Kanak people - Knowledge (XXG)

1461: 1274:. It comprises three parts; the flat crowned face representing the ancestor with a long, the rounded pole run through by conch shells mounted on it that represents the ancestor's voice, and a base with the pole fixed to it to symbolise the link between the clan and the chief. The central piece is also flanked by wooden pieces with sharp points (facing downwards) that are intended to prevent bad spirits enveloping the ancestor in the central part. As it represented the power of the chiefs over their subjects, it was adopted as flag of the Kanaks by the organization leading the independent movement in New Caledonia. The arrow or the spear normally has a needle at the end to insert threaded shells from bottom to top. After the death of a Kanak chief, the 716: 1489: 518: 1539: 1501: 674:", was signed between the FLNKS President and the French Government on 5 May 1998, allowing for a degree of autonomy to New Caledonia over a transition period of up to 20 years. A referendum for independence from France was held in 2018. Progressive changes that were expected of this agreement were in the local political control and structure; the Kanaks would have greater say over internal and regional affairs while France would retain sovereign rights including control over military and foreign affairs. In a speech made before the Fourth Commission of the United Nations on 10 October 2005, the FLNKS Vice President, 1425: 1477: 1527: 1445:", was held in Nouméa in September 1975, supported by Jean-Marie Tjibaou. Kanak arts festivals became popular with two international events held early in the 1990s that created the awareness of Kanak arts. The first exhibition of modern-day wood sculptors and painters was held at Ko i Neva, which was also published as contemporary Kanak arts. This was followed by a large exhibition of Kanak arts in Paris known as "De Jade et de Nacre – Patrimoine Artistique Kanak (Jade and Mother of Pearl – Kanak Artistic Heritage". 950: 1515: 1249: 1053: 509:, to perform work in places such as Australia, California, Canada, Chile and Fiji (with the inter-Asian slave trade to India, Japan, South Africa, and what is now Malaysia). During the 3,000 years that Kanaks lived in the remote islands, they were unprepared for the arrival of European viruses and bacteria. The Kanaks were uprooted from the land and were employed as forced labour on French plantations, ranches and public works. 1099: 1087: 437: 736:, is approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) off the northeast coast of Australia. Of its 500 islands, the five main ones are inhabited, are spread across an area 30 miles (48 km) wide and over 250 miles (400 km) in length. As of 2009, the Melanesian Kanak people constituted 40.3% (99,078) of the population of 245,580 in New Caledonia. The other groups consist of 57: 1065: 474:, Australia, the question was posed: "Is Lapita Kanak, or is Lapita the oldest and first ancestor of a later culture that is labelled Kanak?" Still another problem in determining the origin and early history of Kanak people is that the archaeological interpretation is in conflict with the views of Kanak people which have become politicized subsequent to colonial rule. 79: 1130: 682:"to establish a monitoring and follow-up system for the previous contracts signed between multinationals and municipalities, by drawing on the initiatives of Global Witness and asking the UN to put in place an ad hoc commission in order to protect the wealth of New Caledonia, following the example of what was done for 1363:

Music, dance and singing are part of many a Kanak ceremonial function such as initiation, courting and mourning. Conch shells are blown by an appointed person to represent a clan chief's arrival or the voice of an ancestor. Rhythm instruments used include Bwanjep, used during ceremonies by a group of

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dance form of the Kanaks, now almost extinct, was so named by the early French missionaries of New Caledonia and involved stomping with bamboo tubes and beating of bark-clappers accompanied by singing in duets with shrieks and whistles of hundreds of dancers. However, in view of very strong nature of

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According to the traditional beliefs of the Kanak people, the sea is sacred as it provides them with "fish for food", so they treat it with great reverence. The folk stories created by the Kanak people attest to this fact and are also strictly followed as unwritten laws. Some of the important aspects

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and those (believed to be chiefly of European ancestry) who identified simply as "Caledonian." In 1774, Cook landed in Balade and estimated a population of around 50,000 for the whole island. A minimum of 100,000 is more likely, considering the amount of land that can be shown to have been cultivated

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An agreement called the Matignon Accord followed on 6 November 1988 between the French and the Kanaks, which had the majority support of 80% of the French people. According to the Matignon Accord (or Matignon Agreement) a referendum on independence was proposed to be held by 1998. However, two of the

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in the Nengone language where it originated) made of dried piece of coconut palm leaf held between the teeth and an attached segment of soft nerve leaf; coconut-leaf whizzer, a piece of coconut leaf attached to a string and twirled that produces a noise like a humming bee; oboe, made of hollow grass

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are in the form of ceremonial axe representing clan's strength and power. These were used to behead enemies during war and during ancestor celebrations known as Pilou. The bottom of the handle represents the particular clan and is embellished with stones and shells. The axe is polished smooth like a

