Xhosa Wars - Knowledge (XXG)

1083: 881:) came up behind Hintsa and shot him in the back of the head; furthermore, Hintsa's ears were cut off after his death. Other sources say his horse bolted and Harry Smith tried to shoot the fleeing man but both his pistols misfired. Giving chase, he caught hold of Hintsa and dragged him heavily to the ground. Hintsa was still full of fight. "He was jabbing at me furiously with his assegai," Colonel Smith recalled in his autobiography, and the king succeeded in breaking away to find cover in a nearby stream bed. There, while pleading for mercy, the top of his skull was blown off by one of Smith's officers; his corpse was subsequently badly mutilated by Smith and his men. These actions shocked the government in London, which condemned and repudiated Governor D’Urban. Hintsa's murder angered the Xhosa for decades thereafter. 559:

Jalamba, agree to another meeting for discussions. During the meeting he scattered large amounts of tobacco around and let the Xhosa have it. While some were distracted picking up the tobacco, Van Jaarsveld and his gunmen proceeded to shoot at them leading to a death toll of anywhere from 100 to 200, including Jalamba. Soon after this, the Van Jaarsveld commandoes began attacking and looting the cattle of multiple other chiefdoms in the Zuurveld which included the amaGwali, amaNtinde, and amaMbalu. A large amount of the Xhosa population west of the river became dispersed, and Van Jaarsveld disbanded his commandoes on July 19, 1781, feeling he had fulfilled his job of expelling the Xhosa although many of them were able to move back into the area soon after.

1581: 1091: 1589: 1572:. The attack by the Gcaleka on the predominantly Fengu ethnic police force at a Cape Colony police outpost was thought by the Cape Colony government as tribal violence best left for local police management. Frere used the incident as a pretext for launching an invasion of the independent neighbouring state of Gcalekaland. Sarhili, the paramount-chief of Gcalekaland, was summoned by Frere, but declined the invitation in fear of arrest and coercion. Frere wrote to him to declare him deposed and at war. Frere contacted radical settler groups who desired further intervention on the Cape frontier, and did not quell rumours of an impending Xhosa invasion. 1623:. The commandos swiftly engaged and defeated an army of Gcaleka gunmen. They then crossed the frontier and pushed into Gcalekaland. Dividing into three lightly equipped, fast-moving columns, the commandos devastated the Gcaleka armies, which dispersed and fled eastwards. The Cape units tracked the fleeing remnants right through Gcalekaland, stopping only when they reached neutral Bomvanaland on the far side. The war was over in three weeks. Sarhili had also recently applied for peace. With few incentives to conquer or occupy the land, and with the violence subsiding, the Cape Government recalled their commandos, who returned home and disbanded. 1672: 1659:

Imperial infringements upon it. It also considered the slow-moving British troop columns to be absurdly unsuitable for frontier warfare – immobile, ineffective and vastly more expensive than local Cape forces. This last point of contention was chiefly exacerbated by Frere's insistence that the Cape's government pay for his imported British imperial troops, as well as its own local forces. The Cape Government wanted to fund and use only its own local forces. It did not desire British troops to operate in the Cape Colony in the first place, and especially objected to being forced to fund them.

165: 1482: 725: 1037:. The conflict was also marked by widespread massacres of Xhosa and Thembu people by both British settlers and Fengu auxiliaries, many of them justified as revenge for earlier Xhosa attacks on British settlements and for the Xhosa's oppression and treatment of the Fengu people as second class citizens following their refugee exodus into the Xhosa Kingdom from the violence of the Mfecane. British soldiers generally characterised the Xhosa as treacherous savages and merciless barbarians, stereotypes which were used to justify their violent dispossession. 987: 1315: 1746: 1557: 1235: 149: 1692: 877:

rapidly found himself held hostage and pressured with massive demands for cattle "restitution". Other sources say he offered himself as a hostage until the indemnity was paid and even suggested that he accompany Colonel Smith in collecting Xhosa cattle. He attempted to escape at the Nqabarha River but was pursued, pulled off his horse, and immobilized with shots through the back and the leg. Immediately, a soldier named George Southey (brother of colonial administrator

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province, where the next garrison (fresh and close to supplies) would take over the pursuit. The valley exits from the range were then fortified. Under this uninterrupted pressure the rebel forces quickly splintered and began to surrender, Sandile himself fled down into the valley of the Fish River where he was intercepted by a Fengu commando. In the final shoot out he was accidentally killed by a stray bullet. The surviving rebels were granted an amnesty.

1386: 50: 136: 1684:. Faced with growing discontent, the Cape demanded that the British Government fire Cunynghame, abandon its racial disarmament policy, and allow the Cape to deploy its (predominantly black) paramilitaries to establish order. However Frere refused and brought in Imperial troops to enforce the disarmament, and then to invade Gcalekaland once again. This time to annex it and occupy it for the purpose of white settlement. 769:. Nevertheless, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of admixture between Europeans, Khoikhoi, and Xhosa living and trading throughout the frontier region. The vacillation by the Cape Government's policy towards the return of the Xhosa to areas they previously inhabited did not dissipate Xhosa frustration toward the inability to provide for themselves, and they thus resorted to frontier cattle-raiding. 6828: 1287:, under attack from the Xhosa, having sustained forty-two casualties. The very next day, during Christmas festivities in towns throughout the border region, apparently friendly Xhosa entered the towns to partake in the festivities. At a given signal though, they fell upon the settlers who had invited them into their homes and killed them. With this attack, the bulk of the Ngqika joined the war. 3387: 1203:. Gradually, as the armies weakened, the conflict subsided into waves of petty and bloody recriminations. At one point, violence flared up again after Ngqika tribesmen supposedly stole four goats from the neighbouring Kat River Settlement. When the rains came, floods turned the surrounding lands into a quagmire. The violence slowly wound down as both sides weakened, immobile and fever-ridden. 532:. The Xhosa were already established in the area and herded cattle, which led to tensions between them and the colonists; these tensions were the primary reason for the Cape Frontier Wars. The Dutch East India Company had demarcated the Great Fish River as the eastern boundary of the colony in 1779, though this was ignored by many settlers, leading to the First Cape Frontier War breaking out. 1164:), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge. The meeting was initially tense – the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed. Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks. 868:(known to the Europeans as the "Fingo people"), who had recently arrived fleeing from the Zulu armies and had been living under Xhosa subjection. Magistrates were appointed to administer the territory in the hope that they would gradually, with the help of missionaries, undermine tribal authority. Hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836, after having continued for nine months. 1419: 1441:

goats, dogs, fowls, and all manner of clothing and food in great amounts. They would also restore the elderly to youth and would usher in a utopian era of prosperity. However, she declared that the dead ancestors would only enact this on condition that the Xhosa first destroyed all their means of subsistence. They needed to kill all of their cattle and burn all of their crops.

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colonists, used his influence to rein in the frontier settlers and prevent any expansion onto Xhosa land. A level of trust also began to develop, and the Xhosa chiefs came to hold Stockenström in exceptionally high regard as a man who, although he had defeated the Xhosa armies on multiple occasions, nonetheless treated them as diplomatic equals.

1184: 685:. The resulting empty territory was designated as a buffer zone for loyal Africans' settlements, but was declared to be off limits for either side's military occupation. It came to be known as the "Ceded Territories". The Albany district was established in 1820, on the Cape's side of the Fish River, and was populated with some 1130: 1304:. Large numbers of the "Kaffir Police" – a paramilitary police force the British had established to combat cattle theft – deserted their posts and joined Xhosa war parties. For a while, it appeared that while the Xhosa declared war, Khoi people of the eastern Cape were also fighting and taking up arms against the British. 1335:, which was defended by a small detachment of troops and local volunteers. The attack failed however, and Hermanus was killed. The Cape Government also eventually agreed to levy a force of local gunmen (predominantly Khoi) to hold the frontier, allowing Smith to free some imperial troops for offensive action. 1702:

Up until now, Molteno had been heavily engaged in a high-level diplomatic battle with Britain to preserve the Cape Colony's constitutional independence. However, with the Cape's frontier collapsing in chaos, he now made for the frontier in person, where he confronted the British Governor with a heavy

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The second stage of the war began when Frere ordered the disarmament of all Black peoples of the Cape. There was confusion and uproar from the Cape's many black soldiers and a furious protest from the Cape Government. Militia deserted and protests erupted, in the face of which Cunynghame panicked and

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In March 1878, British troops entered the mountain ranges to pursue Sandile's rebels but were hopelessly outmaneuvered. They were eluded, led astray and ambushed time and time again, as the rebels easily slipped past their slow-moving troop columns. Flag signalling, path systems and other techniques

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under the overall rule of the British Empire, the same policy that was successfully applied to Canada. This Confederation scheme required that the remaining independent Black States be annexed; a frontier war was seen as an ideal opportunity for such a conquest. Both the Cape Colony and Xhosa shared

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In the last month of the war (December 1847) Sir Harry Smith reached Cape Town as governor of the colony, and on the 23rd, at a meeting of the Xhosa chiefs, announced the annexation of the country between the Keiskamma and the Kei rivers to the British crown, thus reabsorbing the territory abandoned

