369:. The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted the deuterium-burning limit (set at 13 Jupiter masses) to separate planets (below this limit) and brown dwarfs (above it). However, later work has revealed many free-floating objects labeled as brown dwarfs but with inferred masses at or well below the deuterium-burning limit. Models indicate that the exact definition of the deuterium-burning further depends on the assumed metallicity of the object and the completeness of deuterium burning, ranging from 11 Jupiter masses for an extremely metal-rich object at 10% burning to over 16 Jupiter masses for a metal poor object burning 90% of its deuterium. Alternate criteria for separating planets from brown dwarfs abandon the deuterium-burning limit altogether, instead inferring an object's nature based on its mass ratio with respect to its primary and its separation.
1322:
1310:
1534:
1284:
2062:
2159:
1316:
300:. Atmospheric modeling incorporating longer wavelength data favors the cooler end of this temperature range, while temperatures derived from Keck/OSIRIS spectra favor higher values of 1,950–2,100 K. The atmosphere of Kappa And b is likely filled by thick cloud deck extending to low atmospheric pressures. Analysis of the companion's spectrum yields a near-solar carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O ~ 0.70).
27:
377:, derived from direct measurements of the star, and consistent with Kappa And b's spectral properties strongly favor masses near 13 Jupiter masses and a mass ratio below 1%. The companion's orbital plane may also be aligned with the rotation axis of the star. These lines of evidence support the classification of this object as a superjovian-mass planet.
310:; subsequent data sets recover the companion at smaller angular separations. While only a small portion of the companion's orbital phase has been covered, current limits suggest a semimajor axis likely greater than 75 AU. Its eccentricity is fairly high (e ~ 0.7 or greater). The relative radial-velocity between it and its host star is −1.4 +/− 0.9 km/s.
2148:
380:
Forming a planet in situ with Kappa And b's properties is extremely challenging for standard core accretion models for jovian planet formation. Instead, planet formation by gravitational instability may be a viable mechanism for this companion. The companion's derived carbon to oxygen ratio, thought
551:
Stone, Jordan M.; Barman, Travis; Skemer, Andrew J.; Briesemeister, Zackery W.; Brock, Laci S.; Hinz, Philip M.; Leisenring, Jarron M.; Woodward, Charles E.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Spalding, Eckhart (2020), "High-contrast
Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy with ALES: The 3–4 μm Spectrum of κ Andromedae
289:
system SCExAO with the CHARIS integral field spectrograph, is shaped by broad water and carbon monoxide absorption features. Moderate resolution Keck/OSIRIS spectroscopy resolve these lines. Based on comparisons to large libraries of spectra for other substellar objects, the companion likely has a
372:
Previous debate centered largely on the system age, since it determines inferred values for the companion mass and mass ratio with respect to its primary star. For the now-disfavored older age (220 ± 100 million years), the inferred mass of the companion would be well above the deuterium-burning
318:
The masses of directly imaged substellar objects (exoplanets and brown dwarfs) are usually not directly measured but are instead inferred by comparing their luminosities to predicted values for substellar evolution models. Thus, uncertainties in the system age translate into uncertainties in the
855:
Sasha
Hinkley; Laurent Pueyo; Jacqueline K. Faherty; Ben R. Oppenheimer; Eric E. Mamajek; Adam L. Kraus; Emily L. Rice; Michael J. Ireland; Trevor David; et al. (September 2013). "The Kappa Andromedae System: New Constraints on the Companion Mass, System Age & Further Multiplicity".
327:
favors a much older age of 220 ± 100 million years, provided that the star, Kappa
Andromedae A, is not a fast rotator viewed pole-on. Direct measurements of the star later showed that Kappa Andromedae A is in fact a rapid rotator viewed pole-on and yield a best-estimated age of
277:. Follow-up Subaru observations taken between January and July 2012 and covering a wider wavelength range confirmed that Kappa Andromedae is gravitationally bound (not a background star) and had infrared colors consistent with a substellar (possibly planet–mass) companion.
