499:
850:
754:
768:
780:
794:
1189:"The AMA supports the proposal to include a new Schedule 9 entry for Kambo. The AMA considers kambo to be a significant health risk for those who use it. In addition to its harmful effects both intended and adverse, the act of blistering the skin and applying kambo to the burnt area risks other health concerns such as infection. There is also a risk that using kambo would prevent a patient from seeing a medical practitioner for their medical condition and delay diagnosis.
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from its skin. After these secretions are obtained, the frog is released back into the wild. The secretions are then left to dry. Small burns are created on the skin, and a small dose of the frog secretions is applied to the open wounds. In native practice, the secretions are removed from the wounds after 15 to 20 minutes, ending the acute symptoms.
641:" treatment, cleanse, purge, and as a "vaccine" that is "good for everything". Kambo has been marketed both as a "scientific" remedy, emphasizing the biochemistry, and as a "spiritual" remedy, emphasizing its indigenous origins. Purging (deliberate vomiting) has been a popular treatment since the 1800s. "Detox" has been described by
510:
To collect the secretions from the frog's body, first, the frog has to be caught. A practitioner will tie the frog to four sticks placed in the ground with its limbs stretched. This causes the frog to become stressed enough to activate its defense mechanism and secrete a substance containing peptides
2316:
dos Santos, Ana Nunes; de
Oliveira Rodrigues, Allan Rodrigo; dos Santos Rocha, Fábio José; dos Santos, Jeannie Nascimento; González, Cynthya Elizabeth; de Vasconcelos Melo, Francisco Tiago (March 2018). "Neocosmocercella fisherae n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae), a parasite of the large intestine of
1043:
In a clinical trial of a randomized, placebo-controlled study in postoperative pain, dermorphin administered via the intrathecal route was "impressively superior" over the placebo and the reference compound morphine." Due to the numerous biological activities of these substances and the similarities
681:
In light of the chemical complexity of the frog toxins, and their complex and potentially fatal effects, the authors of a 2022 review on the diagnosis and treatment of kambo cases said they urged "strict surveillance of the websites that encourage the use of this substance and urge greater control
1039:
Most of the kambo-related bioactive peptides so far characterized have displayed potential applications in medicine, such as phyllocaeruleins with hypotensive properties, tachykinins and phyllokinins as vasodilators, dermorphins and deltorphins with opiate-like properties, and adenoregulins with
621:
article, said "people with mental illness are a more vulnerable group anyway for a variety of reasons. If you're feeling very anxious or very depressed, you're automatically more vulnerable, and you could be more susceptible to people advertising or marketing a quick fix. I do have concerns that
1626:
Erspamer, Vittorio; Erspamer, Giuliana
Falconieri; Severini, Cinzia; Potenza, Rosa Luisa; Barra, Donatella; Mignogna, Giuseppina; Bianchi, Antonio (September 1993). "Pharmacological studies of 'sapo' from the frog Phyllomedusa bicolor skin: A drug used by the Peruvian Matses Indians in shamanic
1173:
534:
Outside South
America, a kambo ceremony can involve just two people: the practitioner and the participant, or many participants at once, which is known as a kambo circle. Participants are encouraged to bring plenty of water, a towel, and a bucket. There are usually
1164:
Onset of clinical signs and symptoms is rapid, and there have been reports of altered mental state, agitation, paranoia, delusions and general psychosis. There is insufficient information to characterise the risk from long-term repeated use of
381:
tree frog, also known as the blue-and-yellow frog, bicolored tree-frog, giant monkey frog, giant leaf frog, or waxy-monkey tree frog. "Sapo" means "toad" in
Spanish and Portuguese. The frog is an anuran amphibian that inhabits the Amazon and
935:
after administering kambo toxins to a business colleague who died; the deceased's son, who said his father had pressured him into participating, suffered more minor effects. In Chile, in 2009, Daniel Lara
Aguilar, who suffered from chronic
525:
Joaquim Luz, a
Yamanawa leader, criticized internet sales and kambo's use without the preparation or permission of indigenous peoples, saying that such users are at risk, even of death. Other native groups have also expressed concerns.
