten.
172:. In addition, which university a student attends is believed to affect one's choices for a future spouse. Because a child's life appears to be determined by what schools he or she attends, many mothers take extraordinary measures to get children into good schools.
538:
In 2002, the central government reduced school hours again, decreased content, and introduced a new curriculum at all public elementary schools to encourage individual students' learning interests and motivation. The
Japanese Ministry of Education published a
565:(after its global economic dominance in the previous decade) led to a loss of motivation by students. The once highly touted academic ratings of Japan in math and science fell behind those of American levels. The stress began to lead to classroom disruption.
220:), who adds psychosociological elements into child-raising. In addition to providing for her a good education, she develops an emotional and psychological relationship with her children. One way to do this is through "skinship"—being in constant close
197:
In the 1970s, men's wages decreased and women left home earlier to find jobs. These women "considered themselves free" after the child's junior high education. The previous generation did not feel this until after the child had finished high school.
422:
in Reagan's second term, praised Japan's "one parent on the scene" who "stays in touch with the teachers, supervises the homework, arranges extra instructional help if needed, and buttresses the child's motivation to do well in school and beyond".
467:), where children may stay until 10 or 11pm. Japan has over 35,000 cram schools for college examinations. In addition to cram schools, children are sent to calligraphy, keyboard, abacus, or kendo classes. As revealed by Marie Thorsten,
286:, magazines, products, and services for mothers are largely focused on improving the home and raising the children. Thus, the job of motherhood is taken very seriously by mothers in Japan. A common description of a mother's
83:'s drive for her children to succeed academically and professionally, resulting in a push for perfection and a continual dissatisfaction with anything less or the critical, self-sacrificing mother who coerces her child into
531:
242:
In Japan, a mother who works is commonly seen as selfish in a society where child-raising is linked directly with the physical closeness between mother and child. This emphasis can be a cause of the development of a
369:. For the education mother, making the child into a superior student was a concern that began with the child's entrance into elementary school at age six and extended to all aspects of the child's education.
298:
Kyōiku mamas, preparatory preschools, and heavily academic curricula exist in Japan, yet they are relatively rare and concentrated in urban, wealthy areas. Kyōiku mamas are prominent in the middle classes.
543:
stating that children do not have opportunities such as "coming into contact with nature, feeling awe and respect for life, and experiencing the importance of hard work learning from difficulties".
52:
is a stereotyped figure in modern
Japanese society, portrayed as a mother who relentlessly drives her child to study, to the detriment of the child's social and physical development, and emotional
118:
women's labor began at a few major corporations in Japan and was adopted by other companies within a decade. It became popular among married women in the 1970s and even more so by 1985.
79:
who takes an enormous amount of effort to direct much of her maternal influence towards developing their children's educational and intellectual achievement, and the stereotypical
580:, meaning "irritating and troublesome", has been rising in use among students as a description of the feelings they experience of being fed up with teachers, parents, and life.
555:
By the mid-1970s, pressure to achieve in children created the need for specialty schools. Seventy percent of students continued their long school day at juku or "cram schools".
121:
Women's return to the workplace is often explained two-fold: by financial demands to complement the family budget, and by psychological demands to relate themselves to society.
145:
The education system and larger political economy it serves influence why mothers become obsessed with children's education. Social prejudices influence media stereotypes of
376:
the student's academic performance: providing tests, promoting monthly teacher discussions, painting walls to enhance the study environment, and restricting hours spent in
436:
claims that the school, for children one year or older, helps to nurture and develop the children's curiosity through "tangerine-peeling or collecting and coloring snow".
498:, and school phobia. Children were aware they were their mother's purpose in life. Mothers played the role of their children's school teachers while they were at home.
2171:
968:
224:
with her children. This could, for example, involve carrying her child on her back wherever she goes or bathing with her children every night. Through skinship,
535:
competition, the
Ministry of Education cut school hours and increased non-academic activities such as recess and clubs in elementary and junior high schools.
