372:, a disorder that affects repolarisation (relaxing) of the heart after a heartbeat, giving rise to an abnormally lengthy QT interval. It can cause fast, chaotic heartbeats, and can be life-threatening. Vinuesa found Folbigg's mutation to be significant, as other calmodulin variants have been associated with severe cardiac disorders and sudden death in infancy.
1160:
Crotti, Lia; Johnson, Christopher N.; Graf, Elisabeth; De
Ferrari, Gaetano M.; Cuneo, Bettina F.; Ovadia, Marc; Papagiannis, John; Feldkamp, Michael D.; Rathi, Subodh G.; Kunic, Jennifer D.; Pedrazzini, Matteo; Wieland, Thomas; Lichtner, Peter; Beckman, Britt-Maria; Clark, Travis; Shaffer, Christian;
132:
Kathleen
Donovan was born on 14 June 1967 in Australia. On 8 January 1969, her biological father, Thomas John "Taffy" Britton, murdered her mother, Kathleen May Donovan, by stabbing her 24 times. Kathleen was 18 months old. Her father was arrested the day after the murder, and would go on to serve 15
95:
No direct evidence of the alleged crimes was ever found, but in the personal diary discovered by her husband and handed over to the police, several entries seemed to suggest she might have harmed, and indeed murdered, her children. She was arrested in 2001 and convicted in 2003, sentenced to 40 years
363:
and one of the first people in
Australia to use genomic sequencing to link diseases to genetic variation, to examine the DNA samples of Folbigg's deceased children. Vinuesa and her colleague, geneticist Todor Arsov, first started with Folbigg's DNA, and both found a mutation in her CALM2 gene. CALM2
340:
more strongly supported death by natural causes than did smothering, for which no evidence existed. Regarding the expert testimony from 2003, he stated, "In my view, it is wrong to rely on the forensic pathology evidence provided in this case to support the conclusion that one or more of the
Folbigg
277:
The defense pointed out that there were no direct admissions to the killings in
Folbigg's journal entries, and that any entries indirectly suggesting her responsibility could be chalked up to a typical grieving mother's guilt. Folbigg appeared genuinely distraught to ambulance and police responders
178:
Patrick Allen
Folbigg was born on 3 June 1990. Craig remained at home to help care for his wife and baby for three months after the birth. On 18 October, Folbigg put Patrick to bed. Craig was awakened by the sounds of his wife screaming and found her standing at the baby's cot. He noticed the child
141:
with a couple. On 18 July 1970, she was removed from their care and placed into Bidura
Children's Home. Two months later, Folbigg moved into a permanent foster care placement. Here she also met her foster sister, Lea Bown. This arrangement lasted until she was a young adult. She left school at the
351:
announced there would be an inquiry into the convictions, to "ensure public confidence in the administration of justice". "The petition appears to raise a doubt or question concerning the evidence as to the incidence of reported deaths of three or more infants in the same family attributed to
92:; born 14 June 1967) is an Australian woman who was wrongfully convicted in 2003 of murdering her four infant children. She was pardoned in 2023 after 20 years in jail following a long campaign for justice by her supporters, and had her convictions overturned on appeal a few months later.
468:
mutation carried by
Kathleen and her two girls altered their heart rhythm, predisposing them to sudden unexpected death possibly precipitated by their intercurrent infections (respiratory tract infection in Sarah; myocarditis in Laura) and/or by medications such as Laura's
1092:
Jiménez-Jáimez, Juan; Doza, Julián
Palomino; Ortega, Ángeles; Macías-Ruiz, Rosa; Perin, Francesca; Rodríguez-Vázquez del Rey, M. Mar; Ortiz-Genga, Martín; Monserrat, Lorenzo; Barriales-Villa, Roberto; Blanca, Enrique; Álvarez, Miguel; Tercedor, Luis (21 April 2016).
103:
Scientific and medical research suggesting the daughters might indeed have died of natural causes was rejected by a judicial inquiry in 2019. Subsequent research published in 2020 led ninety eminent
Australian scientists and medical professionals, in March 2021, to
265:
made the case that Folbigg did not kill or harm her children and that she did not think that Craig was responsible either. Although prosecution witnesses were concerned about the lack of prodromal (early-warning) symptoms in any of the children, the defence posed
166:, something he would eventually outgrow; he was otherwise born healthy. On 20 February, Caleb died in his sleep, in a room adjoining his parents' bedroom. During the night, Caleb stirred from midnight until 2 am. Found by Folbigg, the death was attributed to
294:
jury of the following crimes: three counts of murder, one count of manslaughter and one count of maliciously inflicting grievous bodily harm. On 24 October 2003, Folbigg was sentenced to forty years' imprisonment with a non-parole period of thirty years.