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Fifty years later, the Protestants of London Missionary Society came to New Caledonia, which was followed by entry of the French Catholics to the island, in 1843. This resulted in a conflict between the two religious factions and eventually the French Catholics' control of the islands prevailed. The

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Dances are performed during the traditional Kanak gatherings with the objective of cementing relationships within the clan and with ancestors. Dance is performed in the form of a message or a legend, often related to their daily activities or important events such as birth, marriage, circumcision,

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for spiritual and practical knowledge, while including French and English language classes. Since 2006, pre-school children have been given the opportunity to learn indigenous Kanak languages. While the Kanak languages have been taught in high schools across the Loyalty Islands and North Province,

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in 1946. A major progression occurred when Kanaks and French settlers in the country obtained voting rights in 1951, shortly before it became an overseas territory of France in 1956. The Kanaks were then also allowed to move out of their reserve areas. This was followed by the establishment of the

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Painting is a recent art form common among women artists. Famous artists include Yvette Bouquet from Koumac who has produced paintings with Pacific and Oceania themes, Paula Boi, whose paintings are of more abstract scenes, and Denise Tuvouane and Maryline Thydjepache who use mixed art forms. Bus

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A meter in length canes, dated between 1850 and 1920, are used to make an entry into a village or in dance ceremonies. The canes were fired to give black patina over the engraved parts; the engraving designs consist of geometrical real images from the pilou dance, agricultural motifs and village

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When Kanaks were forced to move to reserve areas of the island, closer to the mountains, they occupied only 10 per cent of the area of their ancestral territories given that their population had declined so dramatically due to disease, and their living conditions became very hard. This situation

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The ancient Lapita potteries date to 1000 BC. Essentially a women's craft, the pottery is generally decorated with geometric patterns and stylised human faces, although there is variation between northern and southern New Caledonian pottery. The various handles and glazes have pinhole-incised

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The Caledonian Union, one of the political parties within the pro-independence FLNKS group had, in 2010, appealed for a national committee to evaluate progress and prepare New Caledonia for the change in leadership before the planned referendum in 2014. In this appeal, the UC also argued that,

999:(CI) have been jointly involved in conserving the ancestral waters and natural resources. According to a rapid assessment survey conducted with help from the Kanaks, 42 coral reefs have been identified for protection near Nord's Mont Pani Province. Its rich biodiversity reserves also include 469:

was found with the earliest New Caledonian Lapita pottery. In addition, some researchers have claimed there is evidence of New Caledonian human habitation dating from 3000 BC (predating Lapita culture by 1500 years), while others claim to have found pre-Lapita pottery. At the Fourth Lapita

645:, were successful in getting the UN Resolution 41-41 A of 2 December 1986 passed; it re-inscribed New Caledonia on the Decolonisation List of Non-Self-Governing Territories. But this resolution did not mitigate the violence as what ensued was more confrontations with the authorities: the " 2593:

Sand, Christophe. 2000. "Reconstructing "traditional" Kanak society in New Caledonia: the role of archeology in the study of European contact". In: Clark A. and Torrence, R. The Archaeology of Difference: Negotiating Cross-Cultural Engagements in Oceania. London; New York:

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leaf stem; bamboo stamping tubes that are struck vertically against the ground and played at major events; percussion instruments (hitting sticks, palm sheaths); rattles that are worn on the legs made of coconut leaves, shells and certain fruits. Kanak groups such as

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the death of a chief and so forth. Dancers paint themselves colourfully to please the ancestors watching over them. Wooden masks made of local materials such as bark, feathers and leaves adorn them representing a physical link with the invisible world.

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according to the Nouméa Accord, it was obligatory for the French government to train and build the capacity of Kanaks to be able to take over the government in 2014 and urged them to respond swiftly. In reality the referendum was delayed until 2018 and

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from 1875 onwards. This caused serious resentment among the Kanaks who revolted in 1878 against the French colonial rule, which was suppressed by the French who were better armed. The Kanak leader was decapitated, and his head was put on display in the

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The Festival des Arts du Pacifique, the Festival of Pacific Arts, is organized every four years. Dancers are trained in traditional dances in special workshops. Welcome dances performed by groups are very popular. Of the various dance forms, the

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The Centre Cultural Tjibaou also stages occasional art exhibitions. A popular quadrennial event is the Festival of Pacific Arts where the indigenous people of all Pacific nations and people gather to display the Pacific's cultural heritage.

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with symbolic shapes. Music, dance and singing are part of many a Kanak ceremonial function and dances are performed during the traditional Kanak gatherings with the objective of cementing relationships within the clan and with ancestors.

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of the oral laws relate to environmental protection and conservation, such as the closure of fishing operations when the fish stocks are on the decline, and fishing rights in certain areas are strictly observed with respect to locals.

