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had also appeared in 1485, also reappeared as carabiners. Screw gates and internal springs were developed. Prussian fire brigades began to use carabiners for connecting themselves to ladders in 1847, and this became the modern gourd-shaped design by 1868. German and
Austrian mountaineers started using them during the late 19th century, with a mention of their use from 1879, and their continued use for climbing by climbers in Saxon Switzerland. The majority used gourd shaped carabiners which were created for mining or other utility purposes.
542:
makes their wire bales less prone to "gate flutter", a dangerous condition created when the carabiner suddenly impacts rock or other hard surfaces during a fall, and the gate opens momentarily due to momentum (and both lowers the breaking strength of the carabiner when open, and potentially allows the rope to escape). Simple wiregate designs feature a notch that can snag objects (similar to original solid gate designs), but newer designs feature a shroud or guide wires around the "hooked" part of the carabiner nose to prevent snagging.
842:
first aluminium carabiner prototypes were made by Pierre Allain, although they were never sold. These were the first carabiners designed specificaly for climbing and the first offset D-shaped carabiners. Aluminium carabiners were first sold to the military in 1941, which were the first commercial carabiners designed specifically for climbing. Slightly offset D-shaped carabiners were sold in the late 1940s, which became the standard offset D-shape (which is now the most common) in the 1950s.
749:. The standard defines two classes of rescue carabiners. Technical use rescue carabiners are required to have minimum breaking strengths of 27 kN gate closed, 7 kN gate open and 7 kN minor axis. General use rescue carabiners are required to have minimum breaking strengths of 40 kN gate closed, 11 kN gate open and 11 kN minor axis. Testing procedures for rescue carabiners are set out in
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gates with a fingertip, allowing easy one hand operation. The likelihood of a rope under tension to split the gates is therefore practically none. The lack of a rotating lock prevents a rolling knot, such as the Munter hitch, from unlocking the gate and passing through, giving a measure of inherent safety in use and reducing mechanical complexity.
783:, section 3.2.1.4 (for snap hooks and carabiners) is a voluntary consensus standard. This standard requires that all connectors/ carabiners support a minimum breaking strength (MBS) of 5,000 lbf (22 kN) and feature an auto-locking gate mechanism which supports a minimum breaking strength (MBS) of 3,600 lbf (16 kN).
667:
are prone to both spring fatigue and their more complex mechanisms becoming balky from dirt, ice, or other contamination. They are also difficult to open one-handed and with gloves on, and sometimes jam, getting stuck after being tightened under load, and being very hard to undo once the load is removed.
833:
strap. The load bearing latch was added in the 1790s, for the
British cavalry design. They were used for many other purposes during the 19th century, such as for luggage straps, mining and connecting ropes. Some common designs first appeared during that time, including S-carabiners. Oval links, which
714:
Industry: Carabiners used for access in commercial and industrial environments within Europe must comply with EN 362:2004 "Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Connectors." The minimum gate closed breaking strength of a carabiner conforming with EN 362:2004 is nominally the same
537:
Solid gate: The more traditional carabiner design, incorporating a solid metal gate with separate pin and spring mechanisms. Most modern carabiners feature a 'key-lock nose shape and gate opening, which is less prone to snagging than traditional notch and pin design. Most locking carabiners are based
479:
Oval: Symmetric. Most basic and utilitarian. Smooth regular curves are gentle on equipment and allow easy repositioning of loads. Their greatest disadvantage is that a load is shared equally on both the strong solid spine and the weaker gated axis. Often preferred type for racking biners due to their
677:
Double-Gate: Have two opposed overlapping gates at the opening which prevent a rope or anchor from inadvertently passing through the gate in either direction. Gates may only be opened by pushing outwards from in between towards either direction. The carabiner can therefore be opened by splitting the
666:
Twist-lock, push-lock, twist-and-push-lock: Have a security sleeve over the gate which must be manually rotated and/or pulled to disengage, but which springs automatically to locked position upon release. They offer the advantage of re-engaging without additional user input, but being spring-loaded
734:
cliff rescue, military, SWAT, and even by some non-NFPA fire departments. ASTM requirements for light use carabiners are 27 kN MBS on the long axis, 7 kN on the short axis. Requirements for the lesser-used heavy duty rescue carabiners are 40 kN MBS long axis, 10.68 kN short axis.