968:
Boss, Alan P; Butler, R. Paul; Hubbard, William B; Ianna, Philip A; Kürster, Martin; Lissauer, Jack J; Mayor, Michel; Meech, Karen J; Mignard, Francois; Penny, Alan J; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Tarter, Jill C; Vidal-Madjar, Alfred (2007).
662:
381:
to be a diagnostic of the object's accretion environment, and the primary's subsolar metallicity may be evidence that Kappa And b formed through a rapid formation process, like gravitational instability.
323:, which would imply a system age of 20 to 50 million years and a mass of about 12.8 Jupiter masses. These results were later questioned by those who argued that the primary star's position on the
266:
609:
Carson; Thalmann; Janson; Kozakis; Bonnefoy; Biller; Schlieder; Currie; McElwain (November 15, 2012). "Direct
Imaging Discovery of a 'Super-Jupiter' Around the late B-Type Star Kappa And".
337:
million years favoring a mass between 13 and 30 jovian masses. A revised luminosity and detailed empirical comparisons with other substellar objects with known ages favor a mass of 13
1171:
Mickael
Bonnefoy; Thayne Currie; G.-D. Marleau; et al. (August 2013). "Characterization of the gaseous companion κ Andromedae b: New Keck and LBTI high-contrast observations".
493:
Currie, Thayne; et al. (2018), "SCExAO/CHARIS Near-infrared Direct
Imaging, Spectroscopy, and Forward-Modeling of κ And b: A Likely Young, Low-gravity Superjovian Companion",
1367:
666:
2203:
1118:
Kratter, Kaitlin; et al. (2010). ""The Runts of the Litter: Why planets formed through gravitational instability can only be failed binary stars"".
1242:
2198:
1533:
1283:
1529:
319:
object's mass. The discovery paper for Kappa
Andromedae b argued that the primary's kinematics are consistent with membership in the
1012:
373:
limit and its mass ratio would exceed 1%, best consistent with a brown dwarf. Younger ages inferred from possible membership in the
1065:
Spiegel, David S.; Burrows, Adam; Milson, John A. (2011). "The
Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets".
324:
103:
1292:
45:
779:"Orbits for the Impatient: A Bayesian Rejection-sampling Method for Quickly Fitting the Orbits of Long-period Exoplanets"
2172:
2167:
2162:
1235:
1338:
722:
Wilcomb, K; et al. (2020), "Moderate-resolution K-band
Spectroscopy of Substellar Companion κ Andromedae b",
2193:
419:
Uyama, Taichi; et al. (2020), "Atmospheric
Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of κ Andromeda b",
231:
2075:
2006:
2061:
2044:
911:"The Age of the Directly Imaged Planet Host Star κ Andromedae Determined from Interferometric Observations"
354:
The nature of Kappa Andromedae b has been long-debated, specifically whether it is a gas giant planet or a
1267:
1262:
1228:
1542:
293:
Empirical comparisons to well-characterized substellar objects suggest an effective temperature of 1,700–
2208:
139:
909:
Jones, Jeremy; White, R. J.; Quinn, S.; Ireland, M.; Boyajian, T.; Schaefer, G.; Baines, E. K. (2016).
1190:
1137:
1084:
1031:
982:
932:
875:
800:
741:
628:
571:
512:
438:
61:
290:
spectral type of L0-L1: its sharp H-band (1.65 microns) shape is indicative of low surface gravity.
1279:
374:
320:
90:
2031:
1321:
691:
2152:
1905:
1467:
1390:
1206:
1180:
1153:
1127:
1100:
1074:
1047:
1021:
950:
922:
891:
865:
818:
790:
759:
731:
644:
618:
589:
561:
530:
502:
456:
428:
1309:
663:"Super-Jupiter Kappa Andromedae b: NASA not certain if new discovery is a planet or dwarf star"
2109:
2101:
1508:
1479:
1359:
1343:
306:
54:
2080:
1348:
1298:
1198:
1194:
1145:
1092:
1039:
990:
940:
883:
808:
749:
636:
579:
520:
446:
223:
155:
37:
837:
2026:
286:
1010:
Luhman, K. L. (21 April 2014). "Discovery of a ~250 K Brown Dwarf at 2 pc from the Sun".
