372:. Tiger mothers also incorporate classical music training or extracurricular enrichment activities such as joining a sports team, including those with competitive structures and awards systems to bolster their child's university entrance application. This kind of early life training illustrates the tiger parent's zeal for education and the desire for their children to get into a prestigious university as tiger parents see the entrance into a top tier higher educational institution as a ticket that leads to a prestigious, rewarding, and lucrative white collar career filled with socioeconomic success. Tiger parents may look down on careers beneath their expectations – that is, a truck driver may be viewed as less socially respectable than a neurosurgeon.
387:, many Hong Kong parents revealed that cultural fears over economic hardship motivated them to begin thinking of their children's futures as professionals soon after birth, striving to find the best playgroups, and encouraging competition among children in academics, sports and music, in the belief that this fosters competitiveness and increases their children's chances of entering a better pre-nursery school and elite kindergarten, and determine their eventual success at primary schools, secondary schools and universities. However, many other Hong Kong parents, psychologists and educators assert that pushing children too hard does not work, and can even harm children.
288:
Chinese parents feel that their children are indebted to them due to all the sacrifices the previous parental generation made to secure a better life for their children. Tiger parents enforce high expectations regarding their children's academic performance. In some extreme cases, these expectations may be held unrealistically high regardless of the child's ability or passion for studying. Tiger parents may exhibit unrealistic expectations for the child's academic performance where "B" and even mid to low end "A" grades are not tolerated. Tiger parents put a heavy emphasis on the pursuit of academic success by eschewing the
279:, but is considered parental devotion within cultures where it is accepted, such as in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Severe forms of violence may include spanking or slapping the child with an open hand or striking with an available household implement such as a belt, slipper, cane, clothes hanger, meter stick, hairbrush, paddle or bamboo feather duster. A 2010 study on Chinese parenting and the predictors of the use of physical violence in parenting found “significant associations between physical discipline and parent report of child school problems”.
137:
regarded with a high priority for
Chinese families as success in education holds a cultural status as well as a necessity to improve one's socioeconomic position in Chinese society. These values are embedded deeply in Chinese culture, parent-child relations and parents' expectations for their children. For the Chinese, the importance of education was considered a crucial means for channeling one's upward social mobility in ancient and medieval Chinese societies. In contemporary Mainland China, national examinations such as the
391:
children has been “strongly correlated to internalization of problems (e.g., anxiety, depression, somatization)” in children. These mental health and psychiatric problems may create psychological problems that make these children feel like "failures". When parents do not provide coping strategies to their children and guide alongside to manage negative feelings, such loneliness may transition into depression and suicide. Tiger parenting has been blamed for high rates of suicide in East Asia, particularly
200:, but is seen as acceptable by many Asian parents. In a series of interviews with fifty Chinese mothers on the differences between Chinese and US parenting styles, mothers said that Chinese parents use “strict discipline and firm control to ensure that their children act or behave according to their parents’ wishes” and that Chinese parents commonly “use comparative words you are not as good as others, you need to catch up.” Many have described their traditions as including
331:. Thus, tiger parents pin high hope on their children, taking much pride in their children's academic achievements and may flaunt them to other parents when comparing their own children with the academic achievements of others. Chinese immigrant parents in the West argue that "high academic achievement" reflects "successful parenting" while parents who have children that bring home inferior academic records are seen as irresponsible parents who are not doing their job.
293:
denying the child a sense of belonging, self-esteem, and purpose. On the other hand, proponents for tiger parenting argue that their parenting strategy imbues children with self-control, self-regulation and self-discipline and will not produce excellent academic results if they let their child to drift freely to develop their own interests. Chinese
Confucian philosophy has traditionally emphasized
310:, autonomy, diversity and critical or independent thinking. Tiger parents often put children in tutorial classes as early as the preschool stage. Typically, throughout the child's academic career, the mother's attempts to help the child obtain outstanding results in exams to secure a seat in prestigious schools, with the end goal of entering a top-notch university in mind.