263:
392:, American leaders who put forth the image of "superhuman Japan" to boost American education performance extolled Japan's education-minded mothers. Both of
210:
In addition, in contemporary Japan there are mothers who completely devote themselves to child-raising. Another subtype, described by
Nishioka Rice, is the
396:'s education secretaries focused attention on Japanese mothers as mirrors to improve American families and schools. Reagan's first Secretary of Education,
558:
In the 1980s, a series of suicides linked to school pressures began. Elementary and middle school students took their lives after failing entrance exams.
2211:
247:
who always worries about her children's education success. This produces children that society views as lacking self-reliance, antisocial, and selfish.
2136:
1444:
834:. Diss. University of California, Berkeley, 2006. ProQuest Digital Dissertations. ProQuest. University of Texas at Austin Libraries 30 October 2007
913:. Diss. University of California, Berkeley, 2006. ProQuest Digital Dissertations. ProQuest. University of Texas at Austin Libraries 30 Oct. 2007
303:
women train the children, the next generation of the middle class. In a speech at the 1909 Mitsukoshi children's exhibition, First Higher
2201:
961:
2186:
650:
127:
women in the 1960s inspired the media to produce the idiom kyōiku mama, which referred to "the domestic counterpart of sararii-man" (
819:. Diss. Columbia University, 2001. ProQuest Digital Dissertations. ProQuest. University of Texas at Austin Libraries 30 October 2007
2065:
168:
The issue is compounded by the notion that most important job positions in business and government are held by graduates of the
2206:
2176:
1144:
954:
1010:
992:
2060:
1449:
2196:
2181:
2107:
1853:
1038:
310:
asserted, "The education of a citizenry begins not with the infant but with the education of a country's mothers."
180:
The older generation of Japanese grew up in larger households than those normally found in Japan today. Back then,
2216:
2166:
2024:
1121:
1001:
2191:
377:
80:
911:
Unequal beginnings: Socioeconomic differences in Japanese mothers' support of their children's early schooling
832:
Unequal beginnings: Socioeconomic differences in Japanese mothers' support of their children's early schooling
317:
As education credentials became the recognized prerequisite to social advancement in the early 20th century,
1848:
419:
270:
for its approach and initiatives in guiding industrial growth, in a manner similar to the definition of a
607:, a similar parenting style in Mainland China and other parts of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia
2097:
2032:
1665:
1264:
1161:
522:, although these may be caused due to harsher laws and intrinsic social values in the Japanese culture.
2102:
1609:
787:
Elliot, Julian. Bempechat, Janine. Learning in Culture and Context. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002.
358:
330:
518:
Compared to modern American children, Japanese youths have less drug use, depression, violence, and
1799:
1454:
1394:
1331:
1287:
801:
562:
234:) is achieved, a "one-ness and balanced, positively valenced dependency" between mother and child.
169:
744:
Japan-think, Ameri-think: An Irreverent Guide to Understanding the Cultural Differences Between Us
2042:
1471:
1408:
599:
589:
415:
304:
283:
161:
In one case, a restaurant owner paid a $ 95,000 bribe in an attempt to get his child enrolled in
140:
106:, and envied and resented by the mothers of children who study less and fare less well on exams.
1070:
1061:
1033:
646:
594:
519:
334:
75:
who forces her child to achieve show-business success in Hollywood, the stereotypical Chinese
45:
573:. This freed up time for students to learn in groups according to the students' chosen path.
1819:
1780:
1571:
1304:
402:
221:
190:, "child-raising") included a larger surrounding environment, made up of more relatives and
1693:
1949:
1785:
1490:
1477:
1428:
1273:
1015:
978:
758:
604:
570:
487:
460:), where the mothers "parade their offspring around the neighborhood parks for approval".
