1328:
1333:
421:, and then the bear is taken out of its cage with a rope around its neck. There is dancing and singing around the bear, and the bear is given food and a prayer. The men shoot the ceremonial decorated arrows at the bear, and the ritual master shoots the fatal arrow as the women cry for the bear. The bear is strangled with sticks and then taken to the altar where the people give gifts to the dead bear and pray to the
272:
contradict each other, assigning the same events to different deities or heroes; this is primarily a result of the Ainu culture's organization into small, relatively isolated groups. Records of these poems began to be kept only in the late 19th century, by
Western missionaries and Japanese
267:
recounts a deity's or hero's adventures, usually in the first person, and some of them are of great length, containing as many as 7,000 verses. In general, however, they are considered to be shorter in length in comparison to other types of oral genres in the Ainu culture. Some
168:
The Ainu legend goes that at the beginning of the world, there was only water and earth mixed together in a sludge. Nothing existed except for the thunder demons in the clouds and the first self created kamuy. The first kamuy then sent down a bird spirit,
177:
bird saw the swampy state of the earth and flew over the waters, and pounded down the earth with its feet and tail. After much work, areas of dry land appeared, seeming to float above the waters that surrounded them. Thus, the Ainu refer to the world as
436:
and gifts. It is then put on a y-shaped stick and turned to face the mountains in the east. This part of the ritual is to send the bear off to the mountains. After another feast, the skull is turned back towards the village to symbolize the
113:
assumed that the
Japanese term was of Ainu origin). The usage of the term is very extensive and contextual among the Ainu, and can refer to something regarded as especially positive as well as something regarded as especially strong.
387:) is a ritual in which the people "send-off" the guest, the bear spirit, back to its home in the heavens. A bear is raised by the ritual master's wife from a cub. When it is time for the ritual, the men create prayer sticks
236:
permission/assistance is needed for prayers and ceremonies. She is the connection between humans and the other spirits and deities, and gives the prayers of the people to the proper spirits.
1249:
1201:
Kimura, Takeshi (1999-01-01). "Bearing the 'Bare Facts' of Ritual. A Critique Of
Jonathan Z. Smith's Study of the Bear Ceremony Based On a Study of the Ainu Iyomante".
1028:
Kimura, Takeshi (1999-01-01). "Bearing the 'Bare Facts' of Ritual. A Critique Of
Jonathan Z. Smith's Study of the Bear Ceremony Based On a Study of the Ainu Iyomante".
1068:
316:(1903-1922), a Horobetsu Ainu woman who wrote fragments of traditional chants that her grandmother performed. She compiled the historical chants from her aunt
1833:
448:
are believed to return home after the ritual and find their houses filled with gifts from the humans. More gifts mean more prestige and wealth in the
1242:
1712:
417:
The main part of the ritual is performed the next day, taking place at a ritual space by the altar outside. Prayers are offered to various
1327:
312:
is no longer performed in the
Horobetsu tradition. The only hints of the traditional chants are in written records, including those of
1235:
936:
1119:
807:
425:
again. The bear is dismembered, and the head brought inside. There is a feast with the bear's boiled flesh, with performances of
308:
became less of a sacred ritual, serving as entertainment and as a way to pass down traditions and cultural stories. Today, the
1332:
1170:
110:
1183:
Strong, Sarah M. (2009). "The Most
Revered of Foxes: Knowledge of Animals and Animal Power in an Ainu Kamui Yukar".
973:
Strong, Sarah M. (2009). "The Most
Revered of Foxes: Knowledge of Animals and Animal Power in an Ainu Kamui Yukar".
1828:
63:
1307:
1538:
1341:
141:
33:
1614:
289:
563:
503:
1864:
1599:
1491:
1418:
636:
and southern
Sakhalin. Other species of resident and migratory birds are also given the name Kamuy.