319:
in which she argued that Kathleen Folbigg had been wrongfully convicted on the basis of misleading medical evidence and unduly prejudicial interpretations of Ms. Folbigg's diaries. This book and its conclusions received considerable media attention.
274:. The defence highlighted that Folbigg was a caring mother, pointing to journal entries that showed the care and concern that she gave her children. Some of her acquaintances gave statements to investigators about her caring nature.
511:, UK serial child killer who confessed after a campaign to free her, leading to her judge to state that it was a "timely" reminder that "not all mothers in prison for killing their children are victims of miscarriages of justice".
480:
in mice, with one mutation inherited from their mother and the second one likely inherited from their father Craig. Patrick had epileptic seizures prior to his death. None of the four showed signs of smothering in the autopsy.
1021:
473:. Mutations in CALM2 are observed at a very low frequency, occurring in approximately 1 out of every 35 million individuals. The CALM2 gene encodes a protein that plays a critical role in the regulation of heart rhythm.
341:
children are the victims of a homicide. There is no merit in forcing certainty where uncertainty exists. The very existence of the enigma of SIDS demonstrates how little we know about why some babies die."
278:
to the scene. They pointed out that no physical evidence could link Folbigg to murder; it was an entirely circumstantial case with very little consensus among the scientific experts who testified at trial.
710:
Brohus, Malene; Arsov, Todor; Wallace, David A.; Jensen, Helene Halkjær; Nyegaard, Mette; Crotti, Lia; Adamski, Marcin; Zhang, Yafei; Field, Matt A.; Athanasopoulos, Vicki; Baró, Isabelle (8 March 2021).
323:
In 2013, a team of lawyers in Newcastle, where the Folbiggs had lived, took on her case. They enlisted several medical experts, including Stephen Cordner, a renowned forensic pathologist at Melbourne's
303:
On 17 February 2005, the court reduced her sentence to thirty years' imprisonment with a non-parole period of twenty-five years on appeal. Due to the nature of her purported crimes, Folbigg resided in
247:
alleged Folbigg murdered her four children by smothering them during periods of frustration. Their case relied on the improbability of all four children dying of natural causes, citing the now-dubious
476:
The other two children, Caleb and Patrick, each carried two potentially lethal genetic mutations in the gene BSN (Bassoon Presynaptic Cytomatrix Protein), which is linked to early onset lethal
637:
464:
Genetic evidence published in November 2020 showed that at least two of the children had genetic mutations that predisposed them to sudden cardiac death. The researchers concluded that the
688:
1367:
1683:
839:
379:, a former chief judge of the District Court found he did not have "any reasonable doubt as to the guilt of Kathleen Megan Folbigg for the offences of which she was convicted".
456:
to pardon Folbigg, and providing compelling scientific and medical explanations for each of the deaths. On 5 June 2023, Kathleen Folbigg was granted an unconditional pardon.
945:
1211:
1465:
613:
1688:
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1065:
307:
to prevent possible violence by other inmates. Nevertheless, after a transfer of prisons, Folbigg was savagely beaten by another inmate on 1 January 2021.
1673:
649:
1002:
873:
798:
424:
678:
1161:
Benson, Woodrow; Kääb, Stefan; Meitinger, Thomas; Strom, Tim M.; Chazin, Walter J.; Schwartz, Peter J.; George, Jr., Alfred L. (5 March 2013).
1263:
1634:
1611:
543:
1491:
1436:
1038:
1237:
344:
In June 2015, Folbigg's legal team delivered an official petition, including Cordner's report, to the Attorney-General's office in Sydney.
1340:
1095:"Calmodulin 2 Mutation N98S Is Associated with Unexplained Cardiac Arrest in Infants Due to Low Clinical Penetrance Electrical Disorders"
831:
683:
1289:
387:
Folbigg's legal team promptly called for a review of the inquiry, citing "bias". The new evidence was presented to the appeal to the
1315:
591:
565:
1588:
368:
family, which among other things help regulate the heart's expansions and contractions. Many CALM gene variations are linked with
291:
1003:"How Australian Story's coverage of Kathleen Folbigg's case helped kickstart the scientific research that ultimately freed her"
388:
192:
360:
240:
In 1999, Kathleen Folbigg had been incriminated by her own husband, but it was not until April 2001 that she was arrested.