326:
191:
64:
53:
307:
1896:
1839:
1674:
1085:
1019:
713:
The Tea Ceremony and Women's Empowerment in Modern Japan: Bodies Re-presenting the Past
154:
84:
946:
817:
Children as treasures: Childhood and the middle class in early twentieth-century Japan
2160:
2088:
2037:
1994:
1725:
1711:
1358:
1103:
495:
393:
372:
322:
162:
115:
99:
486:
In the 1950s, full-time mothers devoted themselves to a smaller number of children.
2112:
1459:
468:
300:
76:
72:
1313:
2117:
2003:
1913:
1647:
1349:
1152:
1043:
540:
441:
397:
271:
203:
450:
often give their children a big first appearance in the neighborhood through a
1901:
1716:
1638:
1499:
1219:
796:
610:
481:
88:
1698:
1482:
410:—a book whose basic point was that only vigorous, aggressive and intelligent
2122:
2051:
1940:
1771:
1656:
1376:
1210:
1201:
1112:
411:
128:
124:
629:
17:
733:. Rydalmere, New South Wales: Hodder Headline Australia Pty Limited, 1996.
282:
Housewives are surrounded by popular media that encourages their actions.
2141:
2079:
1976:
1922:
1748:
1508:
1246:
1135:
2127:
2070:
1985:
1968:
1959:
1867:
1706:
1618:
1589:
1419:
1295:
1237:
1228:
1179:
1170:
1024:
333:
to middle school and girls' higher school became intense, creating the
287:
103:
48:
pejorative term which translates literally as "education mother". The
1876:
1814:
1790:
1739:
1730:
1598:
1580:
1519:
1433:
1367:
1340:
1322:
1126:
1094:
1052:
846:
Superhuman Japan: Nation, Knowledge and Culture in US-Japan Relations
491:
490:
resulted in the commonality of new childhood problems; these include
569:
pressured by the need to reform — eliminated 30 percent of its
325:
for boys and higher school for girls, to help improve the family's
321:
actively looked to the education system, especially admission into
1931:
1885:
1858:
1683:
1629:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1255:
153:
As a result, there is a clear map pointing students to the right
1766:
1385:
1190:
464:
207:
to become mothers who have no idea how to raise their children.
950:
670:
Preschool in Three Cultures: Japan, China and the United States
432:
statistics and making sure that they are not late to the exam.
262:
became used in other similar contexts. For example, the former
643:
Intelligence and How to Get It: Why Schools and Cultures Count
532:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
762:
System in Transition. Tokyo: Yoshikaku Publishing Co., 1994.
414:
exemplified by Japanese mothers could reinvigorate America.
908:
829:
814:
700:
Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
645:. WW Norton (published January 26, 2010). p. 180.
2142:
2128:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2052:
2043:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1903:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1840:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1772:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1717:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1541:
1532:
1520:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1461:
1434:
1420:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1136:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1025:
1002:
993:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
668:
Tobin, Joseph J., David Y.H. Wu, and Dana Davidson.
630:
Kriman, Alfred. "SBF Glossary: Jo. to J-2". 10/25/07
2023:
1832:
1560:
1407:
1286:
985:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
361:call of the mass of the middle class, there was no
98:is feared by her children, blamed by the press for
725:
723:
721:
702:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
388:In contrast to Japan's mostly negative images of
71:is analogous to American stereotypes such as the
672:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989.
904:
902:
406:) wrote an enthusiastic foreword to Guy Odom's
510:
455:
352:
342:
229:
215:
185:
110:Factors influencing development of kyōiku mama
37:
962:
463:Mothers send their children to cram schools (
8:
770:
768:
264:Ministry of International Trade and Industry
940:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
1564:
969:
955:
947:
494:, stammering, poor appetite, proneness to
202:new generation of young mothers with low
63:is one of the best-known and least-liked
2137:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
896:. Tokyo: Yoshikaku Publishing Co., 1994.
894:The Japanese Family System in Transition
2172:Academic pressure in East Asian culture
868:The Japanese: Strange But Not Strangers
805:, Harvard University Press, 1979, p. 70
664:
662:
622:
501:Sometimes, a child who grows up with a
547:Japanese education and related stress
7:
472:trends in examination preparation."