160:
Tiger parents emphasize academic pursuits and highly encourage their children to participate in activities that improve those children's prospects for acceptance at elite universities. Such parents typically put the greatest emphasis on core academic subjects such as math, science, and language arts.
347:
Tiger parents perceive a narrow definition of success that is rooted solely in a high level of academic and intellectual achievement. As academic success is often a source of pride for families and within
Chinese and Asian society at large, tiger parents typically view "success" as graduating from a
287:
Chua cites her parents' newfound immigration experience in the United States and intense struggle to set their roots in a foreign land as the reason inevitably prompting them to adopt a more utilitarian approach towards raising their children. In her memoir, Chua brings up
Confucius to elucidate why
169:
Tiger parents emphasize not only academics, but also non-academic pursuits, such as music and sports, that involve opportunities for awards, rankings, and similar forms of recognition. Such striving for recognition may reflect a
Confucian cultural value system, which esteems extrinsic rewards. While
132:
in the 5th century BC that promoted attributes such as filial piety, family values, hard work, enduring hardship, honesty, and dedicating oneself towards academic excellence through the pursuit of knowledge. As
Chinese and East Asian society have been influenced by the thought of the ancient Chinese
338:
system of China for civil service government positions. Success in the civil examination administered by the royal court was seen as a sure conduit to improve a family's socioeconomic position. Since such positions were scarce with many applicants applying for few opening positions, competition was
380:
Advocates suggest a strict approach to parenting produces an exceptionally high proportion of top performers – children who display academic excellence across the board with great musical ability and professional success later in life. In a three-part series on competition in Hong Kong's education
292:
typically exhibited by many liberal
Western parents. Tiger parents may impose choices on their children as to which interests they choose to pursue. Critics of the tiger parenting argue that this approach will restrict their children's ability to discover their individual talents and passions thus
136:
Many contemporary
Chinese families strive to inculcate the value and importance of an education in their child at a young age. Higher education is an overwhelmingly serious issue in Chinese society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of Chinese culture and life. Education is
399:
in the developed world. There is a growing trend of children aged five to twelve seeking psychiatric help and even contemplating suicide. In reaction, some parents have relaxed their formerly strict discipline with their children, and some schools have modified their admissions requirements to be
390:
Children raised under tiger parent households may experience negative mental health outcomes as a result of the large amount of pressure they are placed under from a young age. A study on the Asian
American parenting model found that harsh or inconsistent parental response to the misbehavior of
339:
fierce and these positions were highly coveted, as only a select few could succeed and attain them. Tiger parents recognize how crucial self-discipline is in gaining success, so they may try to instill the value of an exam oriented education into their children as early as possible.
323:, education is a central theme with philosophical ideas and sayings that placed great value on work ethic and the pursuit of knowledge. The Confucian ideal argued that education is a passport to higher socioeconomic status and wealth. In ancient and medieval East Asian societies,
178:
Compared to hands-off or permissive parenting techniques, Tiger parenting requires more psychological and behavioral control over children, with a heavier emphasis on the promotion of courtesy and obedience and a lower tolerance for behavioral problems.
989:
Doan, Stacey N.; Tardif, Twila; Miller, Alison; Olson, Sheryl; Kessler, Daniel; Felt, Barbara; Wang, Li (May 2017). "Consequences of 'tiger' parenting: a cross-cultural study of maternal psychological control and children's cortisol stress response".
63:
The rise of Chua's memoir brought the tiger parent phenomenon into the
American mainstream during the 2010s. Chua's concept and term "tiger parent" spawned numerous caricatures while also becoming the inspiration for the 2014–2015 Singaporean TV show
352:, or other Ivy League institutions as the ultimate marker of prestige, granting high socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects, and a highly respectable lucrative white collar career path such as becoming a high-end neurosurgeon for
305:
Many Asian countries often adopt a strict exam-oriented approach in teaching, which encourages rote memorization. Some argue that this approach encourages uniformity while eschewing creativity, questioning, student participation,
151:
While the phrase "tiger mother" is often used, denoting a concept not widely known until the publication of Chua's book, the broader phrase "tiger parenting" recognizes the role that fathers or other parent-figures can play.