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The Fourth War was the first experienced under British rule. The Zuurveld acted as a buffer zone between the Cape Colony and Xhosa territory, empty of the Boers and British to the east and the Xhosa to the west. In 1811, the Xhosa occupied the area, and flashpoint conflicts with encroaching settlers

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Increasing numbers of Xhosa armies now poured across the frontier. Towns and farms throughout the region were now burning, and the remaining frontier forts filled with refugees fleeing the invasion. British troops remained thin on the ground as much of them still remained idle in Gcalekaland, where

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The drought had started in 1875 in Gcalekaland and had spread to other parts of the Transkei and Basutoland, as well as to the Cape Colony controlled Ciskei. By 1877, it had become the most severe drought ever recorded. In 1877, political tensions among Xhosa e began to emerge, particularly between

947:, instituted a completely new border policy. Stockenström, who professed considerable respect for the Xhosa, developed a system of formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side (cattle raiding was a regular grievance). Diplomatic agents were exchanged between the 876:

Hintsa was the King of the Xhosa Kingdom and was recognised as Paramount by all Xhosa-speaking tribes and states in the Cape; his death proved to be an enduring memory in the collective imagination of the Xhosa nation. Originally assured of his personal safety during the treaty negotiations, Hintsa

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The reality of the conflicts between the Europeans and Xhosa involves a balance of tension. At times, tensions existed between the various Europeans in the Cape region, tensions between Empire administration and colonial governments, and tensions within the Xhosa Kingdom, e.g. chiefs rivalling each

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The British initially attempted to repeat the successful strategy of the Cape's previous campaign. After similarly dividing into three columns, the slow-moving foreign troops soon became disorientated and exhausted. They were unable to engage or even to find the dispersed Gcaleka, who were swiftly

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After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei. He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks. A treaty was signed and the commandos

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On 28 May, a force of 8,000 Xhosa attacked the last remaining British garrison, at Fort Peddie, but fell back after a long shootout with British and Fengu troops. The Xhosa army then marched on Grahamstown itself, but was held up when a sizable army of Ndlambe Xhosa were defeated on 7 June 1846 by

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led the Ngqika people in the Seventh Frontier War (1846–47), Eighth Frontier War (1850–53) and the Ninth Frontier War (1877–78), in which he was killed. These clashes marked the beginning of the use of firearms by Xhosa armies, scoring many victories for King Sandile, gaining him a reputation as a

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over several issues, including land ownership. The king appointed his eldest son Maqoma (despite him lacking experience in battle) and the renowned Jingqi to lead the fight that lasted from midday to the evening. Ngqika was defeated, losing about 500 men during what is considered by some as one of

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Finally the British adopted the strategy which the locals had been recommending from the beginning. This involved dividing the vast territory into 11 military provinces and stationing a mounted garrison in each. If a rebel regiment was encountered it was chased, until it entered the next military

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The exhausted Gcaleka finally pulled out from the conflict, but Sandile's rebel Ngqika armies fought on. The rebels eluded the Imperial troops once again and moved into the Amatola mountain range, beginning a final stage of guerrilla warfare. Cunynghame was meanwhile removed from his authority by

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Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. From this base they managed to plunder surrounding farms and torch the homesteads. Maqoma's stronghold was situated on Mount Misery, a natural fortress on a narrow neck wedged between the Waterkloof and Harry's Kloof. The

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rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility. Furious, Stockenström and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the British and the Xhosa – both starving and afflicted by fever – to a

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The event that actually ignited the war was a trivial dispute over a raid. A Khoi escort was transporting a manacled Xhosa thief to Grahamstown to be tried for stealing an axe, when Xhosa raiders attacked and killed the Khoi escort. The Xhosa refused to surrender the murderer and war broke out in

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In the framework of this new system, the frontier settled and saw nearly a decade of peace. The Xhosa chiefs generally honoured Stockenström's treaty and returned any cattle that their people had raided. On the Cape side, Stockenström, who saw the major problem as being the land management of the

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The earlier Xhosa Wars did not quell British-Xhosa tension in the Cape's eastern border at the Keiskamma River. Insecurity persisted because the Xhosa remained expelled from territory (especially the so-called "Ceded Territories") that was then settled by Europeans and other African peoples. They

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to lead commandoes to force the Xhosa to move east of the river, if they were unresponsive to requests to do so. This led to multiple attacks by the commandoes to forcefully remove Xhosa polities out of the area. When the imiDange refused to move, Van Jaarsveld and his commandoes had their chief,

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and marauders, on both sides of the frontier, since the dismantlement of Stockenstrom's treaty system. Governor Maitland imposed a new system of treaties on the chiefs without consulting them, while a severe drought forced desperate Xhosa to engage in cattle raids across the frontier in order to

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The territorial expansion and creation of "Queen Adelaide Province" was also condemned by London as being uneconomical and unjust. The province was disannexed in December 1836, the Cape's border was re-established at the Keiskamma river, and new treaties were made with the chiefs responsible for

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was predicted to occur on 18 February 1857. The Xhosa, especially the King, Sarhili, heeded the demand to destroy food sources and clothes and enforced it on others throughout the country. When the day came, the Xhosa nation waited en masse for the momentous events to occur, only to be bitterly

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began to declare that she had received a message from the Xhosa people's ancestors, promising deliverance from their hardships. She preached that the ancestors would return from the afterlife in huge numbers, drive all Europeans into the sea, and give the Xhosa bounteous gifts of horses, sheep,

1605:; a fierce shoot-out followed but the Gcaleka forces were dispersed. Soon, several other outposts and stations along the frontier were coming under attack. The Cape Government now had to use all available diplomatic leverage it had to prevent British imperial forces from crossing the frontier. 599:

from Graaf-Reinet and Swellendam then started fighting in a string of clashes. The government then made peace with the Xhosa and allowed them to stay in Zuurveld. In 1801, another Graaff-Reinet rebellion started forcing more Khoi desertions and farm abandonments. The commandos could achieve no

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The Cape government on the other hand was reluctant to see its local Commandos brought under British imperial command, in what it considered to be essentially a local conflict, not an imperial war of conquest. The Cape had only recently attained local democracy and was extremely suspicious of

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Chief Sarhili faced intense pressure from belligerent factions within his own government and mobilised his armies for their movement to the frontier. The Cape Government reiterated its insistence that the matter was best left to local resolution and did not constitute an international war for

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and the Gcaleka. A wedding celebration in September 1877 was the scene of a bar fight when the tensions emerged after Gcaleka harassed the Fengu in attendance. Later in the same day, Gcaleka attacked a Cape Colony police outpost, which was manned predominantly by a Fengu ethnic police force.

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However Frere was lucky in that he still had access to the frontier militia and Fengu regiments of the Cape Government he had just overthrown. These forces, again under their legendary commander Veldman Bikitsha, managed to engage and finally defeat the Gcaleka on 13 January (near Nyumaxa).

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Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor Harry Smith, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European lifestyles.

897:'s formidable allies. They swiftly acquired firearms and formed mounted commandos for the defense of their new land. In the following wars, they fought alongside the Cape Colony as invaluable allies, not as subordinates, and won considerable renown and respect for their martial ability. 1601:

imperial military intervention. High-pressure negotiations by Cape Prime Minister John Charles Molteno extracted a promise from Britain that imperial troops would stay put and on no account cross the frontier. Gcaleka forces of 8000 attacked a Cape police outpost near the frontier at

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The cattle killings continued into 1858, leading to the starvation of thousands. Disease was also spread from the cattle killings. This gave the settlers power over the remainder of the Xhosa nation who were often forced to turn to the colonists for food, blankets and other relief.

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The council was torn apart by argument from the beginning, as Frere refused Gcaleka appeals and worked towards full British occupation of Gcalekaland for white settlement and his future confederation. Frere also increasingly insisted on having complete imperial control of the war.

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The war became known as "Mlanjeni's War", after the prophet Mlanjeni who arose among the homeless Xhosa, and who predicted that the Xhosa would be unaffected by the colonists' bullets. Large numbers of Xhosa began leaving the colony's towns and mobilizing in the tribal areas.

919:, repudiated d'Urban's actions and accused the Boer retaliation against cattle raiders as being what instigated the conflict. As a result, the Boer community lost faith in the British justice system and often took the law into their own hands when cattle rustlers were caught. 1522:

population of the frontier into the life patterns and practices of the Cape Colony had developed unevenly. The Fengu had rapidly adapted to and accepted the changes coming to southern Africa by taking to urban trade. The Gcaleka Xhosa resided predominately in the independent

1175:, who in later life became the Cape's first Prime Minister. Significantly, his experience of what he believed to be the ineptitude and injustice of the British Empire's frontier policy later informed his government's decisions to oppose the British in the final frontier war. 549:

frontiersmen and the amaXhosa. In December 1779, an armed clash occurred, resulting from allegations of cattle theft by Xhosa people. In November 1780, the Cape governor, Baron van Plettenberg declared that the eastern border of the Cape colony was the entire length of the

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The fifth frontier war, also known as the "War of Nxele", initially developed from an 1817 judgment by the Cape Colony government about stolen cattle and their restitution by the Xhosa. An issue of ducks and geese overcrowding the area brought on a civil war between the

1254:, hanging the Boer resistance leaders, and in the process alienating the Burghers of the Cape Colony. To cover the mounting expenses he then imposed exorbitant taxes on the local people of the frontier and cut the Cape's standing forces to less than five thousand men. 1206:

The war continued until Sandile was captured during negotiations and sent to Grahamstown. Although Sandile was soon released, the other chiefs gradually stopped fighting, and by the end of 1847 the Xhosa had been completely subdued after 21 months of fighting.