2552:
Nogueira, Thais A. C.; Kaefer, Igor Luis; Sartim, Marco A.; Pucca, Manuela B.; Sachett, Jacqueline; Barros, André L.; Júnior, Moysés B. A.; Baía-da-Silva, Djane C.; Bernarde, Paulo S.; Koolen, Hector H. F.; Monteiro, Wuelton M. (2022).
940:, died immediately after taking kambo administered by a local shaman in a mass healing ceremony; the autopsy was inconclusive due to pre-existing conditions. Medical literature reported a 2018 case in Italy of a man with obesity and
1180:
953:" of a young person who had taken kambo toxins in Chile; the import of the frog and its secretions is illegal in Chile. In October 2021, Australian man Jarred Antonovich died at a festival in New South Wales from a perforated
948:
while under the effects of kambo use. In March 2019, kambo practitioner
Natasha Lechner suffered a cardiac arrest and died while receiving kambo. In April 2019, a homicide investigation was opened into the death by "severe
193:
in
Portuguese, a species of frog, are used for ritualistic purposes with a strong religious and spiritual components. Less commonly it is used as a transdermal medicine, however, evidence for its effectiveness is limited.
2407:
Aquila, I; Gratteri, S; Sacco, MA; Fineschi, V; Magi, S; Castaldo, P; Viscomi, G; Amoroso, S; Ricci, P (May 2018). "The
Biological Effects of Kambo: Is There a Relationship Between its Administration and Sudden Death?".
2127:
1537:
518:, cleanses the body and soul, increases strength, and brings good luck to hunts, though there is no scientific evidence for these claims. It is used by natives to who attempt to expel "panema" (bad spirit) and to
1192:
Kambo should be regulated under the
Poisons Standard as it appears to be used as a therapeutic product by ‘kambo practitioners’. There is currently insufficient evidence for its intended therapeutic effects."
2096:
1917:
1044:
with the amino acid sequences related to mammalian neuropeptides and hormones, many have aroused the interest from a medical and pharmacological perspective, such as in the production of new drugs.
1137:"Kambo use in the absence of medically trained supervision represents a significant health risk, especially for people with cardiovascular disease due to the significant cardiovascular effects.
968:. After a car accident in 1997 from which he had to learn to walk and talk again, he was left with lasting impediments, the inquest heard, which may have contributed to the esophageal rupture.
2000:
612:
1969:
280:. The ceremony involves burning an arm or leg and applying the kambo secretion directly to the burn. Promoters claim that kambo helps with several illnesses or injuries. There is no
135:
It is claimed that kambo will help with a number of issues including, depression, anxiety, addiction, fertility, fever, mental clarity, negative energy and the cleansing of the body
1131:
498:
2073:
2181:"Utilização medicinal da secreção ('vacina-do-sapo') do anfíbio kambô (Phyllomedusa bicolor) (Anura: Hylidae) por população não-indígena em Espigão do Oeste, Rondônia, Brasil"
2135:
522:. The secretions are also commonly used in people who suffer from laziness, a condition perceived as unfavorable by the Noke Kuin as the person stops participating socially.
887:
keep frogs for conservation purposes, and there are many parasites present in these animals that naturally occur only in the native habitats. It is recommended for imported
2555:"The Amazonian kambô frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Amphibia: Phyllomedusidae): Current knowledge on biology, phylogeography, toxinology, ethnopharmacology and medical aspects"
1545:
2452:
577:
Non-indigenous users and practitioners of kambo claim that the alternative medicine helps with a wide variety of issues and conditions. These claims include treating
2031:
1602:
249:, and seizures, in some cases leading to death, although such incidents are limited in number and some evidence suggests precipitation by medical contraindications.
2104:
1571:
1162:
These effects are seen as part of the spiritual purification/healing process, however, there is no clinical evidence of kambo having any beneficial medical effect.