673:
Magnetic: Have two small levers with embedded magnets on either side of the locking gate which must be pushed towards each other or pinched simultaneously to unlock. Upon release the levers pull shut and into the locked position against a small steel insert in the carabiner nose. With the gate open
845:
Chouinard
Equipment introduced the 22 kN aluminium carabiner in 1968, though this strength had already been far surpassed by steel carabiners. Wiregate carabiners were first patented in 1969, and were sold for maritime use. They were first sold for climbing in 1996. The popular keylock, which
841:
During the 1920s many designs were used by mountain climbers, such as gourd-shaped, oval or elliptical, mostly sold for general hardware. By the early 1930s, carabiners were being sold for climbing, oval designs being the most popular. During this decade, hardened steel carabiners appeared and the
541:
Wire gate: A single piece of bent spring-steel wire forms the gate. Wire gate carabiners are significantly lighter than solid gates, with roughly the same strength. Wire gates are less prone to icing up than solid gates, an advantage in Alpine mountaineering and ice climbing. The reduced gate mass
733:
Rescue: Carabiners used for rescue are addressed in ASTM F1956. This document addresses two classifications of carabiners, light use and heavy-duty. Light use carabiners are the most widely used, and are commonly found in applications including technical rope rescue, mountain rescue, cave rescue,
435:
Often referred to as carabiner-style or as mini-carabiners, carabiner keyrings and other light-use clips of similar style and design have also become popular. Most are stamped with a "not for climbing" or similar warning due to a common lack of load-testing and safety standards in manufacturing.
837:
The common myth suggesting that mountaineering carabiners were invented or made by German climber Otto "Rambo" Herzog in the 1910s has no basis in fact. He used them for some challenging climbs and some new techniques at a time when such "artificial aids" were still controversial in mountain
639:
over the gate which must be engaged and disengaged manually. They have fewer moving parts than spring-loaded mechanisms, are less prone to malfunctioning due to contamination or component fatigue, and are easier to employ one-handed. They, however, require more total effort and are more
625:
Locking carabiners have the same general shape as non-locking carabiners, but have an additional mechanism securing the gate to prevent unintentional opening during use. These mechanisms may be either threaded sleeves ("screw-lock"), spring-loaded sleeves ("twist-lock"), magnetic levers
729:
Climbing and mountaineering: Minimum breaking strength (MBS) requirements and calculations for climbing and mountaineering carabiners in the USA are set out in ASTM Standard F1774. This standard calls for a MBS of 20 kN on the long axis, and 7 kN on the short axis (cross
439:
While any metal link with a spring-loaded gate is technically a carabiner, the strict usage among the climbing community specifically refers only to devices manufactured and tested for load-bearing in safety-critical systems like rock and mountain climbing, typically rated to
693:
Recreation: Carabiners sold for use in climbing in Europe must conform to standard EN 12275:1998 "Mountaineering equipment – Connectors – Safety requirements and test methods", which governs testing protocols, rated strengths, and markings. A breaking strength of at least 20
674:
the magnets in the two levers repel each other so they do not lock or stick together, which might prevent the gate from closing properly. Advantages are very easy one-handed operation, re-engaging without additional user input and few mechanical parts that can fail.
822:, with the earliest known mention of them being in 1616 by Johann Jacob von Wallhausen, in the Holy Roman Empire. They were widely used in many European countries during the 17th century, and typically had a belt attachment and swivel joint, much like a modern
546:
Both solid and wire gate carabiners can be either "straight gate" or "bent gate". Bent-gate carabiners are easier to clip a rope into using only one hand, and so are often used for the rope-end carabiner of quickdraws and alpine draws used for
702:
with the gate open is the standard for most climbing applications, although requirements vary depending on the activity. Carabiners are marked on the side with single letters showing their intended area of use, for example, K
2715:
2710:
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526:) have a sprung swinging gate that accepts a rope, webbing sling, or other hardware. Rock climbers frequently connect two non-locking carabiners with a short length of webbing to create a
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432:. They are predominantly made from both steel and aluminium. Those used in sports tend to be of a lighter weight than those used in commercial applications and rope rescue.
1717:
761:
353:, a metal loop with a spring-loaded gate used to quickly and reversibly connect components, most notably in safety-critical systems. The word comes from the
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998:
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which specifies "drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials" and a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbf (22 kN).