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condemnation for bad intentions and incompetence. He demanded the free command of the Cape's indigenous forces to operate and contain the violence, making it clear that he was content to sacrifice his job rather than tolerate further British interference.

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Government and its Fengu allies, the British Empire, and the Xhosa armies (Gcaleka and Ngqika). The Cape Colony addressed local needs through their own devices, creating a period of peace and prosperity, and achieved partial independence from Britain with

908:. In total, 40 farmers (Boers) were killed and 416 farmhouses were burnt down. In addition, 5,700 horses, 115,000 head of cattle, and 162,000 sheep were plundered by Xhosa tribespeople. In retaliation, sixty thousand Xhosa cattle were taken or retaken by 1311:, but found that he had alienated most of his local allies. His policies had made enemies of the Burghers and Boer Commandos, the Fengu, and the Khoi, who formed much of the Cape's local defences. Even some of the Cape Mounted Riflemen refused to fight. 782:, a brother of the chief who had been killed, swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony, pillaged and burned the homesteads, and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in 1829, had been settled in the 955:

as reliable "ambassadors", and colonial expansion into Xhosa land was forbidden. Land annexed from the Xhosa in the previous war was also returned and the displaced Xhosa moved back into this land, assuaging overpopulation in the Xhosa territories.

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Large numbers of Xhosa then poured across the border as the outnumbered imperial troops fell back, abandoning their outposts. The only successful resistance was from the local Fengu, who heroically defended their villages from the Xhosa forces.

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The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle

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After inflicting a string of defeats on the Ngqika, Stockenström took a small and select group of his mounted commandos across the Colony's border and rapidly pushed into the independent Xhosa lands beyond the frontier. They rode deep into the

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Merriman, who Molteno had appointed to oversee the Cape's war effort, initially worked hard to cooperate with Frere, but increasingly came to share Molteno's views on the ineptitude and injustice of British imperial policy in southern Africa.

1503:, and legal recognition for indigenous systems of land tenure, had also gone some way to easing frontier tensions. Any further intrusion of the British government in Cape affairs to disrupt this state was thought unnecessary and ill-advised. 892:

The settlement of the Fengu in the annexed territory had far-reaching consequences. This wandering peoples claimed to be escaping oppression at the hands of the Gcaleka and, in return for the land they were given by the Cape, they became the

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The campaign inflicted a string of defeats on the Xhosa, such as at Trompetter's Drift on the Fish River, and most of the Xhosa chiefs surrendered. However, the two primary Xhosa leaders, Maqoma and Tyali, retreated to the vastnesses of the

1499:"; it had relatively little interest in territorial expansion. The frontier was policed lightly using small, highly mobile, mounted mixed-race commandos that were recruited locally from Boer, Fengu, Khoi and settler frontier peoples. The 1788:

nor the Xhosa had desired a war. Had Bartle Frere not moved to the frontier and drawn the conflict into Britain's greater Confederation scheme, it would almost definitely have remained as only a brief patch of localised ethnic strife.

1808:. Although Frere was recalled for misconduct in 1880, and the Confederation scheme was dropped, the new series of "Confederation Wars" was to last over the next 20 years. These wars would see the ending of all Black independence in 1688:

moving and regrouping. As the British scoured Gcalekaland, the regrouped Gcaleka army easily slipped past them and crossed the border into the Cape Colony. Here they were joined by Sandile who led his Ngqika nation into rebellion.

849:, commanded authority over all of the Xhosa tribes and therefore held him responsible for the initial attack on the Cape Colony, and for the looted cattle. D'Urban came to the frontier in May 1835, and led a large force across the 1295:

While the Governor was still at Fort Cox, the Xhosa forces advanced on the colony, isolating him there. The Xhosa burned British military villages along the frontier and captured the post at Line Drift. Meanwhile, the Khoi of the

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Cape responses to the Xhosa cattle raids varied, but in some cases were drastic and violent. On 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa: an army of 10,000 men, led by

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The conflicts between the amaXhosa and British were covered extensively in the metropolitan British press, generating increased demand among the British public for information about their country's far-off colonial conflicts.

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The ninth and final frontier war – also known as the "Fengu-Gcaleka War" or "Ngcayechibi's War", the latter being the name of the headman at whose feast the initial bar fight occurred – involved several competing powers: the

1102:, was delayed at the Amatola Mountains, and the attacking Xhosa captured the centre of the three-mile long wagon train which was not being defended, carrying away the British officer's supply of wine and other supplies. 1283:, Governor Smith deposed him and declared him a fugitive. On 24 December, a British detachment of 650 men under Colonel Mackinnon was attacked by Xhosa warriors in the Boomah Pass. The party was forced to retreat to 1792:

Once the broader conflict had been ignited, however, the result was the annexation of all remaining Xhosa territory under British control. The war also led Britain to overthrow the Cape Colony's elected government.

1452:(diviner) who could communicate with the ancestors. They too killed their cattle and destroyed their crops. The cult grew and built up momentum, sweeping across the eastern Cape. The government authorities of the 4631: 1278:

Believing that the chiefs were responsible for the unrest caused by Mlanjeni's preaching, Governor Sir Harry Smith travelled to meet with the prominent chiefs. When Sandile refused to attend a meeting outside

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In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region.

1082: 1880: 1377:. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died. 6637: 4559: 1699:

The combined Xhosa armies laid waste to the frontier region. Fengu towns and other frontier settlements were sacked, supply lines were cut and outposts were evacuated as the British fell back.

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were tried, but to no effect. The British were very inexperienced with the environment and plagued by mismanagement, stretched supply lines, sickness and other hardships. Meanwhile, the local

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A series of devastating droughts across the Transkei threatened the relative peace which had prevailed for the previous few decades. In the memorable summary of the historian De Kiewiet:

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other, which usually led to Europeans taking advantage of the situation to meddle in Xhosa politics. A perfect example of this is the case of chief Ngqika and his uncle, chief Ndlambe.

821:, who reached Grahamstown on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the attack had reached Cape Town. It was from Grahamstown that the retaliatory campaign was launched and directed. 1643:

to direct the war against Gcalekaland. Frere and his Lieutenant General Sir Arthur Cunynghame were to represent the British Empire on this council, while two of Molteno's ministers,

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feared chaos, famine and economic collapse, so they desperately appealed in vain to the Xhosa to ignore the prophecies. They even arrested Nongqawuse herself for disturbance caused.

1362:. Over the coming months, increasing numbers of Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country. 554:

despite many amaXhosa polities being already established west of the river, and no negotiations involving this decision were made with them beforehand. Van Plettenberg appointed

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to formally dissolve the elected Cape government, which was now stubbornly standing in the way of the British Empire, and assume direct imperial control over the entire country.

3566: 1149:("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa. Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital. 255: 250: 6902: 5662: 5366: 1401:, who took charge in March. For the last six months, Cathcart ordered scourings of the countryside for rebels. In February 1853, Sandile and the other chiefs surrendered. 1033:. The Xhosa forces were greater in number, and some of them had by this time replaced their traditional weapons with firearms. Both sides engaged in the widespread use of 583:. Some frontiersmen, under Barend Lindeque, allied themselves with Ndlambe (regent of the Western Xhosas) to repel the Gqunukhwebe. Panic ensued and farms were abandoned. 6807: 6741: 1721:

The imperial troops assisted, but were tired, short of rations and unable to follow up on the victory. A subsequent attack was barely repelled on 7 February (Battle of

626:, characterized as involving no more bloodshed "than was necessary to impress on the minds of these savages a proper degree of terror and respect". About four thousand 6814: 1430:

which began among the Xhosa in 1856, and led them to destroy their own means of subsistence in the belief that it would bring about salvation by supernatural spirits.

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then revolted, joined with the Xhosa in the Zuurveld, and started attacking, raiding farms occupied by European and Dutch settlers, reaching Oudtshoorn by July 1799.

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The 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in the complete subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa.

6309: 5582: 5373: 4778: 4216: 932: 967:, who led a large colonist movement to dismantle Stockenström's system and allow seizure of Xhosa lands. As one settler ominously declared of the Xhosa territory: 6623: 6602: 6463: 5380: 2981: 383: 6225: 5575: 1397:

In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry Smith's inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by

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Smith, Sir Harry. ‘'The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej.'’ Publisher: John Murray, Albemarle Street 1903

1856: 1565: 1507: 1006:, two main groups were involved: columns of imperial British troops sent from London, and local mixed-race "Burgher forces", which were mainly Khoi, Fengu, 978:

In the face of massive pressure and ruinous lawsuits, Stockenström was eventually dismissed and the new British governor, Maitland, abrogated the treaties.