652:
In Brazil, given the growth in the consumption of kambo in urban centers, there has been criticism by indigenous people, academics and communicators regarding the
550:
stick or vine. The practitioner uses saliva or water to reconstitute the secretions and place it on top of the burnt skin. Participants may be encouraged to shout
674:), the commercialization of the kambo outside its place of origin, and the unknown impact on frog populations, since many more are now removed from their natural
1925:
1094:
2711:
2389:
849:
1474:"Dermaseptins, Multifunctional Antimicrobial Peptides: A Review of Their Pharmacology, Effectivity, Mechanism of Action, and Possible Future Directions"
604:
There is no solid medical evidence on how the frog toxins work, whether they are useful for treating anything, and whether they can be used safely: no
2008:
1682:
307:
is under study as a possible antidote; hospital treatment also includes medicines to protect organs from damage and restore electrolyte function.
753:
2501:
1961:
546:
During the ceremony, the participant's skin is deliberately burnt multiple times, usually on the upper arm or leg, by the practitioner using a
2533:
1064:
690:
The effect of the increased use of kambo rituals, and trafficking of the frogs and their secretions, may have an effect on the population of
638:
277:
1881:
1859:
1220:
Sacco, M. A.; Zibetti, A.; Bonetta, C. F.; Scalise, C.; Abenavoli, L.; Guarna, F.; Gratteri, S.; Ricci, P.; Aquila, I. (1 January 2022).
767:
2691:
608:
have tested them on humans, as of November 2019. Reports of adverse effects are numerous, including for use with experienced guidance.
2371:
2065:
59:
46:
779:
78:
593:, increasing fertility, boosting energy and physical strength, and improving mental clarity. It is also claimed that kambo removes
1174:"Australian Medical Association Submission to the Therapeutic Goods Administration – Proposed amendments to the Poisons Standard"
629:(AMA) supports the TGA's ban on the sale, supply, and use of kambo, saying it considers kambo to be a "significant health risk".
483:
2213:
793:
660:
frog, the form of transmission of wisdom, and the price charged by the ritual and the mystification of the origin of the frog.
1339:"Frog secretions and hunting magic in the upper Amazon: identification of a peptide that interacts with an adenosine receptor"
2716:
2701:
1169:
626:
490:. It is listed in the category for "substances of such danger to health as to warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use".
2460:
221:. A meta-review of 50 studies in which 11 cases of acute intoxication were examined found that extreme cases have included
2706:
2483:
1024:, and adrenoregulin are also present. There is active medical research into the peptides found in the skin secretions of
835:
807:
1579:
821:
257:
1029:
1028:, focusing on discovering their biological effects. There have been some preclinical trials in mice and rats, but no
1054:
1142:
The significant adverse effects from the topical application of kambo to scarified or burnt areas of skin include:
287:
It seems to be particularly dangerous to take kambo with large quantities of water. Doing that is associated with
1132:"Consultation: Proposed amendments to the Poisons Standard – ACMS, ACCS and Joint ACMS/ACCS meetings, March 2021"
1069:
907:
it is 13%. Individuals who want to have them as pets are obligated and encouraged to get them examined to detect
617:
2158:
2681:
1337:
Daly, J. W.; Caceres, J.; Moni, R. W.; Gusovsky, F.; Moos, M.; Seamon, K. B.; Milton, K.; Myers, C. W. (1992).
861:
1268:
The analysis of titles, abstracts and full texts led to the final selection of 11 cases of acute intoxication.
554:
whenever one of them vomits into their bucket. Short-term effects include violent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
2696:
941:
1723:"'Remédio da Ciência' e 'Remédio da Alma': os usos da secreção do kambô (Phyllomedusa bicolor) nas cidades"
2686:
991:, which have several different effects. Peptides found in the frog secretions include the opioid peptides
958:
908:
653:
265:
24:
1011:
506:. B) Collecting the frog's secretions. C) Applying kambo to burns on the skin. D) Closeup of skin marks.
