2555:(NHRC) overturned the use of discriminatory phraseology in Thailand's military service exemption documents. With Thai law banning citizens from changing their sex on their identification documents, everyone under the male category must attend a "lottery day" where they are randomly selected to enlist in the army for two years. In March 2008, the military added a "third category" for transgender people that dismissed them from service due to "illness that cannot be cured within 30 days". In 2012, the Administrative Court ruled that the Military and Defense needed to revise the reasoning for their exemption of
2519:, which is used for many important processes such as opening a bank account. The vast majority of transgender people are unable to change these documents to reflect their chosen gender, and those who are allowed must uphold strict standards. Transgender individuals are often accused of falsifying documents and are forced to show their identification documents. This threatens their safety and results in their exclusion from various institutions like education or housing. Impeded by these identity cards on a daily basis, transgender people are "outed" by society.
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93:
2323:(GAS) operations per week, more than 3,500 over the past thirty years. With the massive increase in GASs, there has also been an increase in prerequisites, measures that must be taken in order to be eligible for the operation. Patients must be at least 18 years old with permission from parents if under 20 years old. One must provide evidence of diagnosis of
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from a psychologist or psychiatrist. Before going through gender reassignment surgery, one must be on hormones/antiandrogens for at least one year. Patients must have a note from the psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Two months prior to the surgery, patients are required to see a psychiatrist in
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lives based on interviews that allowed their voices to be published in the mainstream press of
Thailand. The heterosexual public became more inclined to read about transgender communities that were previously given negative press in Thai newspapers. Go Paknam's philosophy was "kathoeys are good (for
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is a beauty contest that is opened to all transgender women. Beginning in 1998, the pageant takes place every May in
Pattaya, Thailand. With over 100 applicants, the pageant is considered to be one of the most popular transgender pageants in the world. Through beauty pageants, Thailand has been able
2494:
Thailand's 2015 Gender
Equality Act is currently the strongest legal tool for advocating for transgender rights. It protects those who are "of a different appearance from his/her own sex by birth" from unfair gender discrimination. Prior to the creation of the 2016 Thai constitution, people believed
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had their offices raided after demonstrations against Thai-US foreign trade agreements. Under the Thai
Constitution of 1997, the right to be free of discrimination based on health conditions helped to minimize the stigma against communities living with HIV/AIDS. In most cases, governments and their
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in
Thailand and features interviews with various transgender women, the obstacles these people face with their family and lovers, but moreover on a larger societal aspect where they feel ostracized by the religious Thai culture. Following contestants participating in one of the largest transgender
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even if Thai society does not actively persecute them. Indigenous Thai cultural traditions have given a social space for sexual minorities. In
January 2015, the Thai government announced it would recognize the third sex in its constitution in order to ensure all sexes be treated equally under the
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have also experienced ridicule from coworkers and tend to have lower salaries. Long-term unemployment reduces the chances of contributing to welfare for the family and lowers self-esteem, causing a higher likelihood of prostitution in specialized bars. "Ladyboy" bars also can provide a sense of
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who emerged into the public eye in 1998. She would present in a feminine manner and had commenced hormone therapy while still a popular boxer; she would enter the ring with long hair and make-up, occasionally kissing a defeated opponent. She announced her retirement from professional boxing in
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Trans prejudice has produced discriminatory behaviors that have led to the exclusion of transgender people from economic and social activity. Worldwide, transgender people face discrimination amongst family members, in religious and educational settings, and the workplace. Accepted mainly in
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is one of
Thailand's gay feminist organizations, established in mid-1986 by women's right activists. The organization advocated wider public understanding of homosexuality based on the principles of human rights. The first public campaign opposing sexual irregularity was launched in 1996.
2515:. Identification documents are particularly important for daily life in Thailand as they facilitate communication with businesses, bureaucratic agencies (i.e., signing up for educational courses or medical care), law enforcement, etc. The primary identification form used in Thailand is
3058:
s and men called "sharks" to view transgender people as legitimate or even preferred sexual partners and started a more accepting public discourse in
Thailand. Under the pen name of Phan Thathron he wrote the column "Girls to the Power of 2" that included profiles of
3050:, meaning 'strange'. Through letters and responses it became an outlet to express the desires and necessities of the queer community in Thailand. The magazine achieved national popularity because of its bizarre and often gay content. It portrayed positive accounts of
2696:(the governing body of the colleges) announced it would formalize the ban, which would extend to all campuses at the start of the 1997 academic year. The ban was quietly rescinded later in the year, following the replacement of the Minister of Education.
4090:
Scuzzarello, S. & Statham, P. (2022). Transgender kathoey socially imagining relationships with western men in
Thailand: Aspirations for gender affirmation, upward social mobility, and family acceptance. Advances in Southeast Asian Studies, 15(2),
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revised its uniform guidelines to allow transgender students to wear the uniform of their preferred gender, however, many other institutions still force transgender students to wear the uniform that matches their assigned sex. Several
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such as "making donations to a temple or by ordaining as monks". While other
Buddhists believe that the Buddha was never hostile to LGBT people and therefore that seeing being LGBT as a karmic punishment is a mistaken interpretation.
795:
2499:'. This term, however, was missing from the new constitution and no protections for transgender people were specifically outlined. Instead, the constitution prohibited "unjust discrimination" based on differences in sex.
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have acquired jobs picking fruit from trees. According to rural traditions men and women perform separate roles in the process of collecting fruit. Men climb trees and while women collect fruit in baskets below. However,
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were deemed to suffer from "mental illness" or "permanent mental disorder". These mental disorders were required to appear on their military service documents, which are accessible to future employers. In 2006, the Thai
3101:, the film not only illustrates the process and competition that takes place during the beauty pageant, but also highlights the systems of oppression that take place to target the transgender community in Thailand.
2863:
agencies fail to protect transgender people against these exclusions. There is a lack of HIV/AIDS services for specifically transgender people, and feminizing hormones largely go without any medical monitoring.
1283:
151:. The reason given is: to include other countries such as Cambodia and Laos. This page should provide a comprehensive overview of the third gender or transgender identities in these countries as well..