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pre-colonially. This declined to 27,000 during early colonial rule as a result of disease. Kanaks were historically associated with tribes, including the Bwaarhat, Tiendanite, Goa, and Goosana, as well as clans, such as the Poowe.

649:" resulted in 21 deaths including 19 Kanaks. Following the battle, there was an international outcry that resulted in initiation of talks for settlement between the French government, the Kanaks and the French settlers. 1278:

is removed and his family takes it to their home. Though it was allowed to be used again as a sign of respect it is normally kept at burial grounds of noted citizens or at the mounds of abandoned grand houses.

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The Kanak arts of sculpture, dance, music and theatre have become more popular since the 1990s with the efforts of the Agency for Development of Kanak Culture ADCK Art forms in Kanak culture comprise:

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and Yeiwene Yeiwene, were assassinated on 4 May 1989 by a Kanak activist. The Kanak independence activists were unhappy with the situation as they felt that France would never allow them independence.

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representing the ancestral spirits, symbolic of transition between the world of the dead and the world of the living. The wood carving is shaped like the spear-like carving that adorns the top of the

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stationed troops in the islands and the autonomy issue was shelved. The FLNKS, backed in their campaign for a referendum by regional organizations such as the "Groupe du fer de lance mélanesien" (the

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The Kanak movement proposed a self-government in January 1986. An interim arrangement was announced by Mitterrand who moved to give greater autonomy in the colony. However, the French prime minister

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Dictionnaire thématique des langues de la région de Hienghène (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : pije, fwâi, nemi, jawe. Précédé d'une phonologie comparée des langues de Hienghène et du proto-océanien

771:"Most of them are spoken, and because they are taught at school, some of them need to have a standard to be written; the academy can also produce new texts for the teaching of the languages." 811:

in the island nation, many with distinct dialects. Approximately 60,000 residents of New Caledonia speak at least one of the Kanak languages. The Kanak language with the most speakers is

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was established in 1984. This forum refused to participate in elections to the Territorial Assembly and even declared its own Provincial Government; it met with opposition by the French.

1027:'s (CRISP) partnership with CI provided recommendations and underwater species guides to the Kanak people. In 2004, a proposal was put forward to promote the entire coastal region as a 1538: 2547: 532:

arose consequent to induction of 20,000 convicts by the French government between 1864 and 1897, most of whom settled permanently in the country, and who were employed to extract

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persisted with their agitation and unilaterally announced on 7 January 1985 that a referendum on independence would be conducted in July 1985. After the death of Kanak leader

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landed in these islands in 1774 at a time when there were reportedly 70,000 Kanaks living in the archipelago. Cook gave the name "New Caledonia" to these islands, named after

1389:, Kanak knowledge was traditionally passed through poems, legends, and stories. Children's oral history is provided by parents and other relatives who also use tickling and 1898: 2176:"Tourism and Indigenous Curation of Culture in Lifou, New Caledonia"· In The Future of Indigenous Museums: Perspectives from the Southwest Pacific, Nick Stanley, ed· 187:. According to the 2019 census, the Kanaks make up 41.2% of New Caledonia's total population — corresponding to around 112,000 people. The other populations are the 1476: 715: 1488: 979:

church in Nouméa is attended by Kanaks, who form nearly 50% of the population of Catholics in New Caledonia (next only to the Europeans). Also, the majority of

607: 603: 599: 1631:; Burley, David V.; Sand, Christophe; Sheppard, Peter; Summerhayes, Glenn R. (2019). "Distribution, chronology, society and subsistence". In Bedford, Stuart; 222:

in 1956. An independence movement, which led to a failed revolt in 1967, was restarted in 1984, pursuing total independence from French rule. When the 1988

1032: 1024: 704: 700: 696: 260: 231: 1500: 606:"organized a boycott of the territorial elections in New Caledonia, smashing ballot boxes and setting up roadblocks to prevent people from voting." The 542: 1441:

was formed and advocated the idea of a cultural festival to promote Kanak arts. As a result of this movement the first festival of Melanesian arts, "

243: 1743:. Pacific Islands Development Program/East-West Center With Support From Center for Pacific Islands Studies/University of Hawai‘i. Archived from 343:, which was associated with the colonial period. The new form "kanak" does not inflect grammatically in French: e.g. the plural is “les Kanak” (* 2744:

Eric Waddell; University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Pacific Islands Studies; Pacific Islands Development Program (East-West Center) (2009).

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Eric Waddell; University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Pacific Islands Studies; Pacific Islands Development Program (East-West Center) (2009).

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has a display of religious carvings. Other wooden objects include war clubs carved from the strongest wood, made in the form of a phallic head (

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this form of dance, with a trance-like status attained by the dancers, these have been banned; the last such dance reported was in 1951.