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1312:"Desarrollo de un modelo de utilidad en descensores para deportes de montaña / Development of a utility model in descender for the mountain sports"
807:
The first known hooks that had a sprung, hinged gate where the spring kept it closed (characteristics expected of a carabiner) were depicted by
917:
698:(20,000 newtons = approximately 2040 kilograms of force which is significantly more than the weight of a small car) with the gate closed and 7
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198:
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harness. They are usually rated for a safe working load of 5 kN or more (equivalent to a weight in excess of approximately 500 kg).
901:
772:
650:
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742:
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Martin Löffelholz von
Kolberg in about 1505 in the Codex Löffelholz, in the Holy Roman Empire. These then became the clip used to hold a
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climbing, but he did not invent them or develop any designs, and he was born long after other climbers were already using carabiners.
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with a munter hitch (the size is needed to accommodate the hitch with two strands of rope). These are usually the heaviest carabiners.
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236:
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74:
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Rather poor depiction of a carabiner attached to a shoulder belt, from Johann Jacob von
Wallhausen's Kriegskunst zu Pferdt, 1616
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109:
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Fall protection: Carabiners used for fall protection in US industry are classified as "connectors" and are required to meet
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2002:
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1997:
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Hooks with a sprung, hinged gate, depicted on a horse's muzzle in the Codex Löffelholz folio 38v, about 1505
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626:("Magnetron"), other spring loaded unlocking levers or opposing double spring loaded gates ("twin-gate").
417:
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D: Asymmetric shape transfers the majority of the load on to the spine, the carabiner's strongest axis.
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Carabiners fall into three broad locking categories: non-locking, manual locking, and auto locking.
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requirements and calculations for rescue carabiners used by NFPA compliant agencies are set out in
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Multiple-levers: Having at least two spring loaded levers that are each operated with one hand.
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Pear/HMS: Wider and rounder shape at the top than offset-D's, and typically larger. Used for
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Offset-D: Variant of a D with a greater asymmetry, allowing for a wider gate opening.
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are used to connect the envelope to the basket and are rated at 2.5, 3, or 4 tonnes.
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Revista
Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte
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Safety
Requirement for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and Components
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719:. Carabiners complying with both EN 12275:1998 and EN 362:2004 are available.
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2124:
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1975:
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1215:. Germany/Austria: Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins. p. 104.
808:
527:
1212:
Mitteilungen des
Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins Vol. 05 (1879)
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Carabiner with multiple combined auto lock and quick release, useful in
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2007:
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823:
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401:
369:
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31:
2019:
1985:
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1198:. Kingdom of Württemberg: Selbst-Verlag des Verfassers. p. 125.
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2087:
1965:
1797:
997:. Pretoria: The South African Department of Labour. Archived from
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790:
648:
278:
250:
384:
Carabiners are widely used in rope-intensive activities such as
1343:
968:"Cameron Balloons Maintenance Manual (refer to section 6.6.4)"
558:
325:
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307:
183:
81:
40:
30:
This article is about the safety device. For the weapon, see
2769:
1339:
454:
Load-bearing screw-gate carabiners are used to connect the
310:
640:
time-consuming than pull-lock, twist-lock or lever-lock.
1286:"Next for Volume 3 (aluminum carabiners, nylon ropes)"
2711:
Federación Española de
Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
1154:. United Kingdom: The Crowood Press. pp. 36–37.
1152:
Soldiers' Accoutrements of the British Army 1750-1900
322:
304:
301:
2763:
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
2716:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
1057:. Professional Association of Climbing Instructors.
707:), B (base), and H (for belaying with an Italian or
316:
2775:
Union of International Mountain Leader Associations
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112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1310:Baena-Extremera, A.; Granero-Gallegos, A. (2012).
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
501:. The largest HMS carabiners can also be used for
846:avoids snagging, was developed around 1984–1987.
661:work, where two lanyards and carabiners are used
1103:
1101:
1099:
475:Carabiners come in four characteristic shapes:
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1178:Notiz-Blatt des Architekten-Vereins zu Berlin
762:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
8:
1195:Das Feuerlöschwesen in allen seinen Theilen
755:Standard Specification of Rescue Carabiners
747:Fire Service Life Safety Rope and Equipment
593:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2757:International Federation of Sport Climbing
2653:
2359:
1785:
1776:
1390:
1381:
1362:
1348:
1340:
613:Learn how and when to remove this message
376:to attach their carbines to their belts.
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
1052:"EN12275 and UIAA-121 testing protocols"
214:of all important aspects of the article.