1636:
1350:
1233:
692:
594:
476:
373:
365:
319:
269:
186:
140:
125:
20:
1572:"Natasha Lechner not told about risk of death from Kambo frog poison vomiting ritual, inquest told"
937:
646:
598:
281:
168:
159:
2626:"Rediscovery of old drugs: the forgotten case of dermorphin for postoperative pain and palliation"
2267:"Endoparasites infecting exotic captive amphibian pet and zoo animals (Anura, Caudata) in Germany"
931:
A 40-year-old businessman was charged in Brazil in 2008 with the illegal exercise of medicine and
2433:
2352:
1996:
1835:
1435:
945:
725:
682:
of e-commerce or illicit trafficking of animals and secretions, including through the dark web".
402:
246:
649:, which has been "hijacked by entrepreneurs, quacks, and charlatans to sell a bogus treatment."
2097:"South Australian Pair Banned Indefinitely From Providing Frog Poison Health Treatment 'Kambo'"
1796:
Silva, Francisco Vaniclei Araújo da; Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo; Bernarde, Paulo Sérgio (2019).
398:
2657:
2594:
2576:
2529:
2425:
2344:
2298:
2037:
2033:
Com os Olhos da Serpente: Homens, Animais e Espíritos nas Concepções Katukina sobre a Natureza
1827:
1819:
1652:
1608:
1604:
Com os Olhos da Serpente: Homens, Animais e Espíritos nas Concepções Katukina sobre a Natureza
1505:
1427:
1386:
1368:
1316:
1259:
737:
539:
on the floor and the ceremony room, which is often the practitioner's living room, is heavily
417:
378:
1538:"Kambo, a lethal frog mucous used in shamanic rituals, banned by TGA after reports of deaths"
2647:
2637:
2584:
2566:
2417:
2334:
2326:
2288:
2278:
2192:
1809:
1763:
1734:
1644:
1495:
1485:
1417:
1376:
1358:
1306:
1296:
1249:
1241:
1222:"Kambo: Natural drug or potential toxic agent? A literature review of acute poisoning cases"
461:
300:
486:(TGA) of Australia banned the use of kambo in Australia and classified it as a schedule-10
2610:
2605:
1918:"Australians Are Using This Amazonian Frog Poison Aa A Controversial Alternative Medicine"
1074:
1033:
413:
242:
238:
2502:"Paramedics not told about dying man's use of powerful psychedelic and Kambo frog poison"
2609: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1640:
1354:
1237:
315:
2652:
2625:
2589:
2554:
2293:
2266:
1500:
1473:
1311:
1284:
1254:
1221:
950:
605:
296:
2453:"Frog poison investigated as possible cause of woman's death following kambo ceremony"
1798:"'Kambô' frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): use in folk medicine and potential health risks"
1514:'robust data on pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety in humans are currently lacking'
2675:
2317:
Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert) (Anura: Phyllomedusidae) from the Brazilian Amazon".
1648:
1439:
1381:
1338:
1099:
932:
582:
519:
387:
273:
253:
234:
2437:
2197:
2180:
1962:"This Amazonian tree frog's poison has become part of the latest supercleanse trend"
1860:"Kambó, el polémico veneno que se usa en Sudamérica como medicina para curarlo todo"
1839:
2356:
741:
664:
642:
586:
457:
406:
261:
182:
2484:"Chile: una joven muere tras un tratamiento ritual con el veneno de la rana kambó"
2523:
1245:
1814:
1797:
1007:
1000:
957:
suspected to be caused by excessive vomiting after being administered kambo and
709:
559:
547:
449:
445:
441:
292:
206:
2283:
1472:
Bartels, Emiel Jacob Henri; Dekker, Douwe; Amiche, Mohamed (26 November 2019).
1422:
1405:
471:. In 2004, Brazil banned the sale and marketing of kambo. Import is illegal in
2571:
2522:
Kwen-Jen Chang; Frank Porreca; James Woods (2003). "Chapter 11: Deltorphins".