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Sand, Christophe; Karen Coote; Jacques Bole; Andre Ouetcho (April 1998). "A Pottery Pit at Locality WKO013A, Lapita (New Caledonia)".

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is a traditional Kanak casserole, considered a national food by many Kanaks. It is made of sliced root vegetables which might include

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New Zealand-New Caledonia: Neighbours, Friends, Partners: La Nouvelle-Zelande Et la Nouvelle-Caledonie: Voisins, Amis Et Partenaires

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to assess marine resources used by both Kanak tribes and people of European descent across three coastlines of the Nord Province.

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phylum). In spite of their shared origin, Kanak languages historically diversified so much as to become mutually unintelligible.

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potteries date back to 1000 BC, and the people of the island have long been involved in the arts, since the establishment of the

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Pacific Islands Development Program/East-West Center. With Support From Center for Pacific Islands Studies/University of Hawai‘i

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were signed between the representatives of France and New Caledonia to decide on holding the referendum for independence,

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The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania: papers from the Fourth Lapita Conference, June 2000, Canberra, Australia

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have intermarried with the Kanaks over the last centuries. New Caledonia was annexed to France in 1853, and became an

1868:, which is only distantly related to Hawaiian. For the same meaning “person”, they rather use the Proto-Oceanic root * 1309:

scenes of fishing or building a Grand Hut or case. These were also stuffed with magic herbs to ward off evil spirits.

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Kanak dance and music: ceremonial and intimate performance of the Melanesians of New Caledonia, historical and actual

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leaves before being cooked over hot stones in an earthen oven. Other local ingredients used in Kanak cuisine include

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and live in New Caledonia, in addition to about 10% that are non-Kanak Polynesians and 10% that are mixed race.

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Tapa is a bark cloth made into small pieces, often from banyan trees used to wrap up Kanak ancient bead money.

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the language education has not been as common in the more European South Province. The establishment of the

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Ozanne-Rivierre, Françoise. 1992. The Proto-Oceanic Consonantal System and the Languages of New Caledonia.

949: 933: 843: 235: 176: 31: 3215: 1171: 1031:. Further work on this initiative has been pursued by CI's Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, the 928: 638: 215: 164: 2772: 1248: 1560: 1234: 909: 823: 642: 399: 1410: 368: 2731: 1402: 1028: 571: 420:— which is now applied to all non-whites, even southern Europeans in some cases, and especially to 196: 2277: 1744: 1252:

Fragment of a roof finial of a large clan house, sculpture of the Kanak people made of Houp wood,

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Ozanne-Rivierre, Françoise. 1995. Structural changes in the languages of Northern New Caledonia.

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Wooden carvings in the shape of hawks, ancient gods, serpents and turtles are also popular. The

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out of hollowed–out trunks and large double–hulled outriggers with triangular sails, known as

971:, sacred stones, and devotional hearths where they offered sacrifices. Today, most Kanaks are 877: 839: 800: 567: 301: 267:. Wooden carvings in the shape of hawks, ancient gods, serpents and turtles are popular as is 184: 3141: 3114: 2745: 2609: 2435: 2174: 2033: 1939: 1379: 1208:

designs made from tooth combs. The pottery was made from clay deposits found in the islands.

2906: 2333: 1682: 1170:(flying foxes) and local deer; marine staples such as lagoon and coral reef fish (including 964: 913: 885: 861: 671: 587: 2638: 2233: 1996: 1632: 1628: 1570: 1506: 1350:

dance is a unique dance form of the Kanaks, which recounts many stories of the clans. The

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milk. Pork, chicken or seafood may be used in the filling which is then wrapped in poingo

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immigrants – also derives from the same source. It was originally applied to people from

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Sound alliances: indigenous peoples, cultural politics, and popular music in the Pacific

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Violent internal conflicts in Asia Pacific: histories, political economies, and policies

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Exile to paradise: savagery and civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790–1900

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The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society

1229:, which resembles a small totem pole with symbolic shapes, is the most common. A mini 3209: 2027: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1374: 1365: 1253: 1179: 881: 873: 865: 853: 741: 264: 172: 160: 84: 62: 2702:. Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France. p. 285. 1713: 852:

are divided into several groups. The Northern language group includes 12 languages:

230:, the Kanak leader of the independence movement, had mooted a proposal to set up an 3065: 1390: 1292: 1183: 1020: 1000: 972: 611: 554: 506: 296: 2900: 2327: 1418: 1098: 1086: 699:

was to remain with France, by a 56% majority. Two repeat referendums were held in

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Kanak doorpost (detail) for a large ceremonial house, Kanak sculpture. Houp wood.