1236:"First carabiners for climbing-summary"
881:
715:as that of EN 12275:1998 at around 20
283:Using a carabiner to connect to a rope
275:Center is a standard carabiner rating.
210:Please consider expanding the lead to
1133:von Wallhausen, Johann Jacob (1616).
773:American National Standards Institute
7:
2817:
1064:from the original on 10 October 2022
918:"Climbing Dictionary & Glossary"
777:American Society of Safety Engineers
743:National Fire Protection Association
591:adding citations to reliable sources
110:adding citations to reliable sources
2829:
635:Screw-lock (or screw gate): Have a
25:
2726:South African Climbing Federation
1192:Magirus, Conrad Dietrich (1877).
372:hook," as the device was used by
56:This article has multiple issues.
27:Shackle with a spring-loaded gate
2828:
2816:
2805:
2804:
2792:
1698:IFSC World Championships winners
894:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
563:
297:
188:
86:
45:
991:Code Of Practice Inshore Diving
202:may be too short to adequately
97:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
34:. For the cavalry soldier, see
2696:British Mountaineering Council
1181:. Prussia: Riegel. p. 47.
953:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
212:provide an accessible overview
1:
1175:von Quast, Ferdinand (1847).
1139:. Holy Roman Empire: de Bry.
766:Personal Fall Arrest System
745:standard 1983-2012 edition
533:Two gate types are common:
522:Non-locking carabiners (or
349:, is a specialized type of
341:, colloquially known as a (
2893:
871:Glossary of climbing terms
779:standard ANSI Z359.1-2007
497:, and with some types of
29:
2788:
2686:Appalachian Mountain Club
896:(3rd ed.). Longman.
538:on the solid gate design.
255:Clockwise from top left:
2872:Mountaineering equipment
2601:Mountain Safety Research
2596:Mountain Equipment Co-op
1024:"Climber's Club Journal"
460:surface supplied diver's
2731:South Tyrol Alpine Club
2526:Eastern Mountain Sports
2392:Canadian Alpine Journal
2385:American Alpine Journal
1648:Roof and tunnel hacking
1150:Turner, Pierre (2006).
988:Diving Advisory Board.
866:Rock-climbing equipment
764:standard 1910.66 App C
268:pear-shaped auto locker
2551:Holubar Mountaineering
2363:Magazines and journals
1693:IFSC World Cup winners
804:
796:
662:
363:
357:
333:), often shortened to
284:
276:
271:D-shaped screw locker.
262:D-shaped straight gate
2676:Alpine Club of Canada
2586:Marmot Mountain Works
2541:GERRY Mountain Sports
1136:Kriegskunst zu Pferdt
802:
794:
737:Fire rescue: Minimum
652:
282:
254:
2706:Club Alpino Italiano
2691:Austrian Alpine Club
2681:American Alpine Club
1209:Seitz, Carl (1879).
587:improve this section
418:industrial rope work
106:improve this article
2701:Club Alpin Français
2075:Mountaineering boot
1688:Piolet d'Or winners
1290:www.BigWallGear.com
1261:"Carabiner history"
1240:www.BigWallGear.com
1109:"Carabiner history"
390:fall arrest systems
2857:Climbing equipment
2721:German Alpine Club
1265:www.CavingUK.co.uk
1113:www.CavingUK.co.uk
1004:on 9 November 2016
956:. Merriam-Webster.
805:
797:
751:ASTM International
663:
510:Locking mechanisms
406:hot-air ballooning
285:
277:
265:oval straight gate
259:D-shaped wire gate
2867:German inventions
2844:
2843:
2784:
2783:
2736:Swiss Alpine Club
2489:
2488:
2444:Non-fiction films
2420:Planinski Vestnik
2413:Himalayan Journal
2351:
2350:
2113:
2112:
1742:Historical events
1713:Eight-thousanders
1666:
1665:
1520:
1519:
928:on 3 January 2007
903:978-1-4058-8118-0
739:breaking strength
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456:diver's umbilical
426:whitewater rescue
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16:(Redirected from
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2606:Outdoor Research
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1747:Grade milestones
1556:Expedition style
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924:. Archived from
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753:standard F 1956
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1186:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1149:
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1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
965:
961:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
916:
915:
911:
904:
888:
887:
883:
879:
852:
789:
726:
690:
685:
647:
637:threaded sleeve
632:
619:
608:
602:
599:
584:
568:
557:
530:(an extender).