265:
Kappa Andromedae b was discovered through near-infrared high-contrast imaging during the
1141:
1088:
1035:
986:
936:
879:
804:
745:
632:
575:
516:
442:
1149:
359:
74:
1043:
887:
640:
2187:
2125:
1623:
1589:
1584:
1519:
1104:
1096:
1051:
945:
910:
895:
822:
763:
648:
593:
534:
460:
234:
1315:
1210:
1157:
954:
2085:
1633:
1559:
1547:
1330:
242:
182:
2121:
1202:
2070:
2021:
2016:
355:
254:
194:
26:
813:
778:
754:
584:
525:
451:
2011:
2001:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1898:
1842:
1837:
1812:
1807:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1721:
1677:
1672:
1660:
1655:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1579:
1569:
1564:
995:
970:
366:
285:
The low resolution near-infrared spectrum of Kappa And b, obtained by extreme
249:. As early history on Kappa And b is filled with debate over whether it is an
238:
2036:
1884:
1871:
1849:
1832:
1819:
1802:
1789:
1767:
1750:
1716:
1700:
1684:
1667:
1650:
1596:
1554:
1443:
1431:
1407:
1373:
362:
270:
250:
2049:
2041:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1645:
1601:
1496:
1455:
1419:
1384:
257:, some scientists have broadly described it as a "super-Jupiter" object.
2115:
1490:
1401:
303:
Kappa Andromedae b was first imaged at a projected separation of about
246:
1628:
296:
274:
219:
202:
927:
795:
736:
566:
507:
433:
218:
is a directly imaged substellar object and likely superjovian-mass
2131:
1185:
1132:
1079:
1026:
870:
623:
117:
31:
Kappa Andromedae b is visible as the white blob in the upper left.
1910:
1220:
227:
167:
83:
1224:
692:"Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter'"
267:
Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru
269:(SEEDS) survey at the Subaru Telescope, located atop
2094:
2058:
1994:
1528:
1357:
1329:
1278:
975:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
193:
166:
161:
151:
137:
115:
101:
89:
72:
60:
43:
36:
241:away. The companion's mass is roughly 13 times
1236:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
665:. wptv.com. November 20, 2012. Archived from
16:Astronomical object orbiting Kappa Andromedae
8:
604:
602:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
414:
19:
546:
544:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
1243:
1229:
1221:
25:
1184:
1131:
1078:
1025:
994:
944:
926:
869:
812:
794:
753:
735:
622:
583:
565:
524:
506:
450:
432:
390:
686:
684:
18:
2204:Exoplanets detected by direct imaging
104:Longitude of ascending node
7:
838:"How Massive is Kappa Andromedae B?"
777:Blunt, Sarah; et al. (2017).
14:
1013:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
915:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
281:Atmosphere and orbital properties
2158:
2157:
2146:
2060:
1532:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1282:
1293:High Resolution Coronal Imager
358:, an object massive enough to
1:
2199:Exoplanets discovered in 2012
1295:(solar observatory; Jul 2012)
694:. nasa.gov. November 19, 2012
2173:Category:2013 in outer space
2168:Category:2012 in outer space
2163:Category:2011 in outer space
1173:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1150:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1375
350:Classification and formation
1203:10.1051/0004-6361/201322119
1044:10.1088/2041-8205/786/2/L18
888:10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L32
641:10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L32
325:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
140:Argument of periastron
2225:
1097:10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/57
946:10.3847/2041-8205/822/1/L3
836:Montet, Ben (2013-09-20).