2632:. According to the Miss Tiffany's Universe website, the live broadcast attracts record of fifteen million viewers. The winner of the pageant receives a tiara, sash, car, and a grand prize of 100,000
4812:
1537:
3370:
In a recent interpretation of the Cbpab Srei written c. 1800, there is a reference in lines 184–186 of "malicious" women suffering punishment from the "four hells" as being reincarnated as kathoey
4637:
2122:
became an iconic symbol of modern Thai culture. The term can refer to males who exhibit varying degrees of femininity. Many dress as women and undergo "feminising" medical procedures such as
2827:, known as Nok, founded the Trans Female Association of Thailand on the basis of changing sex designation on identification cards for post-operative transgender women. Nok promoted the term
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suffering bad karma, suicide, and abandoned by straight lovers. Independent and experimental films contributed to defying sexual norms in gay cinema in the 1990s. The 2000 film
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1372:
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2249:, women, and gay men are considered to have soft souls and are therefore easily frightened and highly susceptible to possession. These three groups are heavily represented in
1446:
875:
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s and transgender people is nonexistent in Thailand: even if a transgender person has had sex reassignment surgery, they are not allowed to change their legal sex on their
870:
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are more visible and more accepted in Thai culture than transgender people are in other countries in the world. Several popular Thai models, singers, and movie stars are
1058:
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are hoping for a new third sex to be added to passports and other official documents in a proposed new constitution. In 2007, legislative efforts have begun to allow
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generally have greater acceptance in Thailand than most other East Asian countries. Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation.
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Feminine beauty in Thailand allowed transgender people to have their own platform where they are able to challenge stereotypes and claim cultural recognition.
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1100:
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1999 – undergoing gender reassignment surgery, while continuing to work as a coach, and taking up acting and modeling. She returned to boxing in 2006.
2407:, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers). Discrimination in employment is rampant as many perceive
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1020:
970:
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Chokrungvaranont, Prayuth; Selvaggi, Gennaro; Jindarak, Sirachai; Angspatt, Apichai; Pungrasmi, Pornthep; Suwajo, Poonpismai; Tiewtranon, Preecha (2014).
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who obtain jobs in the civil service sector are required to wear uniforms coinciding with their assigned sex of male. In 2011, the short lived airline
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in other cases. These people are not traditionally transgender, but are seen as a third sex. Transgender women in Thailand mostly use terms other than
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to change their legal sex if they have undergone gender reassignment surgery; this latter restriction was controversially discussed in the community.
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students were required to wear male clothing at school but were allowed to sport feminine hairdos. The restroom featured four stalls, but no urinals.
1522:
1434:
740:
733:
2636:(US$ 3,000), equivalent to an annual wage for a Thai factory worker. The assistant manager director, Alisa Phanthusak, stated that the pageant wants
114:
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3513:
in "Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context," Issue 9, August 2003. See paragraph "The Homosexualisation of Cross-Dressing."
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Many schools teach students that being transgender is wrong and a form of sexual deviancy. Thai schools utilize gendered uniforms as well. In 2015,
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842:
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1441:
865:
3340:""At-Risk" or "Socially Deviant"? Conflicting Narratives and Grassroots Organizing of Sex/Entertainment Workers and LGBT Communities in Cambodia"
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volleyball team by displaying their confidence. The rising middle-class in Bangkok and vernacular queer culture made the mainstream portrayal of
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that has been performed in the UK since 1998, touring the country in both theatres and the famous "Sabai Pavilion" for nine months each year.
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were associated with religious practice and were banned from religious ceremony before the modern period. In rural areas in north Thailand,
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1214:
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fashion-related jobs or show business, transgender people are discriminated against in the job market and have limited job opportunities.
4348:
3042:"Uncle Go Paknam", created by Pratchaya Phanthathorn, is a popular queer advice column that first appeared in 1975 in a magazine titled
965:
2839:
but was controversial because of its connotation with gender identity disorder. The goal of the Thai Transgender Alliance is to delist
2478:
and transgender women choose which schools to attend based mainly on the ability to wear the gendered school uniform they prefer. Some
5831:
5593:
4480:
Morris, R. C. (1994). "Three Sexes and Four Sexualities: Redressing the Discourses on Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Thailand".
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report facing violence and discrimination from both their classmates and their teachers at all levels of schooling due to their being
1512:
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1053:
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812:
4974:
4403:
Douglas Sanders. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Print.
4843:
4470:Ünaldim Serhat. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Print.
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currently face many social and legal impediments. Families (and especially fathers) are typically disappointed if a child becomes a
1674:
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1379:
1239:
175:
79:
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Megan Sinnott. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Print.
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Activism in Thailand is discouraged if it interferes with official policy. In January 2006, the Thai Network of People Living With
2692:) students enrolling in courses leading to qualification for positions in kindergartens and primary schools. In January 1997, the
2649:
Transgender beauty contests are found in the countryside at village fairs or festivals. All-male revues are common in gay bars in
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1485:
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1327:
1085:
697:
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Sam Winter. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Print.
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have become an increasingly large proportion of the performers, with a majority male performers in 2014 being either gay men or
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1394:
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Jackson, Peter A. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011
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are forced to cut their hair and abide by strict rules governing gender expression. Additionally, they are denied access to
2423:
are only able to find work in sex and entertainment industries. These sorts of jobs include tourist centers, cabarets, and
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4671:
3188:
1612:
1497:
1359:
1312:
708:
430:
393:
3716:
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Ojanen, Timo T. (2009). "Sexual/gender minorities in Thailand: Identities, challenges, and voluntary-sector counseling".
3539:
Winter, Sam. Queer Bangkok: Twenty-first Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011
5836:
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4419:
4272:
Leonard, Riley (2018). "Thailand's gender equality act: A solution for the United States' transgender bathroom debate".
1667:
1502:
1278:
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678:
2965:, also a popular term used in Thailand when referring to transgender women, was the title of a popular documentary in
2535:
2522:
The criminal justice sector relies on identification cards when deciding where to detain individuals. This means that
1429:
1290:
1035:
837:
749:
5755:
4676:'In Trend': Emergent Genderscapes, National Anxieties and the Re-Signification of Male-Bodied Effeminacy in Thailand"
4172:
3382:
Kijratanakosonhttps, Nattawaj (7 July 2023). "The discursive representation of male sex workers in Thai newspapers".
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It is estimated that as many as six in every thousand native males later present themselves as transgender women or
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being a large proportion of the spirit medium population is a modern phenomenon since there is little evidence that
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is also said to contains mentions of "malicious" women being punished in the "four hells" and being reincarnated as
5821:
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5665:
5425:
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4325:
PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
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PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
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PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
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PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
4231:
PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
4215:
PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
4199:
PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
4103:
PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
3971:"Boys Will Be Girls: In a Bangkok clinic, $ 1,000 can turn a man into a woman. Some call that the price of freedom"
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PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
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PRIDE at work: A study on discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand
3245:
3098:
2693:
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In 1993, Thailand's teacher training colleges implemented a semi-formal ban on allowing homosexual (which included
2620:
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activism has led to constitutional protection from unjust gender discrimination as of January 2015, but a separate
1354:
1322:
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1119:
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1005:
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819:
703:
568:
1300:
106:
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4998:
4046:"Orientalist obsessions: fabricating hyper-reality and performing hyper-femininity in Thailand's kathoey tourism"
2727:, won the Thai national championship. The Thai government, concerned with the country's image, barred two of the
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3611:: Emergent Genderscapes, National Anxieties and the Re-Signification of Male-Bodied Effeminacy in Thailand".