460:
wish to go to the human world themselves. In this way, the humans express their gratitude for the
1843:
1619:
1604:
1359:
1258:
990:
864:
653:
533:
101:
1222:
1196:
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54:
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choose the hunter that will hunt them, giving them the flesh of the animal in turn. Once the
118:
can refer to spiritual beings, including animals, plants, the weather, and even human tools.
88:
were portrayed in chants and performances, which were often performed during sacred rituals.
1808:
1725:
1659:
1486:
1442:
1210:
1141:
1037:
900:
856:
509:
244:
The Ainu had no writing system of their own, and much of Ainu mythology was passed down as
1720:
1649:
1364:
712:
569:
557:
527:
497:
402:, ceremonial arrows, liquor, and gifts for the spirit in order to prepare for the ritual.
1481:
1312:
1302:
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will gather his friends and tell them of the generosity of the humans, making the other
432:
On the third and final day of the ritual, the bear's head is skinned and decorated with
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1609:
1573:
1548:
1433:
1349:
1297:
609:
603:
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119:
74:
905:
888:
288:
is considered to be one of the oldest genres of Ainu oral performance, anthropologist
1858:
1512:
1496:
1452:
1447:
1317:
1114:. Chiri, Yukie, 1903-1922., 知里, 幸恵(1903-1922). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
802:. Chiri, Yukie, 1903-1922., 知里, 幸恵(1903-1922). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
708:
618:
477:
46:
648:
can be found in proper names, especially place names in
Hokkaido, such as Kamuikotan
77:, a term denoting a supernatural entity composed of or possessing spiritual energy.
1568:
1543:
1462:
1423:
1399:
1368:
591:
581:
545:
539:
487:
481:
274:
245:
182:, meaning "floating earth". The wagtail is also a revered bird due to this legend.
1702:
1292:
1073:
255:(deity epics), long verses traditionally recounted by singers at a gathering. The
340:
to the heavens with gifts. There are various rituals of this type, including the
296:
was performed solely for religious purposes by the women who took on the role of
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1644:
1639:
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300:. The shamans became possessed and recanted the chants, possibly explaining why
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Ainu spirits singing : the living world of Chiri Yukie's Ainu shinʼyōshū
1771:
1667:
1408:
716:
297:
109:
but this translation misses some of the nuances of the term (the missionary
292:
supposed that there are more than 20 types of genres. Originally, it seems
1178:
1127:
1098:
Ainu
Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan
961:
Ainu Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan
1781:
1755:
1750:
633:
994:
1740:
1730:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1112:
Ainu spirits singing: the living world of Chiri Yukie's Ainu shinʼyōshū
347:
the bear ceremony. The rituals center around the idea of releasing the
342:
317:
174:
868:
84:, passed down through oral traditions and rituals. The stories of the
1823:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1227:
738:
691:
is also a male proper name, and the spelling is the same as the word
403:
333:
145:
17:
1150:
Utagawa, Hiroshi (1992). "The 'Sending-Back' Rite in Ainu Culture".
1145:
860:
1745:
1692:
624:
Sarorun Kamuy, the god of the marshes. The personification of the
515:
396:
371:
are free to return to their world with the gifts from the humans.
251:
1578:
728:
704:
390:
136:
often have very specific associations, for instance, there is a
105:
1231:
190:
Once the earth was formed, the first kamuy, otherwise known as
1735:
304:
is performed with a first-person narrative. As time passed,
259:
was seen as a significant form of communication between the
151:
Personified deities of Ainu mythology often have the term
578:, messenger to the gods and representative of the dead
263:
and the humans, along with prayers and rituals. Each
68:
126:
are numerous; some are delineated and named, such as
763:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003. 187-188
1764:
1711:
1658:
1630:
1587:
1531:
1505:
1471:
1432:
1398:
1340:
1265:
1132:Batchelor, John (1894). "Items of Ainu Folk-Lore".
847:Batchelor, John (1894). "Items of Ainu Folk-Lore".