967:
192:
mentions an incident in which she yelled at her daughters, calling them "garbage" in public, and recounts Chua's refusal to let her daughters watch TV at night or participate in sleepovers with schoolmates.
318:
In various Asian societies, a higher education level is perceived as a guarantee of promising career prospects and as a tool to climb up the socioeconomic ladder or to lift a family out of poverty. In the
82:. The stereotype is a Chinese mother who relentlessly drives her child to study hard, without regard for the child's social and emotional development. The notion of a "tiger parent" is analogous to other
297:. As a result, tiger parents often make sure that their children work conscientiously on their schoolwork to help secure better grades and an overall superior academic performance.
42:
is a form of strict parenting, whereby parents are highly invested in ensuring their children's success. Specifically, tiger parents push their children to attain high levels of
975:
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Western parents may see the emphasis on academic achievement as a source of stress, Chinese parents often see such stress on their children as a sign of good parenting.
2510:
1171:
Lau, Anna S.; Takeuchi, David T.; AlegrĂa, Margarita (December 2006). "Parent-to-Child Aggression Among Asian American Parents: Culture, Context, and Vulnerability".
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or success in high-status extracurricular activities such as music or sports. The term "tiger mother" ("tiger mom") was brought to public attention by
1601:
118:
The origin of the concept, term, and neologism traces its roots in ancient Confucian teachings articulated through classical anthologies such as the
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2110:
519:
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Markus, Hazel Rose; Fu, Alyssa S. (11 April 2014). "My Mother and Me: Why Tiger Mothers Motivate Asian Americans But Not European Americans".
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Chinese Immigrant Parents' Involvement in the Education of Their Elementary School Children in Windsor, Ontario: Perceptions and Practices
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Chinese Immigrant Parents Involvement in the Education of their Elementary School Children in Windsor, Ontario: Perceptions and Practices
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closeness that ensures a lifelong bond between parent and child, as well as establishing parental authority and child obedience through
1339:"Expectations of Chinese Immigrant Parents for Their Children's Education: The Interplay of Chinese Tradition and the Canadian Context"
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1111:"Understanding "tiger parenting" through the perceptions of Chinese immigrant mothers: Can Chinese and U.S. parenting coexist?"
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Huang, Keng-Yen; Calzada, Esther; Cheng, Sabrina; Barajas-Gonzalez, R. Gabriela; Brotman, Laurie Miller (9 September 2016).
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1494:"Cultural Adaptation, Parenting and Child Mental Health Among English Speaking Asian American Immigrant Families"
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862:"Does "Tiger Parenting" Exist? Parenting Profiles of Chinese Americans and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes"
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Rethinking Parenting of East Asian Immigrant Families in the United States with Asian Feminist Perspectives
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654:"'Tiger moms' vs. Western-style mothers? Stanford researchers find different but equally effective styles"
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had a high social status and intellectuals were held in high esteem, well above than that of wealthy
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Kim, Su Yeong; Wang, Yijie; Orozco-Lapray, Diana; Shen, Yishan; Murtuza, Mohammed (1 March 2013).
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1200:"Physical discipline in Chinese American immigrant families: An adaptive culture perspective"
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scholar, his teachings still plays a role in attitudes toward education in East Asia.
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955:(PhD thesis). Windsor, Ontario, Canada: University of Windsor Press. p. 27.
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968:"Evaluating "Tiger Mom" parenting: What's the take-home message from research?"
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One historical explanation for the strict examination approach stems from the
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Use of violence within parenting is common in many Asian cultures, including
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1276:"Chinese Mom: American 'Tiger Mother' clueless about real Chinese parenting"
726:"Challenging Stereotypes: The Lived Experience of British Chinese Parenting"
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764:"Asian students' superiority at maths due to Confucian focus on hard work"
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2015:
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631:. Brill Academic Publishing (published 20 October 2016). p. 40.
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remain the primary path for channeling one's upward social mobility.