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Xhosas defend a stronghold in the forested Water Kloof during the Eighth Xhosa War in 1851. Xhosa, Kat River Khoi-khoi and some army deserters are depicted

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The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope

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by the British authorities. Refugees from the farms and villages took to the safety of Grahamstown, where women and children found refuge in the church.

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Xhosa (those that remained in their homeland). A Cape Colony-Ngqika defence treaty legally required military assistance to the Ngqika request (1818).

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subsequently (after the fifth war) settled on the Fish River. "Graham's Town" arose on the site of Colonel Graham's headquarters; in time this became

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The war had lasted a year and was a final blow for the last independent Xhosa state, Gcalekaland, which was now administered as a British territory.

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After these initial successes, however, the Xhosa experienced a series of setbacks. Xhosa forces were repulsed in separate attacks on Fort White and

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The terms stated that all the country from the Cape's prior frontier, the Keiskamma River, as far as the Great Kei River, was annexed as the British

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group led by Jan Boesak enabled the garrison to repulse Nxele, who suffered the loss of 1,000 Xhosa. Nxele was eventually captured and imprisoned on

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Waterkloof conflicts lasted two years. Maqoma also led an attack on Fort Fordyce and inflicted heavy losses on the forces of Sir Harry Smith.

6867: 6862: 6553: 6120: 3982: 3539: 3497: 3232: 3211: 3179: 3158: 3101: 3080: 3059: 3035: 3014: 2943: 1111: 363: 307: 4739: 1118:, a few miles from Fort Peddie. However the slow-moving British columns, were considerably hampered by drought and were becoming desperate. 6887: 6769: 6560: 6470: 6092: 4012: 3825: 275: 4655: 4589: 3529: 6706: 6651: 6567: 6414: 6078: 5641: 5308: 5278: 3552: 353: 5191: 2536:"War, Racism, and the Taking of Heads: Revisiting Military Conflict in the Cape Colony and Western Xhosaland in the Nineteenth Century" 1998:"On Heroes and Villains: The Times' reporting on the Cape Colony's Frontier Wars, 1818-1853 The South African Military History Society" 230: 6665: 6630: 6574: 6099: 6064: 5753: 5202: 3867: 2899: 615: 330: 5468: 5461: 4468: 3813: 3662: 6449: 6316: 6295: 6253: 5795: 3133: 2920: 2854: 1531:'s cattle killing. They bitterly resented the material success of the Fengu, although some Gcaleka lived within the Cape's borders. 3692: 2238: 1137:

The local Commandos were much more effective in the rough and mountainous terrain, of which they had considerable local knowledge.

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and Kat River Settlement revolted, under the leadership of a half-Khoi, half-Xhosa chief Hermanus Matroos, and managed to capture

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by order of Lord Glenelg. It was not, however, incorporated with the Cape Colony, but made a crown dependency under the name of

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Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the Cape to drive his opinions, declaring that:

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had served as a mountain stronghold for Xhosa insurgents many times before, with its vast, dark, creeper-entwined forests.

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Initially, however, the conflict had shown no signs of being anything more than a petty intertribal quarrel. Neither the

860:, and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of the province's government was selected and named 765:

were also subjected to territorial expansions from other Africans that were themselves under pressure from the expanding

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By the second half of the 18th century, European colonists gradually expanded eastward up the coast and encountered the

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Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa: The High Commission, British Supremacy, and the Sub-continent, 1806-1910

2342:"Acts of severity: colonial settler massacre of amaXhosa and abaThembu on the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony, 2141: 1301: 931: 164: 998:), known across southern Africa as skilled gunmen, were invaluable allies of the Cape Colony in its frontier wars. 6727: 6365: 6197: 6190: 6148: 5862: 5809: 5697: 5648: 5429: 5087: 4390: 3777: 3704: 3620: 1602: 500: 4402: 2762: 1086:

Sketch of the shoot-out as British Imperial Troops attempt to storm Sandile's position in the Amatola Mountains.

591:

The third war started in January 1799 with a Xhosa rebellion that General T. P. Vandeleur crushed. Discontented

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The regular British forces suffered initial setbacks. A British column sent to confront the Rharhabe King,

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The treaty system began to unravel as the settlers gained a determined leader and spokesman in the form of

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At first no one believed Nongquwuse's prophecy and the Xhosa nation ignored her prophecy. But when King

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History of the Abambo, Generally Known as Fingos. By the Rev. John Ayliff and the Rev. Joseph Whiteside

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During the Cape's lightning quick campaign, Governor Frere had established a "war-council" at nearby

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History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 § Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine (1854-1858)

943:

In the aftermath of the previous frontier war, the new lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province,

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Nxele, Xhosa prophet who predicted that Xhosa ancestors would rise from the dead and win the battle

3242: 838: 814: 504: 168: 1616:

and Fengu origin) were deployed by Molteno under the leadership of Commander Veldman Bikitsha and

235: 5177: 4679: 4547: 4529: 4480: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4366: 4138: 4096: 3927: 3903: 3873: 3801: 3289: 2975: 2557: 2370: 2286: 1569: 1560:

Chief Sarhili (centre seated) was under pressure from belligerent factions of his own government.

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in the north. Burgher and Khoi commandos also mobilised, and British Imperial troops arrived via

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The Seventh Xhosa War is often referred to as the "War of the Axe" or the "Amatola War". On the

600:

result, so in February 1803 a peace was arranged, leaving the Xhosas still in the big Zuurveld.

6762: 6748: 6085: 5901: 5725: 5315: 4905: 4835: 4697: 4691: 4601: 4462: 4408: 4264: 3915: 3837: 3807: 3698: 3493: 3228: 3207: 3175: 3154: 3129: 3097: 3076: 3055: 3031: 3010: 2939: 2916: 2895: 2850: 2763:"Investigating the Origins of The Rose of Rhodesia, Part II: Harold Shaw Film Productions Ltd" 2668: 1944: 1865: 1841: 1830: 1758: 1750: 1681: 1338:

By the end of the month of January, the British were beginning to receive reinforcements from

1251: 1212: 857: 842: 826: 484: 152: 49: 3222: 3049: 2935: 6686: 6050: 5760: 5540: 5230: 4985: 4953: 4889: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4661: 4565: 4535: 4450: 4270: 4252: 4234: 4204: 3819: 3668: 3608: 3281: 3070: 2549: 2362: 2278: 1952: 1936: 1875: 1838:, South Africa’s first official war artist, who recorded the Eighth Frontier War (1850–1853) 1648: 1644: 1617: 1460: 1331:. Similarly, on 7 January, Hermanus and his supporters launched an offensive on the town of 1224: 1161: 1153: 1115: 1099: 1059: 1041: 964: 681:

The British colonial authorities pushed the Xhosa further east beyond the Fish River to the

551: 529: 2153: 1270: 1152:

Paramount Chief Sarhili and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants

6008: 5922: 5816: 5484: 5408: 5329: 5053: 4937: 4929: 4921: 4897: 4613: 4553: 4492: 4486: 4414: 4294: 4198: 4180: 3831: 2265:"'An Unprecedented but Significant Atrocity': A Window into the War of the Axe, 1846-1847" 1809: 1680:

overreacted by unilaterally deploying the imperial troops to thinly encircle the whole of

1564:

In September 1877 the Cape Colony government rejected the second attempt to implement the

1445: 1398: 1146: 1121:

After much debate, they were forced to call in Stockenström and the local Burgher forces.

850: 682: 245: 3753: 1804:

the disastrous use of Britain's slow-moving troop columns was once again demonstrated at

1070:

to annex and settle the land that had been returned to the Xhosa after the previous war.

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Correspondence, Memoranda and Minutes connected with the Dismissal of the Late Ministry

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began to kill his cattle, more and more people began to believe that Nongquwuse was an

1427: 1418: 1007: 618:

drove the Xhosa back beyond the Fish River in an effort that the first Governor of the

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the view that actions to achieve such a scheme at that time would create instability.

733: Settled colonial area, showing districts established in 1820 (in various shades) 6846: 6672: 6393: 5498: 5477: 5447: 5440: 5149: 4751: 4727: 4625: 4619: 4517: 3957: 3885: 3771: 3741: 3403: 3393: 3248:

Belangrijke historische dokumenten over Zuid Afrika: verzameld in den Haag en Berlijn

3143: 2561: 2290: 2264: 1835: 1766: 1609: 1519: 1511: 1332: 1067: 1011: 909: 795: 702: 686: 675: 627: 580: 476: 4763: 3293: 3251:. den Haag en Berlijn: Uitgegeven voor het Gouvernement van de Unie van Suid Afrika. 2374: 6337: 5946: 5767: 5718: 4881: 4795: 4595: 4438: 4312: 3963: 3933: 3716: 1797: 1593: 1157: 1133:

Mobile mounted commandos were highly effective in the mountainous frontier terrain.

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in South Africa. These events were the longest-running military resistance against

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Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People

2366: 2282: 1695:

The great King of the Rharhabe, Sandile kaNgqika, veteran of several frontier wars

1527:

land to the east and had suffered greatly from the effects of war, alcoholism and

3487: 3476: 3465: 3246: 3201: 3190: 3169: 3147: 3123: 3112: 3091: 3025: 3004: 2993: 2965: 2954: 2910: 2889: 969:"The appearance of the country is very fine, it will make excellent sheep farms." 5930: 4873: 4715: 4360: 4156: 4090: 3897: 3747: 3045: 2414: 1846: 1785: 1635:

British Governor Bartle Frere sought to annex Gcalekaland to the British Empire.