484:who taught humans the domesticated and sacred arts
144:. Batchelor compares the word with the Greek term
542:, a blood-drinking monster who preys upon hunters
277:; however, the Ainu tradition of memorizing the
1011:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003. 68
672:
632:), which lives in the wetland habitats of east
684:
666:
651:
1243:
773:
771:
769:
132:, the hearth goddess, while others are not.
8:
1093:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003.
715:(The Northern Crown) is named after it. See
32:"Kamui" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:Spiritual or divine beings in Ainu mythology
1107:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995
1069:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary
216:was the most important spirit, ruling over
1250:
1236:
1228:
530:, the prime originator, the god of the sky
80:The Ainu people have many myths about the
904:
889:"The 'Sending-Back' Rite in Ainu Culture"
600:, the god of wood, grains, and vegetation
584:, an evil spirit responsible for insanity
468:will continue to bring them prosperity.
173:to make the world habitable. The water
963:. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1949. 53
749:
232:(water spirit). As the most important
1152:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
893:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
755:
753:
7:
1100:. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1949.
922:
920:
918:
916:
882:
880:
878:
842:
840:
793:
791:
789:
787:
73:) is a spiritual or divine being in
194:, the heavenly spirit, sent other
25:
906:10.18874/jjrs.19.2-3.1992.255-270
1331:
1326:
1134:The Journal of American Folklore
849:The Journal of American Folklore
548:, the god of mountains and bears
536:, kamuy of thunder and lightning
155:applied as part of their names.
658:, literally "Village of Kamuy")
224:(low ceremonial altar spirit),
1165:. Princeton University Press.
1163:Songs of gods, songs of humans
1110:Strong, Sarah Mehlhop (2011).
1091:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
1009:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
931:. Princeton University Press.
929:Songs of gods, songs of humans
798:Strong, Sarah Mehlhop (2011).
761:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
500:, the god of owls and the land
336:in which they "send back" the
1:
1161:Phillipi, Donald L. (2015).
927:Phillipi, Donald L. (2015).
832:The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore
779:The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore
351:from their disguises, their
695:that means "divine power".
673:
220:(ceremonial altar spirit),
69:
1881:
1324:
781:, London 1901, p. 580–582.
50:
31:
1819:
887:Utagawa, Hiroshi (1992).
685:
667:
652:
410:, and dances, songs, and
122:are called Ituren-Kamui.
58:
1215:10.1163/1568527991526086
1042:10.1163/1568527991526086
707:located in the northern
490:, kamuy of the threshold
1539:Ashihara no Nakatsukuni
524:, goddess of the hearth
444:In Ainu mythology, the
210:kamuy huchi, ape huchi)
198:to the earth. Of these
1632:Major Buddhist figures
1532:Mythological locations
1342:Japanese creation myth
572:, creator of the earth
328:"Sending-back" rituals
228:(hunting spirit), and
34:Kamui (disambiguation)
1308:Konjaku Monogatarishū
1158:: 255–270 – via JSTOR
1072:] (in Japanese).
566:, the god of the moon
512:, goddess of the hunt
441:return to its world.
429:, dances, and songs.
1588:Mythological weapons
1103:Munro, Neil Gordon.
1089:Ashkenazy, Michael.
1007:Ashkenazy, Michael.
759:Ashkenazy, Michael.
621:, the spider goddess
606:, goddess of the sun
594:, the god of the sea
406:are then offered to
290:Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney
1713:Legendary creatures
1600:Kusanagi no Tsurugi
1492:Konohanasakuya-hime
1105:Ainu Creed and Cult
554:, the god of snakes
212:, the fire spirit.
100:are similar to the
1844:Glossary of Shinto
1839:Japanese religions
1605:Totsuka-no-Tsurugi
1360:Ame-no-Minakanushi
1259:Japanese mythology
909:– via JSTOR.