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5297:
5036:
3235:
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Thai activists have mobilized for over two decades to secure sexual diversity rights. Beauty pageant winner
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are now exempt from the military under the reasoning that their "gender does not match their sex at birth".
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1866:
1305:
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465:
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included anyone who deviated from the dominant sexual norms. Because of this confusion in translation, the
5826:
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Cameron, Liz. "Sexual Health and Rights Sex Workers, Transgender People & Men Who have Sex with Men."
2724:
2598:
1063:
960:
664:
2016:' in English, this term is not correct in Thailand. As well as transgender people, the term can refer to
5806:
5745:
4745:"HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among Kathoey (Male-to-Female Transgender) Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand"
2943:
1875:(二形人, literally "two-shaped persons") who tried to lure Chinese men by promising them sumptuous gifts.
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982:
882:
772:
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Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures
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at an early age were more likely to be exposed to prejudice or violence from men in their families.
1894:
A study of 195 Thai transgender women found that most of the participants referred to themselves as
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3202:
2314:
1698:
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1466:
1204:
975:
435:
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Transgender individuals were automatically exempted from compulsory military service in Thailand.
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are detained alongside men. By law, women are not allowed to be detained alongside men, and since
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5355:
4889:
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2743:
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488:
303:
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are not legally classified as women, they reside in the male section in prison. Within prison,
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who work in the tourism sector must conform to a physical image that is preferred by tourists.
5558:
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5198:
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4065:
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2013:
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to advocate for transgender identity. A common protest sign during sexual rights marches is
2840:
2324:
2238:
2029:
1025:
671:
4548:"How starring in Miss Tiffany's pageant show can change a Thai trans beauty queen's life."
3449:
First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go's Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys
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Transgender in Thailand: Buddhist Perspectives and the Socio-Political Status of Kathoeys.
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in Rural Areas in northern Thailand have begun acquiring jobs as spirit mediums as well.
2351:
beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are
3472:
Lady Boys, Tom Boys, Rent Boys: Male and Female Homosexualities in Contemporary Thailand
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to promote the country's cosmetic surgery industry, which has had a massive increase in
153:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Transsexuality in Theology and Neuroscience. Findings, Controversies, and Perspectives.
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hit when she first performed singing as a girl and then switched to a masculine voice.
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to change their gender marker on official documentation makes finding employment harder
2123:
2111:
2020:, and was originally used to refer to androgynous people. Before the 1960s, the use of
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1975:
1729:
1577:
1145:
1140:
687:
299:
38:
4975:
Farrell, James Austin. "The price of change and the right to be a woman in Thailand",
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s in a glamorous or erotic pose. "Girls to the Power of 2" were the first accounts of
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5695:
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5655:
5634:
5624:
5583:
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5188:
4893:
4702:
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as persons born with a disability as a consequence of past sins. Using the notion of
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1745:
1226:
1209:
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1155:
948:
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527:
483:
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3548:
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4914:, 1999. Criticizes the common view that kathoey are fully accepted by Thai society.
4614:
4173:"Flying the flag for ladyboys: Thai airline takes on transgender flight attendants"
3274:. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003.
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as having mental problems and refuse to hire them. In addition, the difficulty for
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since people without soft souls are considered immune to possession. Despite this,
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Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey
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from international psychological diagnostic criteria. The Alliance uses the term
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226:
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4415:"The Development of Sex Reassignment Surgery in Thailand: A Social Perspective"
2760:, with an intertwined male and female symbol on the door. The school's fifteen
1694:
5629:
5521:
5485:
5435:
5340:
5277:
4867:"Queer Asian Subjects: Transgressive Sexualities and Heteronormative Meanings"
4633:
4509:"Queer Asian Cinema and Media Studies: From Hybridity to Critical Regionality"
3416:
Male Homosexuality in Thailand; An Interpretation of Contemporary Thai Sources
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3108:
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frequently mentions ladyboys, seemingly expressing a sexual interest in them.
2679:
2344:
2288:
dance has traditionally been a primarily male performance. However, women and
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1879:
1862:
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558:
307:
238:
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living in rural Thailand, as they strove to land a job at a cabaret revue in
2642:
to be visible and to treat them as normal. It is the biggest annual event in
2403:
work in predominately female occupations, such as in shops, restaurants, and
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as belonging to a separate sex, including some transgender women themselves.
547:
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In 2004, the Chiang Mai Technology School allocated a separate restroom for
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2186:
2086:, which can be translated as 'second-type female', is also used to refer to
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1135:
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512:
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234:
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4452:
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Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond
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Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond
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Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond
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Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond
3739:
Deities and Divas. Queer Ritual specialists in Myanmar, Thailand and Beyond
92:
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are more subjected to sexual attacks from men than are other homosexuals.
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people, and that the connotation changed in the mid-20th century to cover
5740:
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5450:
5313:
5245:
5022:
4525:
2947:
2859:
2436:
2424:
2139:
2131:
2107:
1784:
1776:
1582:
608:
585:
356:
348:
230:
3686:
2387:
often have to face the prospect of disclosing their birth sex. However,
5568:
5563:
5541:
5415:
5375:
5250:
3230:
3169:
2984:
2914:
2798:
2675:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2495:
that anti-discrimination terms would be set for a new category called '
2209:), a factor that is influenced by one's past life. Some Buddhists view
2181:
In Buddhism there are a variety of interpretations on how to relate to
2165:. It has a meaning similar to the English language 'fairy' or 'queen'.
2017:
1795:
615:
541:
295:
241:
203:
197:
4508:
2585:
during the late-1980s. The depiction at first was negative by showing
2203:
author, believes that homosexuality stems from "lower level spirits" (
1992:
in English conversation, an expression that has become popular across
17:
5516:
5445:
5410:
5323:
5318:
5282:
5183:
5158:
5135:
4800:
Douglas Sanders. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Print.
2892:
may be rejected in official contexts being denied entry or services.
2370:
1572:
579:
3717:""'LGBT people are also humans': Thai Buddhist monk backs equality""
3034:
style and fashion has largely borrowed from Korean popular culture.
2237:
should rectify their past life transgressions. This is done through
4990:
4045:
2665:
5588:
5328:
5287:
5148:
2956:
2664:
2218:
1759:
1693:
522:
291:
4921:, 1999. Reports on a kathoey "sorority" at Chiang Mai University.