1491: 1453: 1003: 948: 901: 894: 799: 631: 619: 568: 84: 2081:

The Land Wars: The Dispossession of the Khoisan and AmaXhosa in the Cape Colony

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The War of the Axe and the Xhosa Bible: The Journal of the Rev. J.W. Appleyard

3285: 3266: 3125:

What They Said, 1795-1910: A Selection of Documents from South African History

2553: 2135: 1528: 1437: 1307:

Harry Smith finally fought his way out of Fort Cox with the help of the local

905: 707:

During the Fifth Frontier War in 1818, after a two-decade long conflict, King

663: 659: 3353: 3224:

Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners

2956:

Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795-1910

2396: 1948: 1940: 711:

ka Mlawu and his uncle Ndlambe’s people clashed again in a battle called the

5964: 5955: 5886: 5292: 5269: 5258: 4577: 4330: 4150: 3524: 3519: 3412:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–240. 3336: 2202:"Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878 | South African History Online" 2049:"Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878 | South African History Online" 2032:

2011. Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878. SA History. Accessed 13 March.

1861: 1355: 1339: 1328: 1199:

The effects of the drought were worsened through the use, by both sides, of

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By the end of the sixth war, 7,000 people of all races were left homeless.

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A British column (74th Highlanders) under ambush in the Waterkloof forests

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As of 2016 the Egazini monument has been vandalised and is in a bad state

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Reminiscences of the Last Kafir War. Illustrated with Numerous Anecdotes

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or "Centane") with considerable more help from the Fengu and the local

1722: 1536:"In South Africa, the heat of drought easily becomes the fever of war." 1524: 1434: 1129: 1054: 648: 54:

A column of Xhosa warriors, crossing a ravine in the frontier mountains

1183: 5869: 5025: 4804: 2180:"An Unstable Frontier The Role of Soldiers And Military Hintsa's War" 1796:

Bartle Frere next applied the same tactics to invade the independent

1613: 1544: 1540: 1030: 1022: 779: 744: 708: 1997: 973:"the British race was selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria" 3027:

The First Son of South Africa to be Premier, Thomas Charles Scanlen

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Chief Maqoma. Xhosa military leader in several of the frontier wars

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2912:

The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing

1744: 1690: 1670: 1630: 1587: 1579: 1555: 1485:

Map of southern Africa on the eve of the final frontier war (1876)

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Shoot-out between Xhosa and long, slow-moving British army column.

1089: 1081: 985: 930: 655: 3267:"Nxele, Ntsikana and the origins of the Xhosa religious reaction" 1342:

and a force under Colonel Mackinnon was able to drive north from

1171:

Also leading his commando on this campaign was a young man named

666:'s son, Nxele led a 10,000 Xhosa force attack (22 April 1819) on 2849:. The Reader's Digest Association South Africa (Pty) Ltd, 1992. 1881:

Category:British military personnel of the 9th Cape Frontier War

853:

to confront Hintsa at his Great Place and dictate terms to him.

567:

The second war involved a larger territory. It started when the

546: 4767: 3548: 507:. Colonial expansion from the Cape into the valleys led to the 503:

immigrants, the supply station soon expanded into a burgeoning

614:

followed. An expeditionary force under the command of Colonel

455:

Map of the Cape Colony in 1809, showing its eastward expansion

3114:

The First Crisis in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony

2891:

Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History

2258: 2256: 1608:

The Cape's local paramilitaries (mounted commandos of mainly

415:) were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the 1584:

Cape Colony militia – Fengu and Boer – on the frontier, 1878

1242:

charging the enemy at Waterkloof during the 8th Frontier War

1925:"Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D" 1464:

disappointed. With no means of subsistence, famine set in.

1373:

while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of

2934:(3, illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 2888:

Abbink, J; Bruijn, Mirjam de; Walraven, Klaas van (2008).

2239:"A Quest for a Treaty Stockenstrom, Godlonton And Bowker" 2162: 2160: 491:. Quickly expanding as a result of increasing numbers of 3489:

The Edges of War: A History of Frontier Wars (1702-1878)

1706:

Frere's next move was to appeal to the authority of the

1769:(Boer and Fengu) held back, reluctant to get involved. 3069:

Oliver, Roland; Fage, J. D.; Sanderson, G. N. (1985).

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Harry Smith also attacked and annexed the independent

3093:

John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman

1506:

The British Government sought to increase control in

3258:

Reader's Digest Family Encyclopedia of World History

2521: 2464: 1651:, were appointed to represent local Cape interests. 6790: 6696: 6529: 5984: 5975: 5833: 5629: 5268: 5213: 5132: 5070: 5043: 5036: 4802: 4502: 3973: 3726: 3587: 2748: 2629: 2490:"South Africa Holiday: Xhosa frontier wars 1840-78" 2818: 2816: 1899:I am indebted to Dr C. C. Saunders for this term 1714:they had been sent for the purpose of occupation. 1422:Nongqawuse (right) with fellow prophetess, Nonkosi 1596:, a supporter of local solutions to the conflict. 545:The First Frontier War broke out in 1779 between 6908:Military history of the Dutch East India Company 3051:The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry 2992:; Shippard, S. G. A. (1964). C.W. Hutton (ed.). 2727:. Cape Town: Houses of Parliament Library. 1878. 1733:London, and his replacement, Lieutenant General 939:, 1st Baronet, and veteran of several Xhosa wars 716:the most historical battles in Southern Africa. 6883:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 5583:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 3364:(6). The South African Military History Society 3009:. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. 2807: 1510:by uniting all the states of the region into a 1145:Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of 753: Tribal areas under British administration 34: 2606:A History of South Africa, Social and Economic 2233: 2231: 467:was a small supply station established by the 4779: 3560: 1215:Colony, with King William's Town as capital. 384: 8: 3530:HIS 311 Lecture on Southern Africa 1800–1875 2509: 1857:Kaffir (Historical usage in southern Africa) 759: Military forts and district boundaries 739: Neutral zone since 1820, as agreed by 579:, a district between the Great Fish and the 27:Series of wars in southern Africa, 1779–1879 2043: 2041: 2039: 802:and inflicted a defeat on the Xhosa in the 647:(royal clan of the Rharhabe Xhosa) and the 5981: 5040: 4786: 4772: 4764: 3567: 3553: 3545: 2980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2608:., Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. p.105 2137:Are heritage sites under threat in Makana? 391: 377: 180: 31: 2452: 2440: 2327: 1956: 1753:, setting for the final stage of the war. 1346:to resupply the beleaguered garrisons at 794:The response was swift and multifaceted. 5656:Reconstruction and Development Programme 3303:"Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878" 2964:Ayliff, John; Whiteside, Joseph (1912). 2870: 2859:"Confederation from the Barrel of a Gun" 2699: 2166: 2111: 1852:History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 728:Eastern frontier of the colony, c. 1835 723: 450: 5252:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 2834: 2711: 1916: 1892: 927:Interlude: Stockenström's treaty system 344: 321: 274: 201: 192: 5733:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 3525:Burgher Commandos of the 7th Xhosa War 2973: 2795: 2783: 2736: 2673:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2666: 1983: 1971: 6903:South Africa–United Kingdom relations 3481:(2nd ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik. 2687: 2476: 2263:Blackbeard, Susan I. (25 July 2015). 1812:and eventually build up to the great 1323:British counter-attack (January 1851) 817:, mustered the combined forces under 7: 3826:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 3520:Irregular units of the 7th Xhosa War 2953:von Welfling Eybers, George (1918). 2617: 2340:Blackbeard, Susan I. (20 May 2015). 2315: 2222: 2126:, Frontier Legends Historical Tours. 2092: 2090: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1433:In April 1856 the 16-year-old Xhosa 6878:Military history of the Cape Colony 5663:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 5309:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 3192:A History of the Xhosa C. 1700-1835 2930:Thompson, Leonard Monteath (2001). 2909:Abbink, J; Peires, Jeffrey (1989). 2847:Illustrated History of South Africa 2822: 2534:Webb, Denver A. (30 January 2015). 1408:Cattle-killing movement (1856–1858) 1266:The Outbreak of War (December 1850) 1062:continued to use his newspaper the 1053:Tension had been simmering between 1014:, led by their commander-in-chief, 575:started to penetrate back into the 3260:. The Reader's Digest Association. 3117:. University of The Witwatersrand. 3054:. University of California Press. 2522:Abbink, Bruijn & Walraven 2008 2099:A Military History of South Africa 1996:Arndt, Jochen S. (December 2012). 1568:, this time put forth by Governor 1196:long, drawn-out war of attrition. 1191:However, British Imperial General 915:The British minister of colonies, 900:The conflict was the catalyst for 670:, which was held by 350 troops. A 25: 6918:African resistance to colonialism 6893:Wars involving the United Kingdom 6815:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 6450:South African Party (Cape Colony) 3575:Colonial conflicts involving the 3195:. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. 3122:Malherbe, Vertrees Canby (1971). 2630:Oliver, Fage & Sanderson 1985 1058:survive. In addition, politician 6873:Military history of South Africa 6827: 6826: 3436:Extension of British Sovereignty 3398:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). " 3385: 3320:"Fingo leaders gather at Peddie" 2604:Kiewiet, Cornelis W. de (1941), 2465:Stockenstrom & Shippard 1964 2270:South African Historical Journal 1871:Military history of South Africa 163: 147: 134: 48: 6464:South African Party (1977–1980) 6457:South African Party (1911–1934) 6373:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 6170:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 3651:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 3256:RD staff (1996). "Xhosa Wars". 3153:London: Smith, Elder & Co. 3072:The Cambridge History of Africa 2402:The Journal of Military History 1426:The great cattle-killing was a 1045:Xhosa hero and mighty warrior. 5782:2019 service delivery protests 5768:#FeesMustFall student protests 5513:1983 constitutional referendum 3754:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 3339:. South African History Online 3322:. South African History Online 3305:. South African History Online 3227:. Cambridge University Press. 3189:Peires, Jeffrey Brian (1976). 3075:. Cambridge University Press. 2541:The Journal of African History 2395:Arndt, Jochen S. (July 2010). 2083:. pp. 119, 120, 121, 122. 1318:Skirmish during the Xhosa Wars 433:European colonialism in Africa 1: 6240:Johannesburg Reform Committee 5469:Israel–South Africa Agreement 4862: 4847: 4824: 4817: 4151:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 3995:Castle Hill convict rebellion 3352:Gon, Philip (December 1982). 2367:10.1080/14623528.2015.1027072 2343: 2283:10.1080/02582473.2015.1058851 926: 923:order beyond the Fish River. 6868:19th century in South Africa 6863:18th century in South Africa 5895:Black Consciousness Movement 5649:Government of National Unity 2354:Journal of Genocide Research 1675:Engagement near Ibika – 1877 1381:Final stages of the conflict 1125:The local Burghers' campaign 604:Start of British involvement 461:European colonial settlement 6888:Wars involving South Africa 5606:Saint James Church massacre 5492:Weapons of mass destruction 3301:SAH staff (21 March 2011). 2808:Ayliff & Whiteside 1912 2584:"Cattle-Killings (1856–57)" 1626: 1179:Later stage of the conflict 336:South African Defence Force 6934: 5346:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 5224:South West Africa campaign 5123:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 5088:French Huguenot settlement 4668:Jewish revolt in Palestine 4313:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 3958:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 3850:American Revolutionary War 3535:Fifth Kaffir War 1818–1819 3448:The Great Amaxosa Delusion 3274:Journal of African History 1627:Bartle Frere's War Council 1411: 1222: 872:The killing of King Hintsa 696: 106:Cape expansion to the east 6824: 6801:African National Congress 6261:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 5599:1992 apartheid referendum 4439:Jameson Raid South Africa 3418:The First and Second Wars 3318:SAH staff (12 May 1836). 3286:10.1017/s0021853700016716 3200:Ransford, Oliver (1974). 2959:. G.Routledge & Sons. 2932:A history of South Africa 2554:10.1017/S0021853714000693 858:"Queen Adelaide Province" 114: 58: 47: 39: 6254:Labour Party (1969–1994) 6247:Labour Party (1910–1958) 5803:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 5761:#RhodesMustFall protests 5360:1960 republic referendum 4650:Arab revolt in Palestine 4247:Second Anglo-Burmese War 3989:Second Anglo-Maratha War 3880:Australian frontier wars 3464:Frye, John, ed. (1971). 3358:Military History Journal 3111:Lewsen, Phyllis (1940). 3090:Lewsen, Phyllis (1982). 3003:Benyon, John A. (1980). 2970:. Butterworth, Transkei. 2749:von Welfling Eybers 1918 2510:Abbink & Peires 1989 2124:"The Nine Frontier Wars" 2002:Military History Journal 1941:10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b 1168:departed on good terms. 1078:Initial British setbacks 469:Dutch East India Company 6699:terrorist organisations 5789:2019 Johannesburg riots 5402:Constructive engagement 5367:International isolation 5185:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 4644:Second Mohmand campaign 4379:Third Anglo-Burmese War 4343:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4145:First Anglo-Burmese War 4121:Third Anglo-Maratha War 3952:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 3862:Second Anglo-Mysore War 3856:First Anglo-Maratha War 3470:. Cape Town: C. Struik. 3409:Encyclopædia Britannica 3354:"The Last Frontier War" 3024:Hone, Basil T. (1993). 2582:Boddy-Evans, Alistair. 1708:British Colonial Office 1518:The integration of the 1298:Blinkwater River Valley 1291:Initial Xhosa victories 1124: 1021:On the Xhosa side, the 982:Seventh war (1846–1847) 819:Colonel Sir Harry Smith 609:Fourth War (1811–1812) 471:in 1652 at present-day 6858:19th-century conflicts 6853:18th-century conflicts 5712:Attack on Kennedy Road 5323:Congress of the People 4914:South African Republic 4584:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4469:First Mohmand campaign 4193:First Anglo-Afghan War 3892:Third Anglo-Mysore War 3414:History sub-sections: 3265:Peires, J. B. (1979). 3168:Mostert, Noël (1992). 1754: 1696: 1676: 1636: 1597: 1585: 1561: 1501:multi-racial franchise 1497:Responsible Government 1486: 1428:millennialist movement 1423: 1390: 1319: 1275: 1243: 1219:Eighth war (1850–1853) 1201:scorched earth tactics 1188: 1134: 1095: 1087: 1035:scorched earth tactics 999: 940: 813:The British governor, 761: 563:Second war (1789–1793) 456: 276:National Defence Force 42:colonisation of Africa 6282:Natal Indian Congress 6002:Afrikaner Broederbond 5856:Afrikaner nationalism 5642:1994 general election 5613:Bophuthatswana crisis 5506:Church Street bombing 5286:Apartheid legislation 5279:1948 general election 5199:South Africa Act 1909 4994:Union of South Africa 4814:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 4794:Political history of 4241:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3898:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 3784:French and Indian War 3486:Milton, John (1983). 3475:McKay, James (1970). 3221:Ross, Robert (1999). 