472:Some notable kamuy
234:kamuy, ape-kamuy's
222:ram-nusa-kor-kamuy
171:moshiri-kor-kamuy,
1852:
1851:
1777:Ryukyuan religion
626:red-crowned crane
560:, god of creation
518:kamui, dragon god
452:society, and the
320:in a book titled
226:hasinaw-kor-kamuy
67:
16:(Redirected from
1872:
1829:Japanese deities
1809:Hasinaw-uk-kamuy
1660:Seven Lucky Gods
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1443:Yamata no Orochi
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630:Grus japonensis
570:Mosirkara Kamuy
558:Kotan-kar-kamuy
528:Kandakoro Kamuy
498:Kotan-kor-kamuy
474:
414:are performed.
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367:is broken, the
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322:Ainu shin'yoshu
248:in the form of
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192:kanto-kor-kamuy
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120:Guardian angels
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610:Waka-ush Kamuy
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604:Tokapcup-kamuy
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598:Shiramba Kamuy
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576:Nusa-kor-kamuy
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564:Kunnecup-kamuy
561:
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552:Kina-sut-kamuy
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506:, god of foxes
504:Cironnup Kamuy
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383:(also spelled
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332:The Ainu have
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230:wakka-us-kamuy
218:nusa-kor-kamuy
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111:John Batchelor
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75:Ainu mythology
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1209:(1): 88–114.
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1120:9780824860127
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1083:
1075:
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1070:
1065:
1059:
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1036:(1): 88–114.
1035:
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1022:
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1010:
1004:
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855:(24): 15–44.
854:
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837:
834:, p. 240–241.
833:
827:
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809:9780824860127
805:
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709:constellation
706:
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675:
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631:
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623:
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619:Yushkep Kamuy
617:
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612:, goddess of
611:
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478:Ae-oina Kamuy
476:
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176:
172:
164:Creation myth
163:
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139:
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125:
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83:
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65:
56:
48:
44:
43:
35:
30:
19:
1798:
1640:Amida Nyorai
1569:Takamagahara
1544:Ama-no-Iwato
1482:Tenson kōrin
1463:Takeminakata
1424:Ame-no-Uzume
1400:Takamagahara
1369:Kamiyonanayo
1303:Nihon Ryōiki
1266:Mythic texts
1206:
1202:
1191:(1): 27–54.
1188:
1184:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1137:
1133:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1033:
1029:
1008:
1003:
981:(1): 27–54.
978:
974:
968:
960:
955:
928:
896:
892:
852:
848:
831:
826:
799:
778:
760:
702:
692:
674:Kamui-misaki
645:
644:
629:
592:killer whale
582:Pauchi Kamuy
546:Kim-un-kamuy
540:Kenas-unarpe
488:Apasam Kamuy
482:culture hero
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
443:
438:
433:
431:
426:
422:
418:
416:
411:
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309:
305:
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285:
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246:oral history
243:
240:Oral history
233:
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204:
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115:
104:
97:
96:In concept,
95:
85:
81:
79:
41:
40:
38:
29:
1673:Bishamonten
1618: [
1595:Amenonuhoko
1564:Sanzu River
1518:Tagishimimi
1458:Kuni-yuzuri
1278:Nihon Shoki
830:Batchelor:
699:Star naming
614:fresh water
588:Repun Kamuy
534:Kanna Kamuy
494:Cikap-kamuy
314:Yukie Chiri
310:kamuy yukar
306:kamuy yukar
302:kamuy yukar
294:kamuy yukar
286:kamuy yukar
265:kamuy yukar
257:kamuy yukar
129:Kamuy Fuchi
1865:Ainu kamuy
1804:Kamuy-huci
1688:Fukurokuju
1678:Daikokuten
1554:Ne-no-kuni
1453:Ōkuninushi
1354:Hitorigami
1318:Butsuzōzui
1171:0691608814
1140:(24): 15.