4145:"Legal Gender Recognition in Thailand: A Legal and Policy Review"
2319:
In Thai cities such as Bangkok, there are currently two to three
1916:('second kind of woman') and very few referring to themselves as
5395:
5153:
3225:
2299:
Requirements to confirm eligibility for gender-affirming surgery
2265:
have taken on jobs as spirit mediums where they become known as
1780:
1592:
563:
352:
5084:
4994:
5536:
5143:
4630:"UPDATED: Thai transgender talent show shocker = YouTube gold"
4014:
Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand
2733:
from joining the national team and competing internationally.
2328:
Thailand to confirm eligibility for gender-affirming surgery.
2233:
deserve pity rather than blame. Others, however, believe that
2142:, but dress as men, and are closer to the Western category of
1597:
133:
86:
45:
4951:, 2002. Description of the gay and kathoey scene of Thailand.
4943:
Can you tell the difference between Katoeys and real ladies?"
2173:
can also be seen as a derogatory word for those who are gay.
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
2276:
During the festival of the nine gods in southern Thailand,
3927:
Duncan, Debbie. "Prerequisites - The Transgender Center."
2359:
beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs.
2196:
as the result of karmic punishment for previous lifetimes.
2942:
music group in Thailand was formed in 2006. It is named "
2486:. This has led to some dropping out or changing schools.
37:"Ladyboy" redirects here. For the 2019 Burmese film, see
3896:"How Thailand Became a Global Gender-Change Destination"
2874:
community and reinforces a female sense of identity for
315:
30:"Lady boy" redirects here. For the 1994 J-pop song, see
4939:. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B0085S4WQC
4919:
Roses of the North: The Katoey of Chiang Mai University
4399:
4397:
2880:. Harassment from the police is evident especially for
2699:
In 1996, a volleyball team composed mostly of gays and
1787:, whose identities in English may be best described as
4912:
In Legal Limbo: Thailand, Transgender Men, and the Law
3923:
3921:
2994:
wrote the song "Ladyboy", on their first studio album
2601:, depicted a positive portrayal of an almost entirely
2273:
with a source of income as well as a support network.
1825:
In the face of the many sociopolitical obstacles that
2950:
Music Entertainment. "The Lady Boys of Bangkok" is a
2611:
more popular on television and in art house cinemas.
2284:
The southern Thailand tradition of the spirit medium
2157:
may be considered pejorative, especially in the form
1908:'women'), with a minority referring to themselves as
3461:
3459:
3457:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
2977:. Marre aimed to portray the life of two adolescent
2094:. Australian scholar of sexual politics in Thailand
5718:
5648:
5612:
5509:
5476:
5463:
5266:
5134:
5123:
5050:
5029:
4966:
is a film exploring the kathoey culture of Thailand
3270:Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper:
1983:
1857:society may have been observed by Chinese explorer
379:
371:
366:
342:
330:
325:
287:
262:
257:
247:
222:
210:
3413:
3091:
3029:
3001:
2978:
2951:
2937:
2922:
2906:
2900:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2850:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2805:
2780:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2737:
2728:
2718:
2700:
2687:
2669:
2637:
2602:
2586:
2576:
2044:
1805:
1799:
1702:
279:
273:
267:
4466:
4464:
4462:
3549:CPAmedia.com: Thailand's Women of the Second Kind
2061:(which, like "trans woman", suggests a "female" (
4590:"Thailand's 'third sex' seeks legal recognition"
4003:De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2016, pp. 219–232.
3179:
2040:is usually 'ladyboy' (or variants of the term).
532:
4836:"The Sabai Pavilion | The Lady Boys of Bangkok"
4575:"Transvestites Get Their Own School Bathroom".
1701:is perhaps the most internationally recognised
27:Gender identity in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand
4716:
4714:
4712:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3216:
2373:with whom they are in romantic relationships.
1966:—both meaning 'second-type female'). The word
1845:category has not yet been legally recognized.
5096:
5006:
4561:Yeung, Isobel. "Trans in Thailand (Part 2)."
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3299:Yeung, Isobel. "Trans in Thailand (Part 1)."
1675:
8:
5761:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
4722:OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE Public Health Program
4372:"An LGBTI Oasis? Discrimination in Thailand"
3451:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2016. Print.
2538:and other "transition-related health care".
2362:A common stereotype is that older, well-off
2280:participate as spiritual mediums of the god
188:
3641:The Third Sex: Kathoey: Thailand's Ladyboys
3314:"真臘風土記 : 真臘風土記 - Chinese Text Project"
2653:and as drag shows in the tourist resort of
2138:. Others may wear make-up and use feminine
1978:
202:Kathoeys on the stage of a cabaret show in
80:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5473:
5131:
5103:
5089:
5081:
5013:
4999:
4991:
3873:. Copenhagen: NAIS Press. pp. 66–68.
3848:. Copenhagen: NAIS Press. pp. 65–66.
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3420:. Elmhurst NY: Global Academic Publishers.
3069:
3061:
3052:
3044:
2448:In rural areas in northern Thailand, some
2211:
2204:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2116:
2100:
2088:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2034:
2022:
2006:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1835:
1827:
1682:
1668:
388:
339:
196:
4865:Blackwood, Evelyn; Johnson, Mark (2012).
4768:
4552:. N.p., 28 April 2016. Web. 5 March 2017.
4524:
4442:
4432:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3355:
2899:participants who identified as a girl or
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
4958:, 2003. Describes the story of Nong Tum.
2855:meaning "Kathoey are not mentally ill".
2185:and Transgender people. Some within the
117:of all important aspects of the article.
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4025:International Journal of Transgenderism
3953:International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
3607:Kang, Dredge (December 2012). "Kathoey
3263:
400:
4482:Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
3929:Prerequisites - The Transgender Center
3823:. Copenhagen: NAIS Press. p. 64.
3766:. Copenhagen: Nais Press. p. 76.
3741:. Copenhagen: Nais Press. p. 62.
3669:
3667:
3665:
1804:when referring to themselves, such as
187:
113:Please consider expanding the lead to
4927:including several articles on kathoey
4846:from the original on 11 February 2017
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
3732:
3730:
2517:The Thai National Identification Card
1878:A 19th-century interpretation of the
1770:
214:
7:
4724:(2006): n. page. Web. 24 March 2017.
4323:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4307:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4291:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4245:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4229:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4213:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4197:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
4150:United Nations Development Programme
4101:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
3803:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
3787:Suriyasarn, Busakorn (14 May 2015).
3574:Sexuality Research and Social Policy
2921:Social spaces are often limited for
1814:, 'woman'). A significant number of
343:Regions with significant populations
4274:Wisconsin International Law Journal
3956:, Volume I–IV 1997–2001, edited by
2946:" and was selected and promoted by
2457:are allowed to perform both roles.