3144:Molteno, Percy Alport 2990:Stockenstrom, Andries 1748: 1694: 1674: 1634: 1591: 1583: 1576:The Cape Colony's War 1559: 1484: 1472:Ninth war (1877–1879) 1421: 1388: 1317: 1309:Cape Mounted Riflemen 1273: 1240:Cape Mounted Riflemen 1237: 1186: 1132: 1093: 1085: 1068:Eastern Cape settlers 1064:Graham's Town Journal 989: 934: 904:'s manifesto and the 727: 720:Sixth war (1834–1836) 638:Fifth War (1818–1819) 622:, Lieutenant-General 587:Third war (1799–1803) 556:Adreaan Van Jaarsveld 541:First war (1779–1781) 528:in the region of the 475:as a place for their 454: 5916:Greater South Africa 5754:2014 platinum strike 5620:Shell House massacre 5548:Transkei coup d'état 5353:Sharpeville massacre 5116:Battle of Blaauwberg 5109:Battle of Muizenberg 5061:Battle of Salt River 4844:Mthethwa Paramountcy 4403:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 4211:First Anglo-Sikh War 4187:Egyptian–Ottoman War 3243:Theal, George McCall 2097:Stapleton, Timothy. 1826:Albany, South Africa 1727:Frontier Light Horse 1592:Cape Prime Minister 1566:Confederation scheme 1016:Andries Stockenström 945:Andries Stockenström 937:Andries Stockenström 839:Sir Benjamin d'Urban 815:Sir Benjamin d'Urban 804:Winterberg Mountains 511:between encroaching 96:Defeat of the Xhosas 6808:Democratic Alliance 5985:Civic and political 5849:Afrikaner Calvinism 5842:African nationalism 5691:African Renaissance 5381:UNSC Resolution 591 5302:Internal resistance 5203:National Convention 5171:Transvaal Civil War 5095:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 4978:Orange River Colony 4656:Waziristan campaign 4590:Waziristan campaign 4283:Revolt of Rajab Ali 3760:War of Jenkins' Ear 3492:. Cape Town: Juta. 3174:. New York: Knopf. 1935:(2859): 589. 1915. 1737:took over command. 1641:King William's Town 1575: 1344:King William's Town 879:Sir Richard Southey 862:King William’s Town 833:Terms of the treaty 509:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 427:in what is now the 407:(also known as the 331:Union Defence Force 211:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 194:Military history of 169:British Cape Colony 5555:Ciskei coup d'état 5374:UN Resolution 1761 5339:Women's March 1956 5192:South African Wars 5178:Mineral Revolution 4530:Bambatha Rebellion 4445:Anglo-Zanzibar War 4433:Chitral Expedition 4367:Anglo-Egyptian War 4139:Anglo-Ashanti wars 3844:Lord Dunmore's War 3802:Anglo-Cherokee War 3711:King William's War 3430:The War of the Axe 3335:SAH staff (2012). 3030:. Longford Press. 2751:, p. 448–450. 2455:, 1800s time-line. 2204:. Sahistory.org.za 1755: 1697: 1677: 1637: 1598: 1586: 1570:Henry Bartle Frere 1562: 1487: 1459:The return of the 1424: 1391: 1320: 1276: 1244: 1193:Peregrine Maitland 1189: 1135: 1096: 1088: 1000: 941: 762: 713:Battle of Amalinde 699:Battle of Amalinde 693:Battle of Amalinde 654:The Xhosa prophet 457: 409:Cape Frontier Wars 231:South African Wars 6913:Conflicts in 1834 6840: 6839: 6793:political parties 6786: 6785: 6763:Orde van die Dood 6380:Progressive Party 6086:Congress Alliance 5902:Cape Independence 5834:Political culture 5829: 5828: 5796:COVID-19 pandemic 5726:Marikana massacre 5562:Venda coup d'état 5316:Defiance Campaign 4906:Orange Free State 4836:Dutch Cape Colony 4761: 4760: 4692:Malayan Emergency 4602:Malabar rebellion 4463:Siege of Malakand 4409:Anglo-Manipur War 4265:Anglo-Persian War 3814:Anglo-Spanish War 3766:King George's War 3687:King Philip's War 3663:Anglo-Spanish War 3499:978-0-7021-1331-4 3337:"1800s time-line" 3234:978-1-139-42561-2 3213:978-0-351-17949-5 3181:978-0-7126-5584-2 3160:978-1-277-74131-5 3128:. Maskew Miller. 3103:978-0-949937-83-4 3082:978-0-521-22803-9 3061:978-0-520-03754-0 3037:978-0-9635572-5-4 3016:978-0-86980-228-1 2945:978-0-300-08776-5 2586:. About.com Guide 1866:British Kaffraria 1842:Hintsa ka Khawuta 1831:Amatola Mountains 1751:Amatola Mountains 1741:The Guerrilla War 1682:British Kaffraria 1360:Amatola Mountains 1252:Orange Free State 1213:British Kaffraria 843:Hintsa ka Khawuta 837:British governor 827:Amatola Mountains 401: 400: 322:Historical forces 226:Ndwandwe–Zulu War 179: 178: 153:Dutch Cape Colony 110: 109: 16:(Redirected from 6925: 6830: 6829: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6697:Paramilitary and 6689: 6687:Umkosi Wezintaba 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6532:social movements 6530:Trade unions and 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6051:Boerestaat Party 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5982: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5934: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5822: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5541:Dakar Conference 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5462:Israeli alliance 5457: 5450: 5443: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5416:Sporting boycott 5411: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5388:Academic boycott 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5245:Great Depression 5240: 5233: 5231:Maritz rebellion 5226: 5206: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5081:Dutch settlement 5063: 5056: 5054:Bantu migrations 5041: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4986:Transvaal Colony 4981: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4954:Nieuwe Republiek 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4890:Natalia Republic 4885: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4859:Ndwandwe Kingdom 4854: 4852: 4849: 4839: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4765: 4710:Cyprus Emergency 4536:Maritz rebellion 4524:Tibet expedition 4457:Benin Expedition 4277:Indian Rebellion 4271:Second Opium War 4253:Eureka Rebellion 4229:British Honduras 4205:New Zealand Wars 3790:Seven Years' War 3736:Queen Anne's War 3569: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3503: 3482: 3471: 3444:pp. 239–240 3442:War of 1850–1853 3426:pp. 238–239 3413: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3297: 3271: 3261: 3252: 3238: 3217: 3196: 3185: 3164: 3139: 3118: 3107: 3086: 3065: 3041: 3020: 2999: 2985: 2979: 2971: 2960: 2949: 2926: 2905: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2765:. Latrobe.edu.au 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2655:on 12 March 2014 2654: 2648:. Archived from 2647: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2348: 2345: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2235: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2076: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2055:on 24 March 2017 2051:. Archived from 2045: 2034: 2029: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1921: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1876:Sandile kaNgqika 1800:in 1879. In the 1667:The Imperial War 1649:Charles Brownlee 1645:John X. Merriman 1621:Charles Griffith 1618:Chief Magistrate 1225:Eighth Xhosa War 1112:General Somerset 1100:Sandile kaNgqika 1060:Robert Godlonton 1042:Sandile kaNgqika 965:Robert Godlonton 798:mobilised under 790:British campaign 784:Kat River Valley 758: 752: 738: 732: 552:Great Fish river 530:Great Fish River 483:to and from the 393: 386: 379: 308:Medical Services 256:Second World War 181: 167: 151: 140: 138: 137: 60: 59: 52: 32: 21: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6198:HNP (Herstigte) 6196: 6191:HNP (Herenigde) 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6009:Afrikaner Party 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5977: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5923:Honorary whites 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5825: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5684:Soweto bombings 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5485:Soweto Uprising 5483: 5476: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5409:Tar Baby Option 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330:Freedom Charter 5328: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5209: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4992: 4984: 4976: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4936: 4930:Griqualand West 4928: 4922:Griqualand East 4920: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4798: 4792: 4762: 4757: 4698:Kenya Emergency 4504: 4498: 4493:Second Boer War 4487:Boxer Rebellion 4415:Pahang Uprising 4295:Ambela campaign 4217:Río de la Plata 4199:First Opium War 4181:Aden Expedition 4013:Río de la Plata 3975: 3969: 3940:Irish Rebellion 3832:First Carib War 3728: 3722: 3645:Confederate War 3639:Irish Rebellion 3589: 3583: 3573: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3485: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3457:Further reading 3397: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3300: 3269: 3264: 3255: 3241: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3199: 3188: 3182: 3167: 3161: 3142: 3136: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3068: 3062: 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1918: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1822: 1816:decades later. 1810:southern Africa 1786:Cape Government 1779: 1743: 1669: 1629: 1578: 1554: 1508:southern Africa 1479: 1474: 1446:Sarili kaHintsa 1416: 1410: 1399:George Cathcart 1383: 1375:Sir Harry Smith 1369:was wrecked at 1325: 1293: 1268: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1181: 1127: 1080: 1066:to agitate for 1051: 984: 929: 887: 874: 835: 792: 775: 760: 756: 754: 750: 748: 736: 734: 730: 722: 705: 697:Main articles: 695: 683:Keiskamma River 640: 611: 606: 589: 565: 543: 538: 536:Early conflicts 449: 397: 368: 364:Military chiefs 340: 317: 270: 251:First World War 246:Second Boer War 216:Napoleonic Wars 195: 135: 133: 102: 88: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6931: 6929: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6756:Ossewabrandwag 6752: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6499:Unionist Party 6495: 6488: 6481: 6478:Torch Commando 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6352:Orde Boerevolk 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6128:DP (1989–2000) 6124: 6121:DP (1973–1977) 6117: 6114:Dominion Party 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5995:Afrikaner Bond 5990: 5988: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5909:Day of the Vow 5905: 5898: 5891: 5882: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5677:Floor crossing 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5592:Bisho massacre 5588: 5587: 5586: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5534:Operation Vula 5530: 5527:Rubicon speech 5523: 5520:Langa massacre 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5282: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5238:Rand Rebellion 5234: 5227: 5219: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5164:Boer Republics 5160: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5010:Bophuthatswana 5006: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4970:Klein Vrystaat 4966: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4855: 4840: 4832: 4809: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4638:Barzani revolt 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4475:Tirah campaign 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4385:Central Africa 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4355:First Boer War 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337:Anglo-Zulu War 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4025:Froberg mutiny 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3705:Williamite War 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581:British Empire 3574: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3483: 3472: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3404:Chisholm, Hugh 3381: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3349: 3332: 3315: 3298: 3262: 3253: 3239: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3203:The Great Trek 3197: 3186: 3180: 3165: 3159: 3140: 3134: 3119: 3108: 3102: 3096:. Ad. Donker. 