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Forgetting Ourselves: Secession and the (Im)Possibility of Territorial Identity

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noise to hold the child's attention. Some of the notable Kanak authors include

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ordered that a cultural centre on the lines suggested by Tjibaou be set up in

2499: 1656: 1636: 916:) from the Far South. Most of these languages are only used in spoken form. 2595: 1297: 1166: 968: 804: 753: 749: 745: 491: 383: 351: 192: 1264:, also known as grande case (chef's hut), are decorated with the filial of 1115: 1064: 239: 78: 56: 707:, in which voters rejected independence, despite protests by some Kanaks. 2747:

Jean-Marie Tjibaou, Kanak witness to the world: an intellectual biography

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Jean-Marie Tjibaou, Kanak witness to the world: an intellectual biography

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Jean-Marie Tjibaou, Kanak witness to the world: an intellectual biography

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During the colonial period, in the 19th century, Kanaks were employed as

495: 471: 462: 188: 2723: 2641:. Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 4 March 2007 2299:

Adam, Asvi Warman; Anwar, Dewi Fortuna; Indonesia, Yayasan Obor (2005).

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legends and is written in Hienghène, with English language translation.

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Institut de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie

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stop shelters are common places where their paintings are illustrated.

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Plans, sections and elevations: key buildings of the twentieth century

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is a musical genre associated with the Kanak, stylistically a form of

242:, the capital of New Caledonia; it was to be the last of Mitterrand's 71:(a spear-like wooden totem monument placed atop traditional dwellings) 2270:"Pacific Islands Report: New Caledonia Still A Colony Despite Accord" 1161: 1149: 1141: 1134: 737: 582:

In 1981 the movement for Independence began, following the murder of

537: 533: 458: 416: 379: 373: 309: 305: 168: 38: 17: 1892: 557:, the Kanak independence movement again picked up momentum when the 482:

The earliest history of Europeans arriving on these islands is when

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The earliest traces of human settlement in New Caledonia go back to

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stems or bamboo; end-blown flute, made of 50 cm long hollowed

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Wood sculpture represents the spirit of Kanak culture of which the

1796:. Agency for the Development of Kanak Culture (ADCK). 4 June 2011. 1423: 1326: 1247: 1128: 948: 812: 714: 516: 435: 395: 391: 365:

is an ethno-political name for the island or the entire territory.

1245:), and spears made from niaouli trees used to burn enemy houses. 904:: Cèmuhî and Paicî from the northern group, and three languages ( 2107:

Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia

1288: 1174:), as well as crabs and lobsters. Paita beans are locally grown 1145: 2522:"New Caledonia rejects independence in final vote amid boycott" 2200:

IBP USA; USA (COR) International Business Publications (2009).

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Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century

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9%, people of mixed ancestry (8%), and other groups including

234:. After Tjibaou's assassination in 1989, the French President 3192: 3190: 2935: 2933: 2773:"Kanak languages gaining popularity again in New Caledonia" 1382:

first made the recordings on cassette around 1975 or 1976.

3047: 3045: 3043: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3013: 1035:(CRISP), and the French Government, in collaboration with 2639:"New Caledonian indigenous Kanak language academy set up" 2245: 2243: 995:

Following these beliefs and traditions, Kanak people and

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island nation was thereafter annexed by France, in 1853.

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culture. However, the origin of Kanak people is unclear.

3119:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 48. 2681:

31–2, Winter, 1992 (p.200). University of Hawai'i Press.

975:. Religion is an important aspect of Kanak culture. The 566:

Territorial Assembly in 1957, but this was short-lived;

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In 1984, Melanesian leaders adopted the modern spelling

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and the cultural flag of the Kanak community, showing a

1137:, a casserole of fruit and fish baked in a ground oven. 600:

Front de Liberation Nationale Kanak Socialiste" (FLNKS)

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phrase meaning 'ordinary person' which was at one time

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Double Ghosts: Oceanian Voyagers on Euroamerican Ships

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The languages of New Caledonia are very diverse, with

598:, UC) on 19 September 1981. A national forum titled " 563:

Decolonisation List of Non-Self-Governing Territories

320:

in Hawaiian descends from the Proto-Polynesian root *

3167:

Howe, K. R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V. (1994).

1846:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 1482:

Sperm whale tooth, New Caledonia, nineteenth century

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Elements of traditional Kanak huts displayed at the

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are Kanaks. Some Kanaks follow traditional beliefs.