2330:
1768:
1755:
1089:
996:
992:
981:
904:
900:
892:
888:
563:
467:
Since the mid-20th century, kambo has also been practiced in urban regions of
2580:
1882:"San Felipe: joven mujer murió tras un ritual de sanación con veneno de rana"
1823:
1490:
1372:
1363:
2421:
2041:
1612:
1301:
1059:
1021:
1003:
954:
896:
717:
671:
578:
515:
453:
433:
333:
222:
218:
178:
114:
2661:
2598:
2429:
2348:
2302:
1831:
1509:
1431:
1320:
1263:
895:
process to verify they are not spreading parasites that could damage other
291:
and severe electrolyte imbalances: changes in plasma and urine osmolarity,
1739:
1722:
1656:
1390:
637:
In non-indigenous use, the frog secretion is described and marketed as a "
1084:
1016:
916:
713:
536:
437:
429:
304:
230:
214:
2642:
656:
of indigenous knowledge, the process of extracting the secretion of the
119:
A kambo ceremony: the frog secretion is being applied to the burnt skin.
2390:"Buscan a 'chamanes' por muerte de paciente que recibió veneno de rana"
2339:
1406:"Is voluntary envenomation from the kambô ritual therapeutic or toxic?"
1079:
988:
987:
The frog secretes a range of small chemical compounds of a type called
976:
697:
675:
566:(affecting the circulation), explaining why they are absorbed rapidly.
540:
383:
2128:"Pedlars of new age cures are 'preying' on mentally ill, doctors warn"
2001:"The Right Chemistry: No evidence-based science supports kambo ritual"
2265:
Hallinger, Malek J.; Taubert, Anja; Hermosilla, Carlos (2020-09-22).
1960:
Van Zeller, Mariana; Brown, Jasmine; Effron, Lauren (29 March 2017).
1283:
den Brave, Paul S; Bruins, Eugéne; Bronkhorst, Maarten W G A (2014).
736:(species?), other threatened endemic frog species of South America's
705:
667:
487:
468:
425:
421:
210:
2214:"You can't detox your body. It's a myth. So how do you get healthy?"
2179:
Bernarde, Paulo Sérgio; Santos, Rosimeyri Aparecida (20 June 2011).
1721:
Lima, Edilene Coffaci de; Labate, Beatriz Caiuby (15 October 2007).
2624:
Hesselink, Jan M. Keppel; Schatman, Michael E. (23 November 2018).
1289:
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases
975:
590:
555:
497:
472:
397:
314:
288:
284:
that it is an effective treatment and causal evidence is limited.
226:
19:
This article is about the alternative medicine. For the frog, see
2232:
1691:
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.
729:
701:
2372:"Investigada morte de homem que tomou 'vacina do sapo' – Geral"
1020:. Various other substances such as phyllomedusin, phyllokinin,
884:
645:, emeritus professor of complementary medicine, as a term for
29:
1139:
Although rare, deaths have also been reported from kambo use.
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2233:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phyllomedusa bicolor"
622:
people can be preyed upon when they are more vulnerable.".
1991:
1989:
1987:
1285:"Phyllomedusa bicolor skin secretion and the Kambô ritual"
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
613:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
177:, is substance derived from the natural secretions of an
2231:
Azevedo-Ramos, Claudia; Marca, Enrique La (2008-10-30).
2066:"Tree frog poison being used as an alternative medicine"
475:. Outside of South America, it first became known as an
54:
1158: • lowered blood pressure (hypotension)
1518:(this is not a reliable medical source; see talk tab)
1802:
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1756:"Cobras, xamãs e caçadores entre os Katukina (pano)"
1160: • increased heart rate (tachycardia)
569:
Intoxication may occur immediately or within hours.
2517:
2515:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
197:Kambo is usually used in a group setting, called a
139:
131:
124:
93:
2394:BioBioChile – La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2547:
2545:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1332:
1330:
229:, kidney damage (including acute renal failure),
1875:
1873:
1565:
1563:
2174:
2172:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1343:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
740:regions have been poached and smuggled on the
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1754:De Lima, Edilene Coffaci (25 November 2014).
1278:
1276:
1095:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
944:, who, according to autopsy reports, died of
911:parasites that could potentially be harmful.