2141:
2134:(lunar impacts; Dec 2012)
1368:Asteroid close approaches
1306:
1301:(Earth orbiter; Aug 2012)
1256:
1120:The Astrophysical Journal
1067:The Astrophysical Journal
996:10.1017/S1743921306004509
858:The Astrophysical Journal
724:The Astrophysical Journal
611:The Astrophysical Journal
495:The Astrophysical Journal
421:The Astrophysical Journal
209:
75:Orbital period (sidereal)
24:
2106:(Mars landing; Aug 2012)
971:"Definition of a planet"
814:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6930
783:The Astronomical Journal
755:10.3847/1538-3881/abb9b1
585:10.3847/1538-3881/abbef3
554:The Astronomical Journal
526:10.3847/1538-3881/aae9ea
452:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5afa
162:Physical characteristics
2045:supermassive black hole
2007:LAE J095950.99+021219.1
1339:Sutter's Mill meteorite
1195:2014A&A...562A.111B
118:Time of periastron
38:Orbital characteristics
2153:Outer space portal
2076:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
1280:Space probe launches
1142:2010ApJ...710.1375K
1089:2011ApJ...727...57S
1036:2014ApJ...786L..18L
987:2007IAUTA..26..183B
937:2016ApJ...822L...3J
880:2013ApJ...763L..32C
805:2017AJ....153..229B
746:2020AJ....160..207W
669:on October 24, 2013
633:2013ApJ...763L..32C
576:2020AJ....160..262S
517:2018AJ....156..291C
443:2020AJ....159...40U
375:Columba association
321:Columba association
314:System age and mass
21:
1906:MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb
1641:Kappa Andromedae b
216:Kappa Andromedae b
20:Kappa Andromedae b
2181:
2180:
2095:Space exploration
1543:CFBDSIR 2149−0403
1344:2012 UK meteoroid
213:
212:
2216:
2194:Kappa Andromedae
2161:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2114:(departure from
2081:C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
2064:
1637:
1551:
1536:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:(214869) 2007 PA
1504:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:(523662) 2012 MU
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:(308242) 2005 GO
1463:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:(192642) 1999 RD
1381:
1379:
1378:
1349:Novato meteorite
1324:
1318:
1312:
1299:Van Allen Probes
1286:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1188:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1135:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1082:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1029:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
965:
959:
958:
948:
930:
906:
900:
899:
873:
852:
846:
845:
833:
827:
826:
816:
798:
774:
768:
766:
757:
739:
719:
704:
703:
701:
699:
688:
679:
678:
676:
674:
659:
653:
652:
626:
606:
597:
596:
587:
569:
548:
539:
537:
528:
510:
490:
465:
463:
454:
436:
416:
346:Jupiter masses.
345:
344:
336:
335:
309:
299:
224:Kappa Andromedae
205:
181:
180:
179:
156:Kappa Andromedae
147:
133:
131:
127:
111:
97:
82:
68:
53:
29:
22:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2090:
2054:
2027:Phoenix Cluster
1990:
1631:
1545:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1353:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1252:
1249:
1219:
1218:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1009:
1008:
1004:
967:
966:
962:
908:
907:
903:
854:
853:
849:
835:
834:
830:
776:
775:
771:
721:
720:
707:
697:
695:
690:
689:
682:
672:
670:
661:
660:
656:
608:
607:
600:
550:
549:
542:
492:
491:
468:
418:
417:
392:
387:
352:
343:
340:
339:
338:
334:
331:
330:
329:
316:
304:
294:
287:adaptive optics
283:
263:
226:, a young B9IV
200:
188:
185:
177:
175:
174:
172:
145:
142:
129:
125:
123:
120:
109:
106:
95:
80:
77:
66:
51:
48:
46:Semi-major axis
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2032:WISE 1639−6847
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1539:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1399:
1387:
1382:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1163:
1110:
1057:
1002:
960:
901:
847:
828:
769:
705:
680:
654:
598:
540:
466:
389:
388:
386:
383:
351:
348:
341:
332:
315:
312:
282:
279:
262:
259:
211:
210:
207:
206:
197:
191:
190:
186:
183:
170:
164:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
138:
135:
134:
121:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
78:
73:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
49:
44:
41:
40:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2221:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:4179 Toutatis
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:HW Virginis b
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1520:4179 Toutatis
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1331:Impact events
1328:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1251:2012 in space
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
961:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
851:
848:
843:
839:
832:
829:
824:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
770:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
738:
733:
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
706:
693:
687:
685:
681:
668:
664:
658:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
541:
536:
532:
527:
522:
518:
514:
509:
504:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
391:
384:
382:
378:
376:
370:
368:
364:
361:
357:
349:
347:
326:
322:
313:
311:
308:
301:
298:
291:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:constellation
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
204:
198:
196:
192:
189:
171:
169:
165:
160:
157:
154:
150:
144:
141:
136:
122:
119:
114:
108:
105:
100:
94:
92:
88:
85:
79:
76:
71:
65:
63:
59:
56:
50:
47:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2209:Brown dwarfs
2166:
2110:
2102:
2086:96P/Machholz
1640:
1634:rogue object
1560:Gliese 163 c
1548:rogue planet
1176:
1172:
1166:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1017:
1011:
1005:
978:
974:
963:
918:
914:
904:
861:
857:
850:
841:
831:
786:
782:
772:
727:
723:
698:November 21,
696:. Retrieved
673:November 21,
671:. Retrieved
667:the original
657:
614:
610:
557:
553:
498:
494:
424:
420:
379:
371:
353:
317:
302:
292:
284:
264:
237:, about 170
215:
214:
62:Eccentricity
2128:; Dec 2012)
2118:; Sep 2012)
2071:78P/Gehrels
2022:Q2343-BX442
2017:Styx (moon)
1995:Discoveries
1580:Giese 676 A
1126:(2): 1375.
981:: 183–186.
356:brown dwarf
295:2,000
255:brown dwarf
239:light-years
201:2,000
195:Temperature
91:Inclination
2188:Categories
2124:(flyby of
2002:LEDA 74886
1961:RR Caeli b
1746:Kepler-35b
1741:Kepler-34b
1565:Gliese 667
1530:Exoplanets
1020:(2): L18.
928:1604.02176
864:(2): L32.
842:Astrobites
796:1703.10653
789:(5). 229.
737:2009.08959
730:(5): 207,
617:(2): L32.
567:2010.02928
560:(6): 262,
508:1810.09457
501:(6): 291,
434:1810.09457
385:References
146:96.6–155.4
2122:Chang'e 2
2103:Curiosity
2037:SN 2012fr
2012:BD+48 740
1885:Kepler-89
1872:Kepler-84
1850:Kepler-80
1833:Kepler-56
1820:Kepler-51
1803:Kepler-47
1790:Kepler-46
1768:Kepler-42
1751:Kepler-36
1717:Kepler-33
1701:Kepler-32
1685:Kepler-30
1668:Kepler-25
1651:Kepler-24
1597:GJ 3470 b
1555:CoRoT-21b
1358:Selected
1186:1308.3859
1133:0909.2644
1105:118513110
1080:1008.5150
1073:(1): 57.
1052:119102654
1027:1404.6501
896:119253577
871:1211.3744
823:119223138
764:221802366
649:119253577
624:1211.3744
594:222177297
535:119261709
461:208248220
427:(2): 40,
363:deuterium
333:−40
271:Mauna Kea
261:Discovery
251:exoplanet
232:Andromeda
222:orbiting
110:60.3–90.5
96:114.9–140
67:0.69–0.85
2050:Huge-LQG
2042:NGC 1277
1986:WASP-79b
1981:WASP-66b
1976:WASP-56b
1971:WASP-49b
1966:WASP-47b
1926:Tau Ceti
1921:Pr0211 b
1916:Pr0201 b
1646:KELT-2Ab
1602:HD 40307
1385:433 Eros
1270: »
1211:51944782
1179:: A111.
1158:15653051
955:38367518
921:(1): 7.