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Tiger parents' emphasis on academics has been portrayed as abuse in
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written more than two millennia ago. The concept is influenced by
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Cheah, Charissa S. L.; Leung, Christy Y. Y.; Zhou, Nan (2013).
549:(MA report). University of Texas at Austin Press. pp. iii.
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1644:"Hong Kong parents say pushing children too hard doesn't work"
745:"Amy Chua's 'Chinese Mom' Controversy: The Response in China"
128:, an ancient Chinese philosophy developed by the philosopher
1657:
1037:"Poll Shows Half of Korean Teenagers Have Suicidal Thoughts"
1320:"UCLA sociologist zeroes in on what motivates 'tiger moms'"
675:. Springer (published 23 October 2016). pp. 202–203.
840:"What is "tiger" parenting? How does it affect children?"
520:"What is "tiger" parenting? How does it affect children?"
1378:"How Chinese success in education comes at a high cost"
790:(PhD dissertation). University of Windsor. p. 125.
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1998:
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30:"Tiger mother" redirects here. For other uses, see
1166:
1164:
1162:
921:
1255:Elmasry, Faiza; Davis, Lawan (16 February 2011).
1204:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
1089:"Why We Should Not Copy Education in South Korea"
779:
777:
182:Children raised by tiger parents may be met with
418:, a similar parenting style in the United States
562:"Asian-American Parenting and Academic Success"
471:"Defining Tiger Parenting in Chinese Americans"
694:
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1602:"South Korean students wracked with stress"
673:Education as Cultivation in Chinese Culture
1680:
1666:
1658:
1550:"Tiger Parenting Works, But At What Cost?"
808:Chen, Chuansheng; Uttal, David H. (1988).
581:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
184:emotional threats and physical punishments
1525:
1231:
1142:
1011:
893:
494:
368:, or as an investment banker working for
98:. Other similar or related terms include
1498:Child Psychiatry & Human Development
1257:"Comparing American and Chinese Parents"
2511:Academic pressure in East Asian culture
1452:. New Idea Publishers. pp. 10–11.
461:
275:, tiger parenting is deemed as alleged
915:
913:
329:landowners, businessmen, and merchants
1577:"What's Wrong With Strict Parenting?"
627:Tan, Sor-Hoon; Foust, Mathew (2016).
356:, a high-powered lawyer at a top law
7:
1623:Warner, Margaret (24 January 2011).
1115:Asian American Journal of Psychology
866:Asian American Journal of Psychology
450:Evolutionary psychology of parenting
412:, a similar parenting style in Japan
1427:. New Idea Publishers. p. 10.
1402:. New Idea Publishers. p. 11.
1297:. New Idea Publishers. p. 12.
701:Confucius: And the World He Created
671:Hsu, Shihkuan; Wu, Yuh-Yin (2016).
2480:Parents Against Child Exploitation
724:Lau Clayton, Carmen (5 May 2015).
652:Parker, Clifton B. (20 May 2014).
629:Feminist Encounters with Confucius
524:American Psychological Association
86:stereotypes, such as the American
70:, the 2015 mainland Chinese drama
25:
2450:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1625:"South Korea's 'Education Fever'"
762:Yeung, Linda (23 December 2013).
360:law firm, a software engineer in
1185:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00327.x
1087:Ravitch, Diane (3 August 2014).
560:Seal, Kathy (13 December 2010).
395:, which has some of the highest
343:Views on success and achievement
76:, and the 2017 Hong Kong series
2308:Management of domestic violence
2154:Corporal punishment in the home
1481:. Macmillan Publishers Limited.
1061:Koo, Se-Woong (1 August 2014).
924:Battle hymn of the tiger mother
743:Liu, Melinda (8 January 2011).
189:Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
57:Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
2465:National Fatherhood Initiative
1450:Peaceful Song of the Panda Mom
1425:Peaceful Song of the Panda Mom
1400:Peaceful Song of the Panda Mom
1295:Peaceful Song of the Panda Mom
1173:Journal of Marriage and Family
1063:"An Assault Upon Our Children"
364:, a management consultant for
1:
2470:National Parents Organization
2195:Adverse childhood experiences
1604:. Al Jazeera. 8 December 2013
1376:Carey, T. (16 January 2015).