647:conventional medical treatments for addiction
514:Traditional practitioners claim that it aids
416:-speaking indigenous groups in the southeast
63:that contextualizes different points of view.
49:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
601:to support positive health effect claims..
185:. Commonly the dried skin secretions of the
16:Pseudoscientific use of tree frog secretions
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
452:studies on the use of kambo in traditional
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1036:of safety in humans, as of November 2019.
903:infection rates in frogs is 51%, while in
113:
2651:
2641:
2588:
2570:
2338:
2292:
2282:
2196:
2159:"Can You Poison Your Way to Good Health?"
1813:
1767:
1738:
1693:. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015
1499:
1489:
1421:
1380:
1362:
1310:
1300:
1253:
670:on the peptides identified in kambo (see
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2064:Lavoipierre, Angela (7 September 2018).
1410:Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology
1130:Therepeutic Goods Administration (TGA).
1126:Quoting from the direct statements below
696:in its natural habitats: the forests of
205:. The effects on humans usually include
1727:Campos – Revista de Antropologia Social
1205:
1112:
746:
558:(swelling) of the face, headaches, and
456:medicine in the region of the state of
90:
2076:from the original on 7 September 2018
1916:Scherer, Jennifer (7 November 2019).
1858:Mundo, Leire Ventas (27 April 2016).
1148: • oesophageal rupture
1065:Detoxification (alternative medicine)
7:
2712:South American traditional medicine
2237:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2212:Mohammadi, Dara (5 December 2014).
1156: • burning sensation
2451:MacKenzie, Bruce (21 March 2019).
2370:Menocchi, Simone (25 April 2008).
1972:from the original on 29 March 2017
923:from the Brazilian Amazon region.
272:treatment in the West, often as a
14:
2157:Williams, Alex (1 January 2021).
2095:Duncan, Elly (22 November 2019).
2030:Lima, Edilene Coffaci de (2000).
1601:Lima, Edilene Coffaci de (2000).
1536:Shepherd, Tory (6 October 2021).
773:Tree frog, Caetité, Bahia, Brazil
2604:
860:
848:
834:
820:
806:
792:
778:
766:
752:
484:Therapeutic Goods Administration
34:
2396:(in Spanish). 22 December 2009.
2198:10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n3p213
1570:Mackenzie, Bruce (4 May 2023).
412:Natives who practice kambo are
1170:Australian Medical Association
1154: • liver damage
1152: • stomach pain
627:Australian Medical Association
1:
1404:Byard, Roger W. (June 2020).
879:Smuggling amphibians such as
252:Kambo, which originated as a
2410:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2126:Hall, Bianca (17 May 2019).
1649:10.1016/0041-0101(93)90125-3
1246:10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.005
786:Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis
663:There is also concern about
562:. The secretions seem to be
371:"Kambô" is a common name of
264:, is also administered as a
1815:10.1590/0037-8682-0467-2018
1179:. p. 3. Archived from
1150: • diarrhoea
919:species found parasitising
342:, a word used by the Matses
2733:
2692:Alternative detoxification
2528:. CRC Press. p. 176.
2378:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
2284:10.1007/s00436-020-06876-0
2036:(Thesis). pp. 75–76.
1423:10.1007/s12024-019-00192-5
1146: • vomiting
1055:Activated charcoal cleanse
18:
2572:10.3389/fphar.2022.997318
2559:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2331:10.1007/s11230-017-9770-0
2132:The Sydney Morning Herald
1880:Vallejos, Ricardo Pérez.
1769:10.20435/tellus.v0i15.161
1478:Frontiers in Pharmacology
1070:Detoxification foot baths
913:Neocosmocercella fisherae
112:
98:
2630:Journal of Pain Research
1491:10.3389/fphar.2019.01421
1364:10.1073/pnas.89.22.10960
1144: • nausea
800:Phyllomedusa burmeisteri
597:. There is currently no
2422:10.1111/1556-4029.13641
2319:Systematic Parasitology
1607:(Thesis). p. 160.
1302:10.1186/1678-9199-20-40
1040:antibiotic properties.