3087: 3081: 3066: 3060: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3000: 2986: 2961: 2950: 2944: 2927: 2921: 2906: 2901:978-9004126244 2900: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2863: 2839: 2827: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2761:Neil Parsons. 2753: 2741: 2729: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2634: 2632:, p. 387. 2622: 2610: 2597: 2574: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2453:SAH staff 2012 2445: 2441:SAH staff 1836 2433: 2427: 2409:(3): 709–735. 2387: 2361:(2): 107–132. 2347: 1826–47 2332: 2328:SAH staff 2012 2320: 2318:, p. 239. 2303: 2277:(2): 202–221. 2252: 2227: 2225:, p. 63-. 2215: 2193: 2171: 2156: 2145: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2086: 2079:Laband, John. 2066: 2035: 2019: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1814:Anglo-Boer War 1802:Anglo-Zulu War 1778: 1775: 1767:Cape commandos 1742: 1739: 1668: 1665: 1628: 1625: 1577: 1574: 1553: 1550: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1412:Main article: 1409: 1406: 1382: 1379: 1367:HMS Birkenhead 1324: 1321: 1302:Fort Armstrong 1292: 1289: 1267: 1264: 1231: 1228: 1223:Main article: 1220: 1217: 1180: 1177: 1126: 1123: 1079: 1076: 1050: 1047: 1012:Boer commandos 983: 980: 928: 925: 886: 883: 873: 870: 845:, King of the 841:believed that 834: 831: 796:Boer commandos 791: 788: 774: 771: 755: 749: 735: 729: 721: 718: 694: 691: 687:5,000 settlers 639: 636: 610: 607: 605: 602: 588: 585: 581:Sundays Rivers 564: 561: 542: 539: 537: 534: 505:settler colony 477:merchant ships 463:in modern-day 448: 445: 421:British Empire 399: 398: 396: 395: 388: 381: 373: 370: 369: 367: 366: 361: 356: 350: 347: 346: 342: 341: 339: 338: 333: 327: 324: 323: 319: 318: 316: 315: 313:Special Forces 310: 305: 300: 299: 298: 288: 282: 279: 278: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 241:First Boer War 238: 236:Anglo–Zulu War 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 190: 189: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 172: 161: 155:(1st and 2nd) 142:British Empire 130: 129: 128: 121:Xhosa Kingdom 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6930: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6835: 6834: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6673:Die Spoorbund 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513:Workers Party 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6394:Radio Freedom 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6345:Oranjewerkers 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987:organisations 5983: 5980: 5978:organisations 5974: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775:Tshwane riots 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5499:Project Coast 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478:Mafeje affair 5475: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5448:Durban Moment 5445: 5442: 5441:Rivonia Trial 5438: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5395:Disinvestment 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150:1820 Settlers 5147: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4860: 4856: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4626:Ikhwan revolt 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4073:Spice Islands 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4031:Santo Domingo 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3820:Pontiac's War 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3772:Carnatic Wars 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3742:Tuscarora War 3740: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3394:public domain 3383: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3338: 3333: 3321: 3316: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3135:9780623004579 3131: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2922:9780253205247 2918: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2873:, Xhosa Wars. 2872: 2871:RD staff 1996 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855:0-947008-90-X 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700:Malherbe 1971 2696: 2693: 2690:, p. 83. 2689: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2620:, p. 68. 2619: 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New History 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2182:. New History 2181: 2175: 2172: 2169:, p. 20. 2168: 2167:Ransford 1974 2163: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2114:, p. 55. 2113: 2112:Thompson 2001 2108: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1974:, p. 51. 1973: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836:Thomas Baines 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1759:Amatola Range 1752: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1595: 1590: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1520:Black African 1516: 1513: 1512:Confederation 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1333:Fort Beaufort 1330: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1092: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010:settlers and 1009: 1005: 1004:colonial side 997: 993: 988: 981: 979: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 957: 954: 950: 946: 938: 933: 924: 920: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 890: 884: 882: 880: 871: 869: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 832: 830: 828: 822: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 781: 772: 770: 768: 746: 742: 741:Lord Somerset 726: 719: 717: 714: 710: 704: 703:Ngqika people 700: 692: 690: 688: 684: 679: 677: 676:Robben Island 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 637: 635: 633: 629: 628:1820 Settlers 625: 621: 617: 608: 603: 601: 598: 594: 586: 584: 582: 578: 574: 571:clans of the 570: 562: 560: 557: 553: 548: 540: 535: 533: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 515: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 453: 446: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 417:Xhosa Kingdom 414: 410: 406: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 374: 372: 371: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 349: 348: 343: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 326: 325: 320: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 297: 294: 293: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 281: 280: 277: 273: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 197: 191: 187: 183: 182: 170: 166: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 146: 145: 144: 143: 131: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 113: 105: 100: 99: 95: 92: 91: 86: 82: 78: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6831: 6791:Histories of 6492:United Party 6401:Reform Party 6338:Orangia Unie 5963: 5954: 5947:Swart gevaar 5945: 5929: 5885: 5876: 5817: 5719:Blikkiesdorp 5101: 5045:Pre-colonial 4898:Natal Colony 4882:Zulu Kingdom 4796:South Africa 4596:Iraqi Revolt 4451:Matabeleland 4427:North Borneo 4421:Matabeleland 4373:Saskatchewan 4175:Upper Canada 4169:Lower Canada 4127:Persian Gulf 4084: 4043:Persian Gulf 3983:Newfoundland 3964:Polygar Wars 3934:Kandyan Wars 3886:Nootka Sound 3515:List of wars 3488: 3477: 3466: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3407: 3366:. 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3309:7 December 3150:Frere's... 2881:References 2688:Bundy 1979 2477:Theal 1911 1806:Isandlwana 1777:Conclusion 1529:Nongqawuse 1477:Background 1438:Nongqawuse 1435:prophetess 1348:Fort White 1285:Fort White 1230:Background 1049:Background 906:Great Trek 664:AmaNdlambe 459:The first 447:Background 405:Xhosa Wars 266:Border War 261:Korean War 221:Xhosa Wars 35:Xhosa Wars 5965:Volkstaat 5956:Uitlander 5887:Boerehaat 5863:Anarchism 5670:Arms Deal 5633:apartheid 5293:Pass laws 5270:Apartheid 5215:1910–1948 5134:1815–1910 5072:1652–1815 4752:Falklands 4748:(1963–67) 4742:(1962–66) 4736:(1962–90) 4724:(1962–76) 4712:(1955–59) 4706:(1954–59) 4700:(1952–60) 4694:(1948–60) 4688:(1946–50) 4680:Indonesia 4676:(1945–46) 4674:Indochina 4670:(1944–48) 4658:(1936–39) 4652:(1936–39) 4640:(1931–32) 4634:(1930–31) 4628:(1927–30) 4610:(1922–24) 4608:Kurdistan 4592:(1919–20) 4568:(1916–17) 4548:Nyasaland 4544:(1914–15) 4538:(1914–15) 4526:(1903–04) 4520:(1901–02) 4514:(1900–20) 4477:(1897–98) 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LULE. 2894:. LULE. 2823:Gon 1982 2669:cite web 2659:28 March 2411:ProQuest 2380:10 April 2375:70466648 2059:13 March 1820:See also 1735:Thesiger 1552:Outbreak 1371:Gansbaai 1352:Fort Cox 1281:Fort Cox 1162:Brownlee 1143:Transkei 1029:and the 951:and the 847:amaXhosa 773:Outbreak 743:and the 672:Khoikhoi 660:Mdushane 593:Khoikhoi 577:Zuurveld 519:Khoekhoe 517:and the 501:Huguenot 481:en route 419:and the 186:a series 184:Part of 87:frontier 71:Location 6638:SAAPAWU 5976:Defunct 5939:Slavery 5143:Mfecane 4734:Sarawak 4686:Sarawak 4578:Nigeria 4566:Mohmand 4554:Nigeria 4505:century 4163:Malacca 4157:Jamaica 4115:Algiers 4055:Reunion 4001:Surinam 3976:century 3922:Grenada 3916:Jamaica 3808:Jamaica 3729:century 3669:Jamaica 3597:Ireland 3590:century 3577:English 3406:(ed.). 3396:: 3368:16 July 2590:29 July 2567:5 March 2495:1 March 2296:9 March 2142:YouTube 2012:3 March 1958:2303193 1723:Kentani 1525:Gcaleka 1450:igqirha 1158:Molteno 1147:Sarhili 1114:on the 1055:farmers 1027:Ndlambe 1008:British 747:(Xhosa) 649:Gcaleka 411:or the 359:Battles 296:History 103:changes 6589:FOSATU 6443:SAYRCO 6415:SADECO 6331:Occupy 5870:Azania 5818:Lady R 5747:Racism 5576:CODESA 5037:Events 5026:Ciskei 4938:Goshen 4868:–1819) 4853:–1817) 4754:(1982) 4730:(1962) 4728:Brunei 4718:(1956) 4682:(1945) 4664:(1943) 4646:(1935) 4622:(1925) 4616:(1923) 4604:(1921) 4598:(1920) 4586:(1919) 4580:(1918) 4574:(1917) 4572:Quebec 4562:(1915) 4556:(1915) 4550:(1915) 4532:(1906) 4483:(1899) 4465:(1897) 4459:(1897) 4447:(1896) 4441:(1896) 4435:(1895) 4411:(1891) 4405:(1891) 4399:(1890) 4393:(1888) 4391:Hazara 4381:(1885) 4375:(1885) 4369:(1882) 4339:(1879) 4327:(1870) 4321:(1868) 4303:(1864) 4291:(1863) 4255:(1854) 4249:(1852) 4237:(1848) 4235:Ceylon 4225:(1847) 4223:Canton 4183:(1839) 4135:(1823) 4133:Guiana 4129:(1819) 4117:(1816) 4111:(1815) 4105:(1815) 4075:(1810) 4069:(1810) 4063:(1810) 4057:(1810) 4051:(1810) 4045:(1809) 4039:(1809) 4027:(1807) 4021:(1807) 4009:(1806) 4003:(1804) 3997:(1804) 3985:(1800) 3942:(1798) 3930:(1795) 3928:Ceylon 3912:(1795) 3906:(1794) 3888:(1789) 3876:(1786) 3846:(1774) 3810:(1762) 3701:(1687) 3683:(1664) 3677:(1662) 3657:Acadia 3641:(1641) 3629:(1628) 3627:Quebec 3623:(1626) 3617:(1622) 3611:(1612) 3609:Swally 3496: 3402:". 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