520:
512:
473:
468:
422:window cleaning
382:
300:
296:
274:
243:
232:
231:
230:
225:
219:
216:
209:
197:This article's
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115:
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103:
91:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2890:
2888:
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2869:
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2849:
2848:
2842:
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2789:
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2698:
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2688:
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2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:The North Face
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Sierra Designs
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Frostline Kits
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2427:Rock & Ice
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2371:Alpine Journal
2366:
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2357:
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2349:
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2346:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2261:Climbing route
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:Simul-climbing
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Front pointing
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Avalanche cord
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2048:Bottled oxygen
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1846:
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1844:
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1834:
1824:
1823:
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1807:
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1794:
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1761:
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1755:
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1749:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:IFSC victories
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
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1620:
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1575:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1528:
1526:Mountaineering
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1302:
1277:
1252:
1218:
1201:
1184:
1167:
1160:
1142:
1125:
1075:
1043:
1031:Climber's Club
1015:
980:
959:
939:
909:
902:
890:Wells, John C.
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
851:
848:
788:
785:
770:
769:
758:
735:
731:
725:
722:
721:
720:
712:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
675:
671:
668:
646:
643:
642:
641:
631:
628:
621:
620:
571:
569:
562:
556:
553:
544:
543:
539:
519:
516:
511:
508:
507:
506:
487:
484:
481:
472:
469:
467:
464:
447:Carabiners on
381:
378:
365:Karabinerhaken
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
256:
245:
244:
227:
226:
206:the key points
196:
194:
187:
180:
179:
94:
92:
85:
80:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2889:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:International
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:Organizations
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Early Winters
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Black Diamond
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:The Dawn Wall
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Bachar ladder
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Climbing wall
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Approach shoe
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:Climbing rope
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:First ascents
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
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1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Rock climbing
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1325:(48): 681–698
1324:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1161:9781861268839
1157:
1153:
1146:
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1138:
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1129:
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1114:
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1100:
1098:
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1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1000:
993:
992:
984:
981:
969:
963:
960:
955:
954:
949:
943:
940:
927:
923:
919:
913:
910:
905:
899:
895:
891:
885:
882:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
861:Lobster clasp
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
801:
793:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
724:United States
723:
718:
713:
710:
706:
701:
697:
692:
691:
687:
683:Certification
682:
676:
672:
669:
665:
664:
660:
656:
651:
644:
638:
634:
633:
629:
627:
617:
614:
606:
603:December 2017
596:
592:
588:
582:
581:
577:
572:This section
570:
566:
561:
560:
554:
552:
550:
549:lead climbing
540:
536:
535:
534:
531:
529:
525:
517:
515:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
476:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
445:
443:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:arboriculture
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
294:
290:
281:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
253:
249:
241:
238:
223:
220:February 2024
213:
207:
205:
200:
195:
191:
186:
185:
176:
173:
165:
162:February 2013
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123: –
122:
118:
117:Find sources:
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
89:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2741:USA Climbing
2641:Wild Country
2636:Therm-a-Rest
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2452:The Alpinist
2450:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2331:Campus board
2286:First ascent
2030:Ice and snow
1858:
1827:Belay device
1678:Alpine clubs
1638:Ropes course
1551:Alpine style
1327:. Retrieved
1322:
1318:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1170:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1066:. Retrieved
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
1018:
1008:16 September
1006:. Retrieved
999:the original
990:
983:
971:. Retrieved
962:
951:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
921:
912:
893:
884:
844:
840:
836:
806:
780:
771:
765:
754:
746:
709:Munter hitch
645:Auto-locking
624:
609:
600:
585:Please help
573:
545:
532:
523:
521:
513:
499:belay device
495:munter hitch
474:
453:
446:
438:
434:
414:construction
383:
362:, short for
346:
342:
338:
334:
292:
288:
286:
248:
233:
217:
201:
199:lead section
168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
2835:WikiProject
2671:Alpine Club
2666:Access Fund
2576:Lowe Alpine
2571:La Sportiva
2308:Fall factor
2201:Self-arrest
2177:Redpointing
2100:Snow anchor
1854:Boulder mat
1803:Daisy chain
1773:Terminology
1764:Terminology
1643:Rooftopping
1585:Hillwalking
1573:Dry-tooling
1539:Via ferrata
1452:Traditional
1430:Competition
1411:Multi-pitch
1394:Disciplines
948:"carabiner"
818:carbine or
705:via ferrata
655:via ferrata
518:Non-locking
410:rope rescue
374:carabiniers
368:, meaning "
121:"Carabiner"
2851:Categories
2459:El Capitan
2223:Traversing
2172:Onsighting
2152:Glissading
2135:Dülfersitz
2130:Australian
2093:Transeiver
2038:Alpenstock
1971:Portaledge
1959:Copperhead
1898:Descenders
1832:Auto belay
1623:Commercial
1603:Buildering
1580:Scrambling
1490:Rock types
1481:Top roping
1418:Bouldering
1329:17 January
1295:17 January
1270:17 January
1245:17 January
1118:17 January
1068:5 December
932:5 December
877:References
524:snap-links
503:rappelling
430:acrobatics
132:newspapers
61:improve it
36:Carabinier
2877:Fasteners
2611:Patagonia
2494:Companies
2480:Hard Grit
2473:Free Solo
2341:MoonBoard
2336:Hangboard
2322:Training
2271:Guidebook
2246:Ape index
2211:Rope team
2125:Abseiling
2070:Ice screw
1976:Quickdraw
1859:Carabiner
1781:Equipment
1759:Technique
1725:Equipment
1608:Canyoning
1546:Himalayan
1474:Rope solo
1464:Free solo
812:patrician
809:Nuremberg
574:does not
528:quickdraw
444:or more.