2225:is the result of transgressions in
1775:) is a term used by some people in
717:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
4640:from the original on 8 August 2011
4612:Are you man enough to be a woman?
4382:from the original on 24 March 2018
4351:from the original on 21 March 2018
4339:Armbrecht, Jason (11 April 2008).
3644:. London: Souvenir Press. p.
2343:, and Thai newspapers often print
2221:, some Thais believe that being a
2106:was used in antiquity to refer to
25:
4954:Chanon Intramart and Eric Allyn,
3906:from the original on 28 June 2018
3715:Chandran, Rina (21 August 2020).
2051:self-identifies as a type of male
61:This article has multiple issues.
5676:Attraction to transgender people
4565:. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 April 2017.
3931:. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 March 2017.
3338:Hoefinger, H.; Srun, S. (2017).
3303:. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 April 2017.
3153:
3139:
3125:
3111:
2581:began to gain prominence in the
2553:National Human Rights Commission
2069:) identity), and in contrast to
1652:
1651:
1639:
1627:
778:Assisted reproductive technology
138:
91:
50:
4810:"'Katoeys' hit the music scene"
4670:Käng, Dredge Byung'chu (2012).
4628:Winn, Patrick (16 March 2011).
4171:Hodal, Kate (17 January 2012).
3894:Gale, Jason (27 October 2015).
3000:, about a man's preference for
2973:TV in 1992 and was directed by
1988:. It is most often rendered as
334:up to 0.6% male (2011 estimate)
105:may be too short to adequately
69:or discuss these issues on the
5042:Recognition of same-sex unions
4937:Thailand's Theater of Illusion
4370:Salvá, Ana (1 November 2016).
3088:Inside Thailand's Third Gender
3081:Inside Thailand's Third Gender
1707:for her portrayal in the film
1136:Cisgender / cissexual
1131:Childhood gender nonconformity
757:Facial masculinization surgery
115:provide an accessible overview
1:
5766:Social construction of gender
3999:In: Gerhard Schreiber (ed.),
3995:. See also Céline Grünhagen:
3390:(7) – via SageJournals.
3189:Gender identities in Thailand
2347:of the winners of female and
1613:Social construction of gender
5751:Sex as a biological variable
4886:10.1080/10357823.2012.741037
4761:10.1080/09540121.2011.597709
4695:10.1080/10357823.2012.741043
4420:The Scientific World Journal
4062:10.1080/11745398.2014.906312
4012:Winter S, Udomsak N (2002).
3625:10.1080/10357823.2012.741043
3079:
2725:portrayed in two Thai movies
2559:from the military. As such,
1185:Gender-sexuality questioning
4341:"Transsexuals and Thai Law"
3092:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3045:
3030:
3002:
2979:
2952:
2938:
2923:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2829:
2806:
2781:
2775:
2762:
2756:
2738:
2729:
2719:
2701:
2688:
2670:
2638:
2603:
2587:
2577:
2269:Spirit mediumship provides
2212:
2205:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2117:
2101:
2089:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2045:
2035:
2023:
2007:
1984:
1969:
1949:
1941:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1897:
1871:he records the presence of
1836:
1828:
1806:
1800:
1760:
1703:
750:Facial feminization surgery
280:
274:
268:
5858:
5666:Androphilia and gynephilia
4050:Annals of Leisure Research
3097:beauty pageants, known as
3009:In series 1, episode 3 of
2674:working in a go-go bar in
2308:
2302:
2146:gay man than transgender.
1924:. Related phrases include
1120:Androphilia and gynephilia
820:Gender self-identification
36:
29:
5832:LGBTQ culture in Thailand
3969:Roderick, Daffyd (2001).
3412:Jackson, Peter A (1989).
2886:who work on the streets.
2714:
2367:provide financial support
2049:suggests that the person
1979:
1962:
1956:
1934:
1904:
1811:
1749:
1741:
1733:
494:Non-binary or genderqueer
347:
338:
195:
147:This article needs to be
5214:Non-binary / genderqueer
4984:23 December 2015 at the
4949:Trees in the Same Forest
4931:Where the 'Ladyboys' Are
4840:The Lady Boys of Bangkok
4550:South China Morning Post
4019:28 February 2007 at the
3638:Totman, Richard (2003).
2990:The German-Swedish band
2969:, where it was aired on
2852:Kathoey mai chai rok-jit
2630:sex reassignment surgery
2614:
2572:Representation in cinema
2513:identification documents
2503:Identification documents
2419:For these reasons, many
2321:gender-affirming surgery
2192:of Buddhism see being a
2077:('third sex'). The term
2012:is often translated as '
939:Parental rights movement
848:Political office-holders
727:Gender-affirming surgery
5812:Transgender in Thailand
5776:Transgender archaeology
4963:The Hermaphrodite World
4815:10 October 2012 at the
4494:10.1215/10679847-2-1-15
3869:Jackson, Peter (2022).
3844:Jackson, Peter (2022).
3819:Jackson, Peter (2022).
3762:Jackson, Peter (2022).
3737:Jackson, Peter (2022).
3586:10.1525/srsp.2009.6.2.4
3236:Tamil sexual minorities
3217:
3199:LGBT rights in Cambodia
3180:
3099:Miss Tiffany's Universe
3086:A documentary entitled
2621:Miss Tiffany's Universe
2615:Miss Tiffany's Universe
2311:LGBT rights in Cambodia
2305:LGBT rights in Thailand
2136:Adam's apple reductions
1868:The Customs of Cambodia
533:
466:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
316:
5771:Split attraction model
5756:Sex–gender distinction
4743:Nemoto, Tooru (2012).
4044:Tan, Qian Hui (2014).
3090:examines the lives of
2791:, a contestant of the
2736:Among the most famous
2683:
2599:Yongyoot Thongkongtoon
2355:in most villages, and
2245:In northern Thailand,
1833:navigate in Thailand,
1714:
1634:Transgender portal
1603:Sex–gender distinction
1162:Gender detransitioning
1049:Anatomical terminology
5746:Queer heterosexuality
3357:10.3390/socsci6030093
3281:29 March 2012 at the
2794:Thailand's Got Talent
2771:2006 Thai coup d'état
2668:
2507:Legal recognition of
2443:as flight attendants.
2098:claims that the term
1950:phu ying praphet song
1697:
1588:Queer heterosexuality
1200:Rapid-onset dysphoria
983:Yogyakarta Principles
5726:Anti-gender movement
5701:Romantic orientation
4970:Katoey Thai-Ladyboys
4874:Asian Studies Review
4683:Asian Studies Review
4526:10.1353/cj.2014.0001
4507:Yue, Audrey (2014).