1084:References
662:Cape Kamui
522:Kamuy-huci
464:, and the
400:(nusa-san)
208:(see also
1772:Shinigami
1703:Kisshōten
1668:Benzaiten
1506:Human age
1475:mythology
1436:mythology
1419:Tsukuyomi
1409:Amaterasu
1402:mythology
1313:Shintōshū
1293:Kogo Shūi
1223:0029-5973
1197:1882-6865
1179:903423542
1128:798295761
1074:Kenkyūsha
1064:研究社新和英大辞典
1050:0029-5973
987:1882-6865
947:903423542
818:798295761
717:HD 145457
408:ape-kamuy
359:in their
214:Ape-kamuy
205:ape-kamuy
186:Ape-Kamuy
64:romanized
1859:Category
1782:Amamikyu
1559:Ryūgū-jō
995:25614520
734:Koshintō
723:See also
641:In names
634:Hokkaido
395:for the
385:iyomante
159:Folklore
142:undertow
102:Japanese
55:Japanese
1741:Shinshi
1731:Kitsune
1698:Jurōjin
1414:Susanoo
1390:Izanagi
1385:Izanami
1380:Kamiumi
1375:Kuniumi
681:. Kamui
450:kamuy's
439:kamuy's
404:Prayers
381:iomante
375:Iomante
365:hayopke
361:hayopke
353:hayopke
343:iomante
334:rituals
318:Imekanu
298:shamans
284:Though
180:moshiri
175:wagtail
140:of the
92:Concept
66::
1721:Dragon
1645:Daruma
1487:Ninigi
1365:Kamiyo
1288:Kujiki
1283:Fudoki
1273:Kojiki
1221:
1195:
1177:
1169:
1126:
1118:
1048:
993:
985:
945:
935:
869:532957
867:
816:
806:
739:Shinto
693:shin'i
590:, the
250:kamuy
146:daimon
1799:Kamuy
1765:Other
1756:Yūrei
1751:Yōkai
1746:Tengu
1726:Kappa
1693:Hotei
1683:Ebisu
1622:]
1473:Hyūga
1434:Izumo
1203:Numen
1066:[
1030:Numen
991:JSTOR
865:JSTOR
745:Notes
646:Kamuy
516:Hoyau
466:kamuy
462:kamuy
458:kamuy
454:kamuy
446:kamuy
427:yukar
423:kamuy
419:kamuy
412:yukar
397:altar
369:kamuy
357:kamuy
349:kamuy
338:kamuy
279:yukar
270:yukar
261:kamuy
252:yukar
200:kamuy
196:kamuy
153:kamuy
138:kamuy
134:Kamuy
124:Kamuy
116:Kamuy
98:kamuy
86:kamuy
82:kamuy
70:kamui
42:kamuy
18:Kamui
1579:Yomi
1219:ISSN
1193:ISSN
1175:OCLC
1167:ISBN
1124:OCLC
1116:ISBN
1046:ISSN
983:ISSN
943:OCLC
933:ISBN
814:OCLC
804:ISBN
729:Kami
705:star
654:神居古潭
480:, a
434:inau
391:inau
379:The
202:was
106:kami
47:Ainu
1736:Oni
1211:doi
1142:doi
1038:doi
901:doi
857:doi
711:of
668:神威岬
660:or
59:カムイ
51:カムィ
1861::
1620:ja
1217:.
1207:46
1205:.
1189:68
1187:.
1173:.
1156:19
1154:.
1136:.
1122:.
1044:.
1034:46
1032:.
1016:^
989:.
979:68
977:.
941:.
915:^
897:19
895:.
891:.
877:^
863:.
851:.
839:^
812:.
786:^
768:^
752:^
719:.
703:A
686:神威
671:,
324:.
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61:,
57::
53:;
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39:A
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1367:(
1356:)
1352:(
1251:e
1244:t
1237:v
1213::
1144::
1138:7
1076:.
1052:.
1040::
997:.
949:.
903::
871:.
859::
853:7
820:.
689:)
683:(
678:)
665:(
650:(
628:(
496:/
393:)
389:(
345:,
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20:)
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