774:Elliot, Julian. Bempechat, Janine.
357:), or rising in the world, was the
67:figures in contemporary Japan. The
778:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002
25:
2212:Stereotypes of middle class women
150:powerless to change this system.
746:. New York: Penguin Books, 1992.
776:Learning in Culture and Context
408:Mothers, Leadership and Success
1145:Light skin in Japanese culture
329:. The competition to pass the
1:
1011:Blood type personality theory
977:Japanese social concepts and
400:(credited for the wording of
2061:Japanese blue collar workers
641:Nisbett, Richard E. (2010).
290:is “three meals and a nap.”
2143:
2129:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2053:
2044:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1904:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1841:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1718:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1620:
1611:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1542:
1533:
1521:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1462:
1435:
1421:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1193:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1137:
1128:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1026:
1003:
994:
347:): examination hell. While
2233:
2202:Pejorative terms for women
715:. London: Routledge, 2004.
563:economic collapse in Japan
479:
378:extracurricular activities
176:Changing family structures
138:
2187:Japanese family structure
1567:
1122:Japanese political values
511:
456:
427:Contemporary kyōiku mamas
353:
343:
230:
216:
186:
94:The stereotype is that a
38:
27:Japanese pejorative term
2066:Japanese business terms
2038:Business card etiquette
1849:Japanese street fashion
870:. London: Viking, 1993.
420:Department of Education
2207:Social issues in Japan
731:Japan Behind the Lines
561:During the 1990s, the
526:Government regulations
2177:Behavior modification
2098:Labor unions in Japan
986:Sociocultural values
576:The use of the term
331:entrance examination
135:The education system
114:In the early 1960s,
2103:Lifetime employment
1455:Japanese honorifics
802:Japan as Number One
742:Collins, Robert J.
476:Effects on children
170:University of Tokyo
2197:Maternity in Japan
2182:Education in Japan
2108:Management culture
1528:Sitting positions
936:Nathan, Jonathan.
883:. Routledge, 2012.
848:. Routledge, 2012.
815:Jones, Mark Alan.
600:Hong Kong children
590:Education in Japan
416:William J. Bennett
294:Class distinctions
284:Daytime television
141:Education in Japan
2154:
2153:
2019:
2018:
1064:Hara hachi bun me
1034:Celibacy syndrome
879:Thorsten, Marie.
844:Thorsten, Marie.
595:Helicopter parent
520:teenage pregnancy
335:social phenomenon
16:(Redirected from
2224:
2217:Suicide in Japan
2167:1960s neologisms
2146:
2132:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2056:
2047:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1907:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1844:
1824:
1822:Yamato nadeshiko
1810:
1804:
1795:
1781:Net cafe refugee
1776:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1721:
1702:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1623:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1565:
1545:
1536:
1524:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1465:
1450:Honorific speech
1445:Dining etiquette
1438:
1424:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1140:
1131:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1029:
1006:
997:
971:
964:
957:
948:
941:
934:
915:
909:Yamamoto, Yoko.
906:
897:
890:
884:
881:Superhuman Japan
877:
871:
864:
849:
842:
836:
830:Yamamoto, Yoko.
827:
821:
812:
806:
794:
788:
785:
779:
772:
763:
753:
747:
740:
734:
727:
716:
709:
703:
698:White, Merry I.
696:
673:
666:
657:
656:
638:
632:
627:
514:
513:
492:bronchial asthma
459:
458:
403:A Nation at Risk
356:
355:
346:
345:
305:School principal
233:
232:
222:physical contact
219:
218:
189:
188:
43:
41:
40:
21:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2192:Japanese values
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2015:
1828:
1786:Parasite single
1696:
1561:Types of people
1556:
1550:Other positions
1480:
1429:Bowing in Japan
1412:
1403:
1282:
1276:Yamato-damashii
1016:Brother complex
981:
975:
945:
944:
935:
918:
907:
900:
892:Ochiai, Emiko.