263:, Kanak arts and crafts have become more popular in 122: 114: 106: 101: 91: 2104: 232:Agency for the Development of Kanak Culture (ADCK) 1428:Exhibit of stages of construction of a Kanak hut 1233:-looking religious memorial near the village in 734:Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances 3070:. Agence de développement de la culture kanak. 1971:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 1901:. Asia-Pacific Linguistics (A-PL) 28. pp.45–46. 1544:Male statuette wearing a penis sheath statement 769: 339:as a preferred alternative to the old spelling 191:, who are European born in New Caledonia; the 3108: 3106: 2502:. Pacific Conference of Churches. 1 April 2011 2461:Central Intelligence Agency (1 October 2009). 2168: 2166: 324:meaning 'person', a root which is not used in 2563: 2561: 2434:Angleviel, Frédéric; Levine, Stephen (2009). 2370:. Europa Publications Limited. p. 1519. 2078:"The Global African Community: History Notes" 1415:Hwanfalik – Sayings from the Hienghene Valley 347:is incorrect); “les traditions kanak”, etc. 8: 3140:Simpson, Michael J.; Dhont, Hadrien (1999). 2867: 2865: 2848:"Kanak Traditions Guide Future Conservation" 2825:"Kanak Traditions Guide Future Conservation" 2206:. Int'l Business Publications. p. 137. 2149:. Stanford University Press. pp. 169–. 936:(KLA) was a provision of the Nouméa Accord. 658:Kanak leaders who had signed the agreement, 175:. Kanak peoples traditionally speak diverse 49: 30:"Kanak" redirects here. For other uses, see 3173:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 265. 2633: 2631: 2397:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 206. 1963: 1961: 1033:Coral Reef Initiative for the South Pacific 1025:Coral Reef Initiative for the South Pacific 2750:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 28. 2660: 2658: 2656: 2614:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 41. 1668: 1666: 1409:who wrote about the Matignon Accords; and 390:often has political lyrics and is sung in 77: 55: 48: 3196: 3097: 3051: 3034: 3019: 3004: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2804: 2440:. Victoria University Press. p. 67. 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 1772:. Laurence King Publishing. p. 224. 1439:Smiling Melanesian Village Women's Groups 923:was involved in the establishment of the 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2500:"Kanak people ready to takeover in 2014" 1834:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). 1735: 1733: 1731: 1622: 1620: 1593: 1591: 1104:Inner view of a Kanak hut with a hearth. 312:colonisers, traders and missionaries in 3146:. Lonely Planet. pp. 73, 79, 88–. 2792: 2305:. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 129. 2276:. archives.pireport.org. Archived from 2249: 1864:New Caledonian languages belong to the 1716:. New International Magazine. July 1981 1641:. Australia: ANU Press. pp. 5–34. 1587: 1456: 3064:Ammann, Raymond; David Becker (1997). 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2726:. In Edmondson & Gregerson (eds), 2229: 2219: 1794:"The Tjibaou Cultural Centre and ADCK" 1256:, late 14th century—early 15th century 927:, which used local Kanak languages as 426:German colonial possessions in Oceania 316:to any non-European Pacific islander. 252:was formally established in May 1998. 7: 2364:Europa Publications Limited (2000). 1974:. Infobase Publishing. p. 360. 1708: 1706: 1704: 834:— all Kanak languages belong to the 273:, a carving which resembles a small 102:Regions with significant populations 2899:Stanley, David (15 November 2004). 2875:Food Culture in the Pacific Islands 2467:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 1938:Logan, Leanne; Cole, Geert (2001). 1844:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 1023:. Supporting Kanak traditions, the 967:. This worship was embodied in the 799:serving as a lingua franca and the 723:posing with penis gourds and spears 332:used to refer to its inhabitants. 2728:Tonality in Austronesian languages 2032:. Duke University Press. pp. 1911:David A. Chappell (January 1998). 1687:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1998.tb00399.x 1333:, traditionally used for fishing. 1325:Kanaks living on the islands made 1112:Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre 622:, igniting a French response (see 470:Conference, held in June 2000, in 457:dates back at least as far as the 382:with added flutes, percussion and 250:Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre 27:Indigenous people of New Caledonia 25: 2846:Barrett, Kate (7 February 2007). 2203:New Caledonia Country Study Guide 1944:. Lonely Planet. pp. 38–39. 1437:In 1971 the women's association, 570:abolished it after he became the 2771:Hofman, Helene (15 April 2010). 2111:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 1891:; Osmond, Meredith (eds). 2016. 1813:. Lexington Books. p. 130. 1537: 1525: 1513: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1459: 1097: 1085: 1063: 1051: 945:Traditional beliefs and religion 900:. Five languages have developed 2326:Stanley, David (January 2000). 