1343:Canadian Journal of Education
1274:He, Helen (20 January 2011).
1035:Kang, Yewon (20 March 2014).
32:Tiger mother (disambiguation)
2235:Effects of domestic violence
1877:Social emotional development
2051:Identification (psychology)
2582:
2475:Parent–teacher association
2250:Parental abuse by children
2131:Positive Parenting Program
2081:Parent management training
2076:Normative social influence
29:
2460:National Childbirth Trust
2255:Stress in early childhood
1975:Taking children seriously
1807:Applied behavior analysis
1642:Zhao, S (29 March 2014).
1510:10.1007/s10578-016-0683-y
699:Schuman, Michael (2015).
429:for the opposite approach
108:Hong Kong Kids phenomenon
2541:Education in South Korea
2116:The talk (sex education)
1827:Developmental psychology
1648:South China Morning Post
768:South China Morning Post
593:10.1177/0146167214524992
540:Lyu, Sung Ryung (2017).
384:South China Morning Post
283:Commitment to excellence
27:Form of strict parenting
2323:Parental responsibility
2283:Cost of raising a child
1041:The Wall Street Journal
366:Boston Consulting Group
348:top university such as
301:Exam-oriented education
84:authoritarian parenting
2546:Education in Singapore
2536:Education in Hong Kong
2531:Education in East Asia
469:Kim, Su Yeong (2013).
2516:Behavior modification
2445:Families Need Fathers
2006:After-school activity
1930:Concerted cultivation
1925:Buddha-like parenting
1857:Nature versus nurture
1822:Cognitive development
1198:Lau, Anna S. (2010).
992:Developmental Science
422:Concerted cultivation
321:Analects of Confucius
121:Analects of Confucius
2303:Right to family life
2230:Dysfunctional family
1940:Free-range parenting
1915:Attachment parenting
1905:Achievement ideology
1479:Macmillan Dictionary
427:Free-range parenting
336:Imperial examination
44:academic achievement
2551:Education in Taiwan
2521:Confucian education
2318:Parental alienation
2245:Narcissistic parent
2169:Positive discipline
1990:Work at home parent
1970:Strict father model
1955:Nurturant parenting
1862:Parental investment
1697:Kinship terminology
1556:. 23 September 2014
949:Zhong, Lan (2011).
784:Zhong, Lan (2011).
314:Cultural influences
290:lax parenting style
54:in her 2011 memoir
2561:Maternity in China
2526:Education in China
2364:T. Berry Brazelton
2101:Social integration
1837:Identity formation
1067:The New York Times
1004:10.1111/desc.12404
445:Population decline
308:self-determination
114:History and origin
2501:2011 in education
2488:
2487:
2298:Family disruption
2220:Cinderella effect
2200:Child abandonment
2174:Tactical ignoring
2071:Moral development
1950:Helicopter parent
1945:Gatekeeper parent
1910:Atlas personality
1887:Social psychology
1832:Human development
1817:Child development
1802:Attachment theory
1459:978-0-9835650-0-0
1434:978-0-9835650-0-0
1409:978-0-9835650-0-0
1304:978-0-9835650-0-0
935:978-1-59420-284-1
928:. Penguin Group.
920:Chua, A. (2011).
826:10.1159/000276334
814:Human Development
710:978-0-465-02551-0
487:10.1159/000353711
475:Human Development
435:Overqualification
416:Helicopter parent
325:scholar-officials
165:High expectations
100:helicopter parent
16:(Redirected from
2573:
2556:Education issues
2338:Shared parenting
2149:Blanket training
2141:Child discipline
1781:In loco parentis
1760:Shared parenting
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1337:Li, Jun (2001).
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1261:Learning English
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1179:(5): 1261–1275.
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186:. Chua's memoir
156:Strict parenting
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2571:
2570:
2506:2011 neologisms
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2433:
2414:Matthew Sanders
2369:Rudolf Dreikurs
2342:
2328:Parents' rights
2288:Deadbeat parent
2265:
2259:
2183:
2135:
2111:The talk (race)
1994:
1985:Tiger parenting
1891:
1786:
1735:Extended family
1691:
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1448:X, Ms. (2011).