3946:29 July 2008 at the
3613:Asian Studies Review
3509:3 April 2007 at the
3212:Miss Gay Philippines
2895:Based on a study by
2746:, a former champion
1938:, 'third sex'), and
1912:phuying praphet song
1174:Gender transitioning
1126:Blanchard's typology
1054:Fictional characters
1000:Events and awareness
906:Anti-gender movement
269:phuying praphet song
5837:Culture of Cambodia
5478:Sexual orientations
5209:Masculine of center
4977:Asian Correspondent
4595:23 May 2007 at the
4434:10.1155/2014/182981
3958:Robert T. Francoeur
3687:10.1037/0000159-010
2694:Rajabhat Institutes
2661:Recent developments
2315:LGBT rights in Laos
2000:General description
1853:Androgynous men in
1768:Thai pronunciation:
1568:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
1113:Theory and concepts
995:Society and culture
976:Trans panic defense
192:
5599:Same gender loving
5510:Alternative labels
4825:, 3 February 2007.
4345:Thailand Law Forum
3447:Jackson, Peter A.
3194:Hijra (South Asia)
3161:Transgender portal
3015:I'm Alan Partridge
2967:the United Kingdom
2932:In popular culture
2807:phu ying kham phet
2797:TV show, became a
2684:
2682:entertainment area
2583:cinema of Thailand
2471:Bangkok University
2229:, concluding that
1791:in some cases, or
1715:
1608:Sexual orientation
1447:Disenfranchisement
1016:Day of Remembrance
917:trans-exclusionary
402:Transgender topics
5822:LGBTQ in Cambodia
5817:LGBTQ terminology
5784:
5783:
5731:Gender assignment
5714:
5713:
5459:
5458:
5199:Gender neutrality
5078:
5077:
5058:Gender identities
3655:978-0-285-63668-2
3486:978-0-7890-0656-1
3038:"Uncle Go Paknam"
2830:phuying kham-phet
2490:Political context
2267:Kathoey maa-khii.
2053:, in contrast to
2014:transgender woman
1865:in 1296–1297. In
1789:transgender women
1772:[kàtʰɤːj]
1758:
1692:
1691:
1538:elected officials
1168:Gender expression
1021:Day of Visibility
830:Non-binary gender
796:Standards of Care
453:Gender identities
387:
386:
367:Legal information
362:
361:
216:[kàtʰɤːj]
186:
185:
178:
168:
167:
132:
131:
84:
16:(Redirected from
5849:
5574:Non-heterosexual
5474:
5132:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5082:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4992:
4925:Transgender Asia
4917:Andrew Matzner,
4910:Andrew Matzner,
4898:
4897:
4871:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4832:
4826:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4707:
4706:
4680:
4667:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4625:
4619:
4618:, 1 October 2007
4610:
4604:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:Associated Press
4572:
4566:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4141:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4041:
4028:
4010:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3985:on 13 April 2001
3981:. Archived from
3966:
3960:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3569:
3556:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3514:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3463:
3452:
3445:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3409:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3359:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3286:
3268:
3222:
3185:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3095:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3048:
3033:
3005:
2982:
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2891:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2841:gender dysphoria
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2590:
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2325:gender dysphoria
2251:spirit summoning
2215:
2208:
2206:phi-sang-thewada
2171:
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2155:
2120:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2081:phu ying praphet
2075:
2067:
2059:
2057:sao praphet song
2048:
2043:Use of the term
2038:
2026:
2010:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1963:ผู้หญิงประเภทสอง
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1942:sao praphet song
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1646:LGBTQ portal
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1309:
1176:
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1069:Media portrayals
922:
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866:Military service
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5204:Gender variance
5194:Gender fluidity
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4986:Wayback Machine
4956:Beautiful Boxer
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4579:. 22 June 2004.
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3147:Thailand portal
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3119:Cambodia portal
3117:
3112:
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3107:
3084:
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2997:Skills in Pills
2934:
2825:Yollada Suanyot
2821:
2816:
2742:in Thailand is
2707:The Iron Ladies
2663:
2626:medical tourism
2617:
2594:The Iron Ladies
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2569:
2544:
2505:
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2134:injections, or
2124:breast implants
2032:translation of
2002:
1892:
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1710:Beautiful Boxer
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1222:Transmedicalism
1190:Gender variance
1180:Gender identity
1172:
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1045:
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1011:Beauty pageants
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944:Transgender men
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838:Rights movement
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698:Hormone therapy
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499:Gender fluidity
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252:Gender identity
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100:This article's
96:
55:
51:
42:
35:
32:Lady Boy (song)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5855:
5853:
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5802:Gender systems
5799:
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5709:
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5691:Plurisexuality
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5637:
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5622:
5620:Sociosexuality
5616:
5614:
5613:Social aspects
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
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5586:
5581:
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5559:Heteroflexible
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5441:Vakasalewalewa
5438:
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4906:
4905:External links
4903:
4900:
4899:
4880:(4): 441–451.
4857:
4827:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4735:
4726:
4708:
4689:(4): 475–494.
4651:
4620:
4605:
4603:. 17 May 2007.
4601:The First Post
4582:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4532:
4519:(2): 145–151.
4513:Cinema Journal
4499:
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4056:(2): 145–160.
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3630:
3619:(4): 475–494.