586:, the secretary general of the 2179:. Berghahn Books. p. 80. 2103:Dodge, Ernest Stanley (1976). 2026:Meskell, Lynn (January 2009). 2005:. Pandanus Books. p. 89. 1576:Kanaka (Pacific Island worker) 1241:), a lethal bird's beak club ( 358:in the past few generations: 1: 2722:Rivierre, Jean-Claude. 1993. 2423:. Pacific Publications. 1999. 1190:are other local ingredients. 954: 670:A subsequent agreement, the " 643:Nonaligned Countries Movement 522: 2902:Moon Handbooks South Pacific 2850:. Conservation International 2724:Tonogenesis in New Caledonia 2571:. Xt.isee.nc. Archived from 2420:Pacific islands monthly: PIM 1917:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 173. 1417:which provides insight into 561:placed New Caledonia on its 220:overseas territory of France 2668:34—1 (June 1995), pp.44–72. 2464:The CIA World Factbook 2010 1999:; Vunidilo, Tarisi (2001). 818:With the only exception of 778:University of New Caledonia 294:in French) is derived from 3237: 2905:. David Stanley. pp. 2696:Ozanne-Rivierre, Françoise 2692:Haudricourt, André-Georges 2552:Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère 2367:The Europa world year book 2029:Cosmopolitan archaeologies 997:Conservation International 787:Languages of New Caledonia 784: 780:linguistics lecturer, 2007 635:Melanesian Spearhead Group 578:Agitation for independence 536:(beginning with 1864) and 494:, the traditional name of 36: 29: 2878:. ABC-CLIO. p. 138. 2332:. David Stanley. p. 1968:West, Barbara A. (2009). 1359:Music and oral literature 963:The Kanaks were known to 647:Ouvéa cave hostage taking 624:Ouvéa cave hostage taking 616:took 27 gendarmes hostage 614:in 1985, Kanak activists 543:Museum of Natural History 453:Melanesian settlement on 127: 96: 76: 54: 3221:Society of New Caledonia 3143:South Pacific phrasebook 3113:Hayward, Philip (1998). 2569:"ISEE – Population 2009" 1807:Bishai, Linda S (2007). 1766:Weston, Richard (2004). 1741:"Pacific Islands Report" 850:New Caledonian languages 842:(itself a branch of the 791:New Caledonian languages 488:Kingdom of Great Britain 326:New Caledonian languages 306:applied indiscriminately 133:New Caledonian languages 37:Not to be confused with 2984:"Kanak Fleche Faitiere" 2734:Special Publication 24. 2143:Bullard, Alice (2000). 1866:Southern Oceanic family 1532:Carved wooden door jamb 1296:disc. Carvings made of 1287:Stone carvings made of 1070:Kanak Great House with 965:worship their ancestors 925:Écoles populaires kanak 2391:Waddell, Eric (2009). 2329:South Pacific handbook 2173:LeFevre, Tate (2008). 2082:Kanaky (New Caledonia) 1840:: person, human being" 1675:Archaeology in Oceania 1429: 1405:, a Kanak author from 1257: 1138: 960: 934:Kanak Language Academy 773: 724: 528: 445: 177:Austronesian languages 32:Kanak (disambiguation) 3197:Logan & Cole 2001 3098:Logan & Cole 2001 3052:Logan & Cole 2001 3035:Logan & Cole 2001 3020:Logan & Cole 2001 3005:Logan & Cole 2001 2964:Logan & Cole 2001 2952:Logan & Cole 2001 2940:Logan & Cole 2001 2872:Haden, Roger (2009). 2805:Logan & Cole 2001 1899:People: body and mind 1427: 1251: 1132: 952: 929:medium of instruction 718: 520: 439: 414:, the racial epithet 165:overseas collectivity 148:spelling until 1984: 1995:Clark, Geoffrey R.; 400:Melanesian languages 290:(originally spelled 216:Polynesian seafarers 61:One of the flags of 2732:Oceanic Linguistics 2679:Oceanic Linguistics 2666:Oceanic Linguistics 2554:. 11 December 2021. 1466:Kanak necklace, in 1403:Susanna Ounei-Small 1133:A Kanak woman with 1092:Kanak house detail. 1043:Traditional housing 1029:World Heritage Site 824:Polynesian language 776:Jacques Vernaudon, 572:President of France 236:François Mitterrand 224:Matignon agreements 197:metropolitan France 195:, who were born in 179:that belong to the 115:Metropolitan France 51: 2827:. Conservation.org 2575:on 11 January 2012 2528:. 12 December 2021 2232:has generic name ( 1556:Christian Karembeu 1430: 1395:Jean-Marie Tjibaou 1300:are also popular. 1258: 1139: 961: 803:of New Caledonia. 725: 660:Jean-Marie Tjibaou 596:Union calédonienne 549:After World War II 529: 484:Captain James Cook 446: 228:Jean-Marie Tjibaou 131: • 3180:978-0-8248-1597-4 3153:978-0-86442-595-9 3126:978-0-304-70050-9 3077:978-0-7103-0586-2 2916:978-1-56691-411-6 2885:978-0-313-34492-3 2757:978-0-8248-3314-5 2621:978-0-8248-3314-5 2478:978-1-60239-727-9 2447:978-0-86473-582-9 2404:978-0-8248-3314-5 2343:978-1-56691-172-6 2312:978-979-461-514-0 2280:on 11 August 2011 2213:978-1-4387-3297-8 2186:978-1-84545-596-5 2156:978-0-8047-3878-1 2122:978-0-8166-0788-4 2043:978-0-8223-4444-5 2012:978-1-74076-010-2 1981:978-0-8160-7109-8 1951:978-1-86450-202-2 1924:978-1-56324-999-0 1820:978-0-7391-2082-8 1779:978-1-85669-382-0 1747:on 11 August 2011 1627:Bedford, Stuart; 1561:Antoine Kombouaré 1399:La Présence Kanak 801:official language 732:New Caledonia or 618:on the island of 568:Charles de Gaulle 478:European settlers 465:transported from 350:Other words have 255:Although ancient 171:in the southwest 138: 137: 16:(Redirected from 3228: 3200: 3199:, p. 53-54. 