891:
887:
878:
874:
865:
852:
843:
839:
828:
824:
813:
809:
795:
791:
786:
782:
773:
766:
759:Japanese Family
755:Ochiai, Emiko.
754:
750:
741:
737:
728:
719:
710:
706:
697:
676:
667:
660:
653:
640:
639:
635:
628:
624:
619:
605:Tiger parenting
586:
571:core curriculum
549:
528:
488:Parental stress
484:
478:
429:
386:
327:social position
296:
280:
240:
204:self-confidence
192:extended family
178:
143:
137:
112:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1966:
1957:
1947:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1812:
1797:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1488:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1149:Mental states
1147:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1088:Ichi-go ichi-e
1083:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1020:Sister complex
1013:
1008:
999:
989:
987:
983:
982:
976:
974:
973:
966:
959:
951:
943:
942:
916:
898:
885:
872:
850:
837:
822:
807:
789:
780:
764:
748:
735:
717:
711:Kato, Etsuko.
704:
674:
658:
652:978-0393337693
651:
633:
621:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
608:
602:
597:
592:
585:
582:
548:
545:
527:
524:
496:bone fractures
477:
474:
428:
425:
418:, head of the
385:
382:
363:risshin shusse
349:risshin shusse
295:
292:
279:
276:
239:
238:Societal views
236:
177:
174:
155:nursery school
136:
133:
111:
108:
100:school phobias
85:medical school
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2229:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Black company
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1712:Herbivore men
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:Shinoukoushou
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1361:Mono no aware
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1106:Ishin-denshin
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
991:
990:
988:
984:
980:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
949:
939:
938:Japan Unbound
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
917:
914:
912:
905:
903:
899:
895:
889:
886:
882:
876:
873:
869:
866:Joseph, Joe.
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
841:
838:
835:
833:
826:
823:
820:
818:
811:
808:
804:
803:
798:
793:
790:
784:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
760:
752:
749:
745:
739:
736:
732:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
708:
705:
701:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
654:
648:
644:
637:
634:
631:
626:
623:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
579:
574:
572:
566:
564:
559:
556:
553:
546:
544:
542:
536:
533:
525:
523:
521:
516:
508:
507:tenuki okusan
505:turns into a
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
483:
475:
473:
470:
466:
461:
453:
449:
445:
443:
437:
433:
426:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:Ronald Reagan
391:
384:American view
383:
381:
379:
374:
373:Working-class
370:
368:
364:
360:
350:
340:
339:shiken jigoku
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:middle school
320:
315:
311:
309:
306:
302:
293:
291:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
246:
237:
235:
227:
223:
213:
212:kosodate mama
208:
205:
199:
195:
193:
183:
175:
173:
171:
166:
164:
163:Aoyama Gakuin
159:
156:
151:
148:
142:
134:
132:
130:
126:
125:Child-rearing
122:
119:
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:Jewish mother
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
34:
33:
19:
2113:Nenko system
2025:Work culture
1815:Yakuza ranks
1757:
1692:
1476:
1413:social norms
1191:
937:
910:
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
845:
840:
831:
825:
816:
810:
800:
792:
783:
775:
756:
751:
743:
738:
730:
729:Hills, Ben.