942:ventricular hypertrophy
828:Phyllomedusa trinitatis
225:(occasionally severe),
984:
980:Chemical structure of
883:can spread parasites.
842:Phyllomedusa distincta
814:Phyllomedusa theringii
654:cultural appropriation
507:
409:
325:
266:complementary medicine
163:
25:Kambo (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
2717:Amphibians and humans
2702:Scientific skepticism
2271:Parasitology Research
1999:(29 September 2019).
1740:10.5380/cam.v8i1.9553
979:
855:Bolivian Phyllomedusa
724:is not considered an
618:Sydney Morning Herald
502:The kambo ritual. A)
501:
401:
332:, a name used by the
318:
57:by rewriting it in a
2707:Alternative medicine
2005:The Montreal Gazette
1685:Phyllomedusa bicolor
1627:hunting practices".
1026:Phyllomedusa bicolor
921:Phyllomedusa bicolor
881:Phyllomedusa bicolor
760:Phyllomedusa bicolor
722:Phyllomedusa bicolor
693:Phyllomedusa bicolor
686:Environmental impact
658:Phyllomedusa bicolor
504:Phyllomedusa bicolor
374:Phyllomedusa bicolor
366:Brazilian Portuguese
321:Phyllomedusa bicolor
270:alternative medicine
256:practice among some
141:NCCIH Classification
21:Phyllomedusa bicolor
2643:10.2147/JPR.S186082
2107:on 22 November 2019
1641:1993Txcn...31.1099E
1355:1992PNAS...8910960D
1349:(22): 10960–10963.
1238:2022ToxR....9..905S
966:-dimethyltriptamine
938:lumbar disc disease
868:Phyllomedusa azurea
611:Kym Jenkins of the
599:scientific evidence
479:in the late 2010s.
477:alternative therapy
336:(formerly Katukina)
282:scientific evidence
183:Phyllomedusa family
173:'toad') or
126:Alternative therapy
2525:The Delta Receptor
2482:Ries, Secretaría.
2163:The New York Times
1928:on 7 November 2019
1226:Toxicology Reports
985:
946:cardiac arrhythmia
726:endangered species
530:Non-indigenous use
508:
410:
362:vacina da floresta
326:
258:indigenous peoples
247:esophageal rupture
2535:978-0-8247-5858-5
2277:(11): 3659–3673.
2011:on 2 October 2019
1548:on 7 October 2021
1010:, which exhibits
418:Amazon rainforest
323:– Giant leaf frog
181:belonging to the
172:
149:
148:
89:
88:
81:
43:This article may
2724:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2592:
2574:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2463:on 21 March 2019
2459:. Archived from
2448:
2442:
2441:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2325:(2–3): 293–300.
2313:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2262:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:. Archived from
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2103:. Archived from
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2061:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2007:. Archived from
1993:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1924:. Archived from
1913:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1817:
1793:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1635:(9): 1099–1111.
1623:
1617:
1616:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:. Archived from
1567:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1533:
1520:
1516:
1503:
1493:
1469:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1366:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1257:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1135:
1124:
909:gastrointestinal
891:to go through a
864:
852:
838:
824:
810:
796:
782:
770:
756:
520:induce abortions
462:Brazilian Amazon
301:hypophosphatemia
274:pseudoscientific
167:
154:, also known as
117:
91:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
60:balanced fashion
38:
37:
30:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2682:Causes of death
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2049:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1915:
1914:
1893:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1795:
1794:
1777:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1720:
1719:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1471:
1470:
1447:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1075:Colon cleansing
1050:
1034:clinical trials
974:
929:
877:
870:
865:
856:
853:
844:
839:
830:
825:
816:
811:
802:
797:
788:
783:
774:
771:
762:
757:
688:
665:pharmacological
635:
606:clinical trials
595:negative energy
575:
532:
496:
396:
313:
243:dermatomyositis
239:toxic hepatitis
189:, known as the
187:giant leaf frog
120:
108:
85:
74:
68:
65:
55:help improve it
52:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Fringe science
2694:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2616:
2541:
2534:
2511:
2493:
2474:
2443:
2416:(3): 965–968.