3599:
3557:
3541:
3515:
3500:Jackson, Peter
3492:
3485:
3467:Jackson, Peter
3453:
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3393:
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3305:
3287:
3276:Article online
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3023:Alan Partridge
3011:British sitcom
2936:The first all-
2933:
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2769:Following the
2662:
2659:
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2597:, directed by
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2542:Military draft
2540:
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2393:
2333:
2332:Social context
2330:
2303:Main article:
2300:
2297:
2178:
2175:
2161:kathoey-saloey
2112:cross-dressing
2001:
1998:
1994:Southeast Asia
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1578:Gender studies
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1543:Cafeteria riot
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1523:United Kingdom
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1146:Cross-dressing
1143:
1141:Cisnormativity
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1006:Awareness Week
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929:Discrimination
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891:Bathroom bills
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741:male-to-female
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734:female-to-male
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688:Sex assignment
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109:the key points
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39:LadyBoy (film)
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14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
5854:
5843:
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5827:LGBTQ in Laos
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5707:
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5696:Postgenderism
5694:
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5689:
5687:
5686:Monosexuality
5684:
5682:
5679:
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5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Allosexuality
5654:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:Homosociality
5633:
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5628:
5626:
5625:Antisexuality
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5611:
5605:
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5298:Bugis genders
5296:
5294:
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5281:
5279:
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5275:
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5269:
5268:Third genders
5265:
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5207:
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5189:Gender bender
5187:
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5179:Cross-dresser
5177:
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3855:9788776943073
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3675:"APA PsycNet"
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2988:
2986:
2981:
2976:
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2960:
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2944:Venus Flytrap
2940:
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2481:
2477:
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2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2439:began hiring
2438:
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2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
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2405:beauty salons
2402:
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2240:
2236:
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2201:Thai Buddhist
2198:
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2184:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2164:
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2156:
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2137:
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2096:Peter Jackson
2093:
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2076:
2074:
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2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1931:
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1528:United States
1526:
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1471:
1469:
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1445:
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1442:United States
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1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:South Africa
1398:
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1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:Transmisogyny
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:Transfeminism
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Postgenderism
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:Gender binary
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
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1117:
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1102:
1099:
1097:
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1077:
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1046:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
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1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
992:
991:
984:
981:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
950:
949:Transmisogyny
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
923:
909:
908:
907:
904:
903:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
886:
884:
881:
877:
876:United States
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
844:
843:Organizations
841:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
797:
793:
792:
791:
788:
785:
784:Voice therapy
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
751:
747:
742:
738:
735:
731:
730:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
709:masculinizing
707:
705:
702:
701:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
680:
676:
675:
673:
669:
666:
665:Gender clinic
662:
661:
657:
652:
651:
644:
641:
637:
636:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
618:
617:
613:
611:
610:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:
545:
543:
540:
537:
536:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
508:
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Gender bender
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
461:
458:
457:
454:
449:
448:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
407:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
319:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
276:
270:
265:
261:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:Pronunciation
209:
205:
199:
194:
191:
180:
177:
162:
150:
145:
136:
135:
126:
123:February 2018
116:
110:
108:
103:
98:
94:
89:
88:
83:
81:
74:
73:
68:
67:
62:
57:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5807:Third gender
5736:Gender roles
5681:Kinsey scale
5671:Aromanticism
5547:Gray asexual
5496:Heterosexual
5421:Sworn virgin
5391:Mukhannathun
5360:
5293:Binabinaaine
5062:
4976:
4962:
4947:E.G. Allyn:
4936:
4877:
4873:
4860:
4848:. Retrieved
4839:
4830:
4820:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4755:(2): 210–9.
4752:
4748:
4738:
4729:
4721:
4686:
4682:
4673:
4642:. Retrieved
4623:
4615:Bangkok Post
4613:
4608:
4600:
4585:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4488:(1): 15–43.
4485:
4481:
4475:
4424:
4418:
4408:
4384:. Retrieved
4376:The Diplomat
4375:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4344:
4334:
4318:
4302:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4240:
4224:
4208:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4177:The Guardian
4176:
4166:
4154:. Retrieved
4148:
4096:
4086:
4053:
4049:
4024:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3987:. Retrieved
3983:the original
3975:TIMEasia.com
3974:
3964:
3951:
3936:
3928:
3908:. Retrieved
3899:
3889:
3870:
3864:
3845:
3839:
3820:
3814:
3798:
3782:
3763:
3757:
3738:
3720:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3678:
3640:
3633:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3577:
3573:
3544:
3495:
3471:
3448:
3415:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3300:
3271:
3266:
3241:Third gender
3175:Bahasa Binan
3087:
3085:
3080:
3068:
3060:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3013:
3008:
2995:
2989:
2975:Jeremy Marre
2962:
2961:
2935:
2920:
2913:
2894:
2865:
2857:
2822:
2803:
2792:
2789:Bell Nuntita
2787:
2768:
2753:
2735:
2706:
2698:
2685:
2648:
2618:
2608:
2592:
2575:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2506:
2497:third gender
2493:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2318:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2239:merit-making
2234:
2230:
2222:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2115:
2099:
2087:
2078:
2073:phet thi sam
2070:
2062:
2054:
2042:
2033:
2021:
2005:
2003:
1989:
1967:
1957:สาวประเภทสอง
1947:
1939:
1928:phet thi sam
1925:
1917:
1909:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:who visited
1852:
1843:third gender
1834:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1761:
1744:; ka thœ̄i,
1724:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1513:Nazi Germany
1465:
1245:
1086:Publications
1042:
999:
825:Legal gender
813:legal status
767:Hair removal
633:
614:
607:
578:
546:
518:Third gender
506:
505:
471:
464:
375:Yes, limited
326:Demographics
275:phet thi sam
189:
172:
156:
148:
120:
104:
102:lead section
77:
70:
64:
63:Please help
60:
43:
5594:Questioning
5467:orientation
5386:Mudoko dako
5346:Femminiello
5258:Transsexual
5236:Trans woman
5219:Transgender
5037:LGBT rights
4850:10 February
3580:(2): 4–34.
3182:Femminiello
3133:Laos portal
3020:protagonist
2833:instead of
2705:, known as
2567:Performance
2345:photographs
1890:Terminology
1859:Zhou Daguan
1816:Thai people
1477: [
1457:Transphobia
1410:South Korea
1380:New Zealand
1304: [
871:South Korea
811:Rights and
679:in children
656:Health care
643:Transsexual
624:Transgender
598:Trans woman
554:Mudoko dako
535:Femminiello
372:Recognition
312:Trans woman
258:Other terms
235:androgynous
227:Trans women
5791:Categories
5630:Asociality
5584:Polysexual
5552:Demisexual
5522:Bi-curious
5501:Homosexual
5469:identities
5436:Two-spirit
5341:Fakafifine
5336:Fa'afafine
5278:Androgynos
5127:identities
5118:identities
4634:GlobalPost
4563:VICE Video
4427:: 182981.
4280:: 670–703.
4182:6 November
4156:22 October
3700:5 November
3384:Journalism
3301:VICE Video
3258:References
3251:Two-spirit
2748:Thai boxer
2720:satree lek
2680:Nana Plaza
2395:Employment
2309:See also:
2227:past lives
2144:effeminate
1880:Chbab Srey
1863:Angkor Wat
1793:effeminate
1736:; khtəəy,
1348:Tamil Nadu
1240:By country
1151:Deadnaming
1101:Television
1079:non-binary
1064:Literature
961:Inequality
934:Non-binary
861:Healthcare
704:feminizing
574:Two-spirit
559:Mukhannath
528:Faʻafafine
380:Protection
308:Two-spirit
239:effeminate
159:April 2019
66:improve it
5604:Takatāpui
5579:Pansexual
5532:Ex-ex-gay
5371:Koekchuch
5351:Güevedoce
5271:and sexes
5241:Fakaleitī
5231:Trans man
5224:Akava'ine
5174:Cisgender
5164:Androgyne
4935:Ladyboy:
4894:145600356
4749:AIDS Care
4703:143293054
4327:(Report).