3194: 3185: 3184: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3110: 3101: 3100:, p. 49-50. 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2954:, p. 50-51. 2949: 2943: 2942:, p. 48-55. 2937: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2821: 2808: 2807:, p. 45-46. 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2741: 2735: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2217: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2110: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2074: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1997:Anderson, Atholl 1992: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1908: 1902: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1737: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1699: 1698: 1670: 1661: 1660: 1633:Spriggs, Matthew 1629:Spriggs, Matthew 1624: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1595: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1503: 1491: 1479: 1463: 1101: 1089: 1067: 1055: 959: 956: 781: 588:Caledonian Union 527: 524: 521:Kanak warriors, 377: 330:self-appellation 92:Total population 81: 59: 52: 21: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2986:. Sales arte.tv 2982: 2981: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2268: 2267: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2228: 2218: 2214: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2013: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1739: 1738: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1714:"We Are Kanaks" 1712: 1711: 1702: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1649: 1638:Debating Lapita 1626: 1625: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1571:Kanak war clubs 1552: 1545: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1509: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1483: 1480: 1471: 1464: 1455: 1435: 1385:Coming from an 1361: 1339: 1304:Bamboo carvings 1276:fleche faitière 1267:fleche faitiere 1227:Flèche faîtière 1196: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1073:flèche faîtière 1068: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1045: 993: 957: 947: 942: 809:Kanak languages 793: 785:Main articles: 783: 775: 767: 730: 713: 692: 676:Léopold Jorédié 668: 655: 653:Matignon Accord 584:Pierre Declercq 580: 551: 525: 515: 480: 451: 434: 371: 284: 270:flèche faîtière 214:. In addition, 159:inhabitants of 87: 83:Kanak women in 72: 68:flèche faîtière 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3186: 3179: 3159: 3152: 3132: 3125: 3102: 3090: 3076: 3056: 3039: 3024: 3009: 2997: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2929: 2915: 2891: 2884: 2861: 2838: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2763: 2756: 2736: 2715: 2709:978-2852971349 2708: 2683: 2670: 2652: 2627: 2620: 2600: 2586: 2557: 2539: 2513: 2491: 2477: 2453: 2446: 2426: 2410: 2403: 2383: 2376: 2356: 2342: 2318: 2311: 2291: 2254: 2252:, p. 156. 2239: 2230:|author2= 2212: 2192: 2185: 2162: 2155: 2135: 2121: 2095: 2056: 2042: 2018: 2011: 1987: 1980: 1957: 1950: 1930: 1923: 1903: 1889:Pawley, Andrew 1857: 1826: 1819: 1799: 1785: 1778: 1758: 1727: 1700: 1662: 1647: 1616: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1566:Jacques Zimako 1563: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1443:Melanesia 2000 1434: 1431: 1411:Kaloombat Tein 1387:oral tradition 1360: 1357: 1338: 1335: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1285: 1284: 1235:L'Île-des-Pins 1223: 1222: 1221:Wood sculpture 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1203:Lapita pottery 1195: 1192: 1126: 1123: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1041: 992: 989: 946: 943: 941: 938: 836:New Caledonian 828:Loyalty Island 826:spoken on the 807:recognizes 33 768: 766: 763: 729: 726: 712: 709: 691: 690:Present status 688: 667: 664: 654: 651: 631:Jacques Chirac 579: 576: 559:United Nations 550: 547: 514: 511: 479: 476: 450: 447: 433: 430: 408: 407: 366: 283: 280: 245:Grands Projets 204:Lapita culture 181:New Caledonian 136: 135: 125: 124: 120: 119: 118:A few thousand 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 99: 98: 97:111,856 (2019) 94: 93: 89: 88: 82: 74: 73: 60: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3233: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3057: 3054:, p. 48. 3053: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3037:, p. 54. 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3022:, p. 53. 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3007:, p. 52. 3006: 3001: 2998: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2966:, p. 51. 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2795:, p. 55. 2794: 2789: 2786: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2587: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2457: 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