359:Karabiner
293:karabiner
289:carabiner
204:summarize
67:talk page
18:Karabiner
2811:Category
2658:National
2556:JanSport
2531:Five Ten
2406:Desnivel
2399:Climbing
2378:Alpinist
2303:Exposure
2281:Chipping
2228:Tyrolean
2218:Spotting
2189:Crevasse
2167:Flashing
2157:Jumaring
2142:Belaying
2105:Snowshoe
2063:Ice tool
2053:Crampons
1903:Figure-8
1815:Ascender
1683:Climbers
1423:Highball
1406:Big wall
1371:Climbing
1059:Archived
1036:24 April
973:28 March
892:(2008).
850:See also
820:arquebus
659:arborist
491:belaying
440:20
386:climbing
343:climbing
2823:Commons
2777:(UIMLA)
2771:(UIAGM)
2162:Leading
2079:Rescue
2058:Ice axe
2008:Camalot
1942:Lanyard
1925:Skyhook
1910:Harness
1881:Dynamic
1864:Maillon
1837:Glasses
1718:Everest
1709:Deaths
1628:Parkour
856:Maillon
831:handbag
824:luggage
816:cavalry
787:History
595:removed
580:sources
555:Locking
493:with a
458:to the
402:sailing
370:carbine
351:shackle
146:scholar
32:carbine
2799:Portal
2765:(UIAA)
2759:(IFSC)
2591:Millet
2581:Mammut
2546:Grivel
2516:Deuter
2434:Summit
2318:Guides
2313:Grades
2184:Rescue
2118:Action
2020:Tricam
1986:Grigri
1932:Hammer
1886:Static
1842:Gloves
1810:Anchor
1730:Brands
1534:Alpine
1158:
900:
730:load).
688:Europe
630:Manual
428:, and
398:caving
355:German
337:or to
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
2616:Petzl
2566:Kelty
2356:Media
2291:Pitch
2256:Clean
2239:Other
2088:RECCO
2015:Shoes
2003:SLCDs
1998:Sling
1966:Piton
1915:Hooks
1893:Chalk
1820:Croll
1798:Aider
1735:Knots
1671:Lists
1653:Slide
1618:Grass
1613:Crane
1596:Other
1568:Mixed
1497:Crack
1447:Sport
1435:Speed
1378:Types
1315:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
1027:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
827:strap
471:Shape
466:Types
335:biner
153:JSTOR
139:books
2506:CAMP
2296:Topo
2266:Beta
2194:Self
1991:Revo
1981:SLDs
1920:Fifi
1876:Cord
1849:Bolt
1790:Rock
1658:Tree
1633:Pole
1512:Slab
1507:Roof
1502:Face
1459:Solo
1442:Free
1331:2024
1297:2024
1272:2024
1247:2024
1156:ISBN
1120:2024
1070:2017
1038:2005
1010:2016
975:2015
934:2006
898:ISBN
657:and
578:any
576:cite
347:clip
339:crab
125:news
2626:REI
2621:Rab
1954:Nut
1947:PAC
1937:Hex
1563:Ice
1401:Aid
829:or
589:by
392:,
380:Use
291:or
108:by
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