4311:(Report).
4295:(Report).
4249:(Report).
4233:(Report).
4217:(Report).
4201:(Report).
4105:(Report).
4078:144446342
4070:1174-5398
3979:Time Asia
3950:, in the
3900:Bloomberg
3807:(Report).
3791:(Report).
3695:210572667
3594:143531913
3318:ctext.org
2992:Lindemann
2971:Channel 4
2897:AIDS Care
2723:), later
2715:สตรีเหล็ก
2465:Education
2371:young men
2199:Bunmi, a
2188:Theravada
2149:The term
2004:Although
1935:เพศที่สาม
1873:erxingren
1818:perceive
1548:Stonewall
1518:Singapore
1486:Australia
1474:Argentina
1435:2022 bill
1395:Singapore
1368:2017 bill
1364:Pakistan
1338:2014 bill
1284:2016 bill
1269:Australia
1252:Argentina
773:Pregnancy
658:practices
635:Akava'ine
603:Fakaleitī
593:Trans man
513:Koekchuch
479:Cisgender
473:Burrnesha
460:Androgyne
331:Frequency
318:Akava'ine
266:Ladyboy,
107:summarize
72:talk page
5741:Intersex
5719:See also
5706:Sapphism
5491:Bisexual
5451:X-gender
5426:Travesti
5401:Nádleehi
5314:Chibados
5246:Mak nyah
5023:Thailand
5021:LGBT in
4982:Archived
4844:Archived
4822:The Star
4813:Archived
4779:21780964
4644:22 March
4638:Archived
4593:Archived
4453:24772010
4386:23 March
4380:Archived
4355:23 March
4349:Archived
4091:195-212.
4017:Archived
3989:22 March
3944:Archived
3941:Thailand
3910:23 March
3904:Archived
3609:In Trend
3507:Archived
3502:(2003).
3469:(1999).
3366:58920413
3350:(3): 5.
3323:17 April
3279:Archived
3246:Travesti
3207:Thailand
3105:See also
3093:kathoeys
3003:kathoeys
2980:kathoeys
2963:Ladyboys
2948:Sony BMG
2924:kathoeys
2908:Kathoeys
2889:Kathoeys
2883:kathoeys
2877:kathoeys
2870:Kathoeys
2860:HIV/AIDS
2819:Activism
2814:Advocacy
2782:kathoeys
2776:kathoeys
2757:kathoeys
2744:Nong Tum
2739:kathoeys
2730:kathoeys
2702:kathoeys
2639:kathoeys
2609:kathoeys
2588:kathoeys
2578:Kathoeys
2561:kathoeys
2557:kathoeys
2548:Kathoeys
2536:hormones
2532:kathoeys
2528:kathoeys
2524:kathoeys
2437:P.C. Air
2433:Kathoeys
2429:Kathoeys
2425:sex work
2421:kathoeys
2409:kathoeys
2385:kathoeys
2377:Kathoeys
2353:kathoeys
2341:kathoeys
2337:Kathoeys
2294:Kathoey.
2282:Kaun Im.
2235:kathoeys
2213:kathoeys
2177:Religion
2140:pronouns
2132:silicone
2128:hormones
2108:intersex
1829:kathoeys
1785:Thailand
1777:Cambodia
1699:Nong Tum
1658:Category
1583:Intersex
1562:See also
1533:Legality
1491:Re Kevin
1452:Title IX
1430:2004 act
1418:2022 law
1403:2003 act
1388:2016 act
1373:2018 act
1343:2019 act
1328:2024 law
1323:2018 law
1318:1980 law
1262:2021 law
1257:2012 law
1091:Religion
966:Violence
956:Genocide
887:Toilets
609:Mak nyah
586:X-gender
569:Travesti
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392:Part of
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349:Cambodia
263:Synonyms
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231:intersex
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5569:Lesbian
5564:Khanith
5542:Gay men
5486:Asexual
5416:Sipiniq
5376:Lhamana
5361:Kathoey
5308:Calalai
5305:Calabai
5251:Rae-rae
5136:Genders
5070:History
5063:kathoey
4770:3242825
4674:Kathoey
4444:3977439
3721:Reuters
3553:archive
3231:Pandaka
3170:Anjaree
3076:men)."
3071:kathoey
3063:kathoey
3054:kathoey
3031:kathoey
2985:Pattaya
2953:kathoey
2939:kathoey
2915:Anjaree
2902:kathoey
2846:kathoey
2836:kathoey
2799:YouTube
2763:kathoey
2689:kathoey
2676:Bangkok
2671:Kathoey
2655:Pattaya
2651:Bangkok
2644:Pattaya
2604:kathoey
2509:kathoey
2484:kathoey
2480:kathoey
2476:Kathoey
2459:Kathoey
2455:kathoey
2450:kathoey
2441:Kathoey
2413:Kathoey
2401:kathoey
2389:kathoey
2381:kathoey
2364:kathoey
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2349:kathoey
2290:Kathoey
2278:Kathoey
2271:Kathoey
2263:Kathoey
2259:Kathoey
2255:Kathoey
2247:Kathoey
2231:kathoey
2223:kathoey
2194:kathoey
2183:Kathoey
2169:Kathoey
2153:kathoey
2118:Kathoey
2114:males.
2102:kathoey
2090:kathoey
2046:kathoey
2036:kathoey
2030:English
2024:kathoey
2018:gay men
2008:kathoey
1990:ladyboy
1970:kathoey
1920:kathoey
1905:ผู้หญิง
1898:phuying
1884:kathoey
1849:History
1837:kathoey
1820:kathoey
1812:ผู้หญิง
1810:(Thai:
1807:phuying
1801:kathoey
1796:gay men
1762:kathoei
1757::
1719:Kathoey
1704:kathoey
1508:Finland
1467:History
1384:Norway
1360:Ireland
1313:Germany
1296:Finland
1205:Studies
1043:Culture
971:Murders
883:Prisons
616:Rae-rae
542:Khanith
507:Kathoey
436:History
431:Outline
296:Khanith
242:gay men
223:Meaning
204:Pattaya
190:Kathoey
149:updated
5527:Ex-gay
5517:Banjee
5465:Sexual
5446:Winkte
5431:Tumtum
5411:Palopa
5324:Eunuch
5319:Enaree
5283:Apwint
5184:Femboy
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5381:Māhū
5154:Male
5114:and
4852:2017
4775:PMID
4646:2015
4449:PMID
4425:2014
4388:2018
4357:2018
4184:2023
4158:2021
4066:ISSN
3991:2015
3912:2018
3875:ISBN
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