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1422:
1421:
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1398:X, Ms. (2011).
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1370:
1355:10.2307/1602178
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1293:X, Ms. (2011).
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198:Western society
176:
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149:
147:Characteristics
116:
104:monster parents
90:, the Japanese
79:Tiger Mom Blues
48:Yale Law School
40:Tiger parenting
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2455:Mothers' Union
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2432:
2431:
2429:Benjamin Spock
2426:
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2409:Penelope Leach
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2031:Dishabituation
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2013:
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2000:
1996:
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1960:Slow parenting
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1791:Theories
1788:
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1772:
1770:Blended family
1767:
1762:
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1752:
1750:Nuclear family
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1349:(4): 483–484.
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2438:Organizations
2436:
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2424:B. F. Skinner
2422:
2420:
2419:William Sears
2417:
2415:
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2389:Thomas Gordon
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2046:Homeschooling
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1867:Paternal bond
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2225:Codependency
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2066:Latchkey kid
2056:Introjection
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1842:Introjection
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1745:Noncustodial
1647:
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1596:
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1580:
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1570:
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1553:
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1478:
1473:Maxwell, K.
1468:
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119:
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18:Tiger mother
2384:Haim Ginott
2359:John Bowlby
2205:Child abuse
2125:educational
2041:Habituation
2026:Co-sleeping
1812:Behaviorism
1740:Foster care
1730:Coparenting
1560:14 November
1094:25 November
1072:25 November
872:(1): 7–18.
845:13 February
410:Kyoiku mama
393:South Korea
358:Wall Street
354:Mayo Clinic
277:child abuse
257:South Korea
249:Philippines
92:kyĹŤiku mama
2495:Categories
2399:Truby King
2293:Disownment
2106:Television
2096:Role model
2021:Child care
1999:Techniques
1965:Soccer mom
1935:Enmeshment
1872:Pediatrics
1280:CNN Travel
966:Rende, R.
456:References
210:discipline
174:Discipline
94:, and the
50:professor
2566:Parenting
2333:Paternity
2264:Legal and
2164:Grounding
2061:Kommune 1
2036:Education
2011:Allowance
1920:Baby talk
1775:Surrogacy
1689:Parenting
1586:13 August
1518:0009-398X
1224:1939-0106
1135:1948-1993
886:1948-1985
271:. In the
253:Singapore
229:Indonesia
221:Hong Kong
206:emotional
130:Confucius
73:Tiger Mom
67:Tiger Mum
2379:Jo Frost
2313:Marriage
2179:Time-out
1755:Orphaned
1720:Adoptive
1536:27612477
1242:20658874
1153:23914284
1022:27146549
904:23646228
749:Newsweek
609:31610977
601:24727812
518:Kim, S.
505:27182075
404:See also
265:Thailand
245:Pakistan
241:Malaysia
202:physical
52:Amy Chua
2347:Experts
2123: (
2088: (
2016:Bedtime
1980:Theybie
1527:5344775
1363:1602178
1233:7053669
1144:3729394
1046:6 April
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496:4865261
376:Effects
350:Harvard
269:Vietnam
2240:Incest
2159:Curfew
1897:Styles
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140:Gaokao
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2188:Abuse
1795:Areas
1359:JSTOR
605:S2CID
547:(PDF)
237:Macau
233:Japan
225:India
217:China
2090:date
2086:Play
1847:Love
1610:2016
1588:2015
1562:2016
1532:PMID
1514:ISSN
1454:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1404:ISBN
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1238:PMID
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1149:PMID
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1048:2016
1018:PMID
930:ISBN
900:PMID
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705:ISBN
677:ISBN
633:ISBN
597:PMID
501:PMID
267:and
204:and
2121:Toy
1629:PBS
1522:PMC
1506:doi
1351:doi
1228:PMC
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1181:doi
1139:PMC
1123:doi
1008:hdl
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483:doi
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