365:but not
342:−2
305:55
243:the mass
2116:4 Vesta
2059:Comets
1497:2012 TC
1491:2012 TV
1456:2012 LZ
1444:2012 KT
1432:2012 KP
1420:2012 EG
1408:2012 FP
1402:2012 FN
1374:2012 BX
1261:«
1191:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
1085:Bibcode
1032:Bibcode
983:Bibcode
933:Bibcode
876:Bibcode
801:Bibcode
742:Bibcode
629:Bibcode
572:Bibcode
513:Bibcode
439:Bibcode
367:protium
247:Jupiter
230:in the
81:242–900
1629:J1407b
1209:
1156:
1103:
1050:
953:
894:
821:
762:
647:
592:
533:
459:
275:Hawaii
220:planet
199:1,700–
52:57–133
2132:GRAIL
1207:S2CID
1181:arXiv
1154:S2CID
1128:arXiv
1101:S2CID
1075:arXiv
1048:S2CID
1022:arXiv
951:S2CID
923:arXiv
892:S2CID
866:arXiv
819:S2CID
791:arXiv
760:S2CID
732:arXiv
645:S2CID
619:arXiv
590:S2CID
562:arXiv
531:S2CID
503:arXiv
457:S2CID
429:arXiv
253:or a
2111:Dawn
1911:PH1b
1360:NEOs
1268:2013
1263:2011
700:2012
675:2012
552:B",
360:fuse
228:star
168:Mass
152:Star
128:.4–2
1199:doi
1177:562
1146:doi
1124:710
1093:doi
1071:727
1040:doi
1018:786
991:doi
941:doi
919:822
884:doi
862:763
809:doi
787:153
750:doi
728:160
637:doi
615:763
580:doi
558:160
521:doi
499:156
447:doi
425:159
245:of
176:+12
130:047
126:038
2190::
2171:—
2165:—
1574:Cd
1570:Cc
1471:21
1447:42
1435:24
1411:35
1394:32
1377:34
1205:.
1197:.
1189:.
1175:.
1152:.
1144:.
1136:.
1122:.
1099:.
1091:.
1083:.
1069:.
1046:.
1038:.
1030:.
1016:.
989:.
977:.
973:.
949:.
939:.
931:.
917:.
913:.
890:.
882:.
874:.
860:.
840:.
817:.
807:.
799:.
785:.
781:.
758:,
748:,
740:,
726:,
708:^
683:^
643:.
635:.
627:.
613:.
601:^
588:,
578:,
570:,
556:,
543:^
529:,
519:,
511:,
497:,
469:^
455:,
445:,
437:,
423:,
393:^
328:47
307:AU
273:,
178:−2
173:13
132:.9
55:AU
1954:f
1949:e
1945:?
1943:d
1939:?
1937:c
1933:?
1931:b
1899:e
1895:d
1892:c
1889:b
1879:c
1876:b
1866:f
1863:e
1860:d
1857:c
1854:b
1843:c
1838:b
1827:c
1824:b
1813:c
1808:b
1797:c
1794:b
1783:d
1778:c
1773:b
1761:c
1756:b
1735:f
1732:e
1729:d
1726:c
1722:b
1711:f
1708:e
1705:d
1695:d
1692:c
1689:b
1678:c
1673:b
1661:c
1656:b
1636:)
1632:(
1617:g
1612:f
1607:e
1590:e
1585:d
1550:)
1546:(
1512:8
1500:4
1483:2
1459:1
1423:5
1244:e
1237:t
1230:v
1213:.
1201::
1193::
1183::
1160:.
1148::
1140::
1130::
1107:.
1095::
1087::
1077::
1054:.
1042::
1034::
1024::
999:.
993::
985::
979:1
957:.
943::
935::
925::
898:.
886::
878::
868::
844:.
825:.
811::
803::
793::
767:}
752::
744::
734::
702:.
677:.
651:.
639::
631::
621::
582::
574::
564::
538:}
523::
515::
505::
464:}
449::
441::
431::
297:K
203:K
187:J
184:M
124:2
84:y
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