2399:
2381:
2362:
2308:
2248:
2223:
2204:
2191:(3): 213–220.
2168:
2149:
2138:on 17 May 2019
2118:
2087:
2047:
2022:
1983:
1939:
1891:
1869:
1864:BBC News Mundo
1845:
1775:
1746:
1704:
1674:
1662:
1618:
1593:
1559:
1521:
1445:
1416:(2): 205–206.
1396:
1326:
1272:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1186:on 2021-10-06.
1172:(March 2021).
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1046:
973:
970:
951:cerebral edema
928:
927:Notable deaths
925:
876:
873:
872:
871:
866:
859:
857:
854:
847:
845:
840:
833:
831:
826:
819:
817:
812:
805:
803:
798:
791:
789:
784:
777:
775:
772:
765:
763:
758:
751:
749:
687:
684:
634:
631:
574:
573:Medical claims
571:
531:
528:
495:
494:Indigenous use
492:
420:, such as the
395:
392:
369:
368:
358:vacina de sapo
343:
337:
312:
309:
297:hypomagnesemia
203:kambo ceremony
175:vacina-do-sapo
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
122:
121:
118:
110:
109:
107:
106:
103:
102:vacina-do-sapo
99:
96:
95:
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Pseudoscience
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2636:: 2991–2995.
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:. 8 May 2023.
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:(in Spanish).
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:Schwarcz, Joe
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:(in Spanish).
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:(in Spanish).
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1808:: e20180467.
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1582:on 4 May 2023
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1100:Neo-shamanism
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:antimicrobial
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
934:
933:felony murder
926:
924:
922:
918:
915:is the first
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
869:
863:
858:
851:
846:
843:
837:
832:
829:
823:
818:
815:
809:
804:
801:
795:
790:
787:
781:
776:
769:
764:
761:
755:
750:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
685:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
666:
661:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
632:
630:
628:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
572:
570:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
529:
527:
523:
521:
517:
512:
505:
500:
493:
491:
489:
485:
482:In 2021, the
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
404:
400:
393:
391:
389:
388:South America
385:
380:
376:
375:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
327:
324:
322:
317:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:folk medicine
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
116:
111:
104:
101:
100:
97:
92:
83:
80:
72:
62:
61:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2603:
2562:
2558:
2524:
2505:
2496:
2488:InfoCatólica
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2456:
2446:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2365:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2274:
2270:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2218:The Observer
2217:
2207:
2188:
2184:
2162:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2131:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2100:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2069:
2032:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:the original
2004:
1974:. Retrieved
1965:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1921:
1885:
1863:
1805:
1801:
1759:
1749:
1730:
1726:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1684:
1677:
1672:(2008): 170.
1665:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1603:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:the original
1575:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1542:The Guardian
1541:
1517:
1513:
1481:
1477:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1346:
1342:
1292:
1288:
1267:
1229:
1225:
1181:the original
1042:
1038:
1025:
1015:
986:
972:Pharmacology
963:
959:
930:
920:
912:
880:
878:
875:Parasitology
867:
841:
827:
813:
799:
785:
759:
748:Species used
742:black market
734:Phyllomedusa
733:
721:
691:
689:
680:
662:
657:
651:
643:Edzard Ernst
636:
624:
616:
610:
603:
587:chronic pain
576:
568:
551:
545:
533:
524:
513:
509:
503:
481:
466:
450:ethnographic
448:. There are
411:
372:
370:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
339:
329:
320:
286:
262:Amazon basin
251:
235:liver damage
202:
199:kambo circle
198:
196:
190:
174:
155:
151:
150:
75:
66:
58:
47:undue weight
44:
2467:16 December
2340:11336/84100
2142:16 December
2111:16 December
2080:15 December
2015:16 December
1976:15 December
1932:15 December
1232:: 905–913.
1014:properties
1008:dermaseptin
1001:vasodilator
905:salamanders
738:neotropical
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564:vasoactive
548:smoldering
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537:yoga mats
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