712:
707:
699:
669:
642:
636:
625:
577:
575:
567:
560:
557:
554:
550:
537:
529:
517:
506:
502:
500:
485:
469:moral panics
462:
451:
448:Kyōiku mamas
447:
446:
438:
434:
430:
407:
401:
390:kyōiku mamas
389:
387:
371:
366:
362:
348:
338:
318:
316:
312:
308:Nitobe Inazō
301:Middle-class
297:
281:
267:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
241:
225:
211:
209:
200:
196:
181:
179:
167:
160:
152:
147:kyōiku mamas
146:
144:
123:
120:
113:
95:
93:
77:tiger mother
73:stage mother
68:
60:
58:
49:
31:
30:
29:
2118:Office lady
1916:Netto-uyoku
1833:Subcultures
1760:Kyōiku mama
1697: [
1481: [
1472:Gift-giving
797:Vogel, Ezra
541:white paper
503:kyōiku mama
442:living room
398:Terrel Bell
367:kyōiku mama
319:kyōiku mama
272:nanny state
268:kyōiku mama
266:was dubbed
260:kyōiku mama
245:kyōiku mama
96:kyōiku mama
69:kyōiku mama
65:pop-culture
61:kyōiku mama
50:kyōiku mama
32:Kyōiku mama
18:Kyoiku mama
2161:Categories
2091:Kyariaūman
1854:Genderless
1719:Hikikomori
1502:Giri choco
1288:Aesthetics
1222:Omotenashi
617:References
611:Soccer mom
482:Hikikomori
480:See also:
452:kōen debyū
412:Super Moms
365:without a
139:See also:
102:and youth
89:law school
54:well-being
2123:Salaryman
2054:Ho-Ren-Sō
1943:Akiba-kei
1774:Otokonoko
1659:Burakumin
1409:Etiquette
1379:Wabi-sabi
1316:Jo-ha-kyū
1213:Nemawashi
1204:Mottainai
1115:Isagiyosa
578:mukatsuku
337:known as
288:free time
258:The term
129:salaryman
116:part-time
2144:Zaibatsu
2082:Keiretsu
1979:Shotacon
1953:moe zoku
1925:Omorashi
1842:Bōsōzoku
1751:Jouhatsu
1677:Chūnibyō
1650:Bishōnen
1249:Tsundoku
1155:Fudōshin
1138:Kotodama
1046:Gekokujō
584:See also
226:ittaikan
104:suicides
46:Japanese
2130:Shinise
2073:Karoshi
1988:Reki-jo
1971:Lolicon
1962:Fujoshi
1950:Figure
1902:Visual
1870:Ganguro
1707:Freeter
1641:Bishōjo
1621:Sukeban
1592:Shizoku
1460:Manual
1422:Aizuchi
1240:Sontaku
1231:Shuhari
1182:Zanshin
1173:Shoshin
1079:tatemae
1027:Bushido
359:clarion
255:goals.
2009:fandom
1897:Lolita
1879:Gyaruo
1802:Senpai
1793:Sensei
1742:Ikemen
1733:Iemoto
1668:Chikan
1612:Banchō
1601:Heimin
1583:Kazoku
1522:Kamiza
1436:Dogeza
1370:Shibui
1343:Miyabi
1325:Kawaii
1164:Mushin
1129:Kaizen
1097:Ikigai
1055:Hansei
979:values
649:
512:手抜き奥さん
457:公園デビュー
2045:Haken
1934:Otaku
1888:Kogal
1861:Gyaru
1808:kōhai
1701:]
1694:Ebune
1686:Denpa
1632:Bijin
1543:Seiza
1534:Agura
1511:Ninjō
1485:]
1463:keigo
1397:Yūgen
1258:Ukiyo
1073:Honne
278:Media
217:子育てママ
182:ikuji
44:is a
2006:Yaoi
1997:Wota
1805:and
1767:NEET
1726:Idol
1493:Giri
1478:Gimu
1388:Yabo
1298:Ensō
1194:Miai
1076:and
1039:Face
1004:Amae
995:Aiki
757:The
647:ISBN
530:The
465:juku
440:the
354:立身出世
344:試験地獄
59:The
39:教育ママ
1905:kei
1411:and
1352:Moe
1307:Iki
231:一体感
87:or
2163::
1975:/
1699:ja
1483:ja
1334:Ma
1267:Wa
1018:/
919:^
901:^
853:^
799:,
767:^
720:^
677:^
661:^
274:.
187:育児
91:.
56:.
970:e
963:t
956:v
655:.
509:(
454:(
351:(
341:(
228:(
214:(
184:(
42:)
36:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.