1441:
654:
449:
180:
96:
with a non-parole period of 30 years. Folbigg maintained her innocence, however, claiming the four children had died from
329:
167:
499:, a New Zealand–born Australian woman who was wrongfully convicted in one of Australia's most publicised murder trials.
199:. On 18 February 1991, Folbigg telephoned her husband at work to report Patrick's death, saying "It's happened again!"
679:"Kathleen Folbigg conviction questioned after scientists discover genetic mutation which 'likely' killed two children"
496:
453:
109:
1678:
408:
224:
116:
Folbigg. The petition succinctly demonstrated that all four deaths could be explained as the effects of very rare
923:
212:
208:
1422:
227:. On 7 August 1997, Laura Elizabeth Folbigg was born. On 27 February 1999, Laura died, at the age of 18 months.
445:
356:
51:
970:
887:
832:"Genetics may free a woman convicted of killing her 4 babies and help other parents explain the unexplainable"
183:. An ambulance was called and Patrick was taken to hospital. He would later be diagnosed to be suffering from
1316:"Live moment: Kathleen Folbigg to be pardoned after spending 20 years in jail over killing her four children"
142:
age of fifteen, and married Craig Gibson Folbigg in 1987, a marriage that was to end in 2000 with a divorce.
1395:
1668:
1466:"Kathleen Folbigg's children likely died of natural causes, not murder. Here's the evidence my team found"
255:: "One sudden infant death is a tragedy, two is suspicious and three is murder, until proven otherwise."
1658:
493:, a British mother whose conviction for killing her two infant sons was overturned by medical evidence.
1368:"Wrongfully jailed for 20 years, Australia's 'most hated woman' likely to receive record compensation"
1653:
1626:
1212:"Inquiry 'reinforces guilt' of convicted child killer Kathleen Folbigg, former chief judge concludes"
1106:
420:
376:
158:
Caleb Gibson Folbigg, born on 1 February 1989, was known to breathe noisily and was diagnosed by a
533:
215:. Sarah Kathleen Folbigg was born on 14 October 1992, and died on 29 August 1993, aged 10 months.
502:
304:
188:
918:
794:
328:, whose 121-page report argued that Sarah's death appeared to be an almost textbook example of
1630:
1607:
1584:
1192:
1142:
1124:
869:
760:
742:
403:
announced another inquiry into Folbigg's convictions. On 5 June 2023 the NSW Attorney-General
352:
unidentified natural causes in the proceedings leading to Ms Folbigg's convictions," he said.
325:
1290:"Another inquiry into Kathleen Folbigg's four convictions for killing her children announced"
712:
258:
During a jury replay of Folbigg's police interview, she attempted to run from the courtroom.
1400:
1182:
1174:
1132:
1114:
892:
750:
732:
724:
369:
121:
1492:"The science that unlocked a rare genetic mutation in the Folbiggs — and set Kathleen free"
1341:"Kathleen Folbigg case referred for possible appeal after final conviction report released"
1603:
508:
470:
428:
248:
150:
The Folbigg couple had four children, but one child after another died in early infancy.
1110:
1187:
1162:
1137:
1094:
755:
333:
267:
163:
97:
1545:
1238:"Kathleen Folbigg inquiry into her four convictions reinforces her guilt, judge finds"
1178:
505:, an American woman who was wrongfully convicted of murder after the death of her son.
1647:
1264:"Kathleen Folbigg's lawyers call for new review, claiming last inquiry showed 'bias'"
566:"Kathleen Folbigg pardoned after 20 years in jail, as ex-husband maintains her guilt"
404:
400:
348:
262:
159:
1519:
1580:
1372:
1070:
444:
On 4 March 2021, a petition signed by more than 100 eminent scientists, including
1119:
946:"Kathleen Folbigg: Notorious serial killer savagely bashed after moving prisons"
490:
431:
her previous convictions, finding that there was reasonable doubt of her guilt.
337:
287:
271:
244:
138:
133:
years in prison for murder before being deported to England. Folbigg was made a
728:
984:
365:
315:
In 2011, an Australian legal academic, Emma Cunliffe, published a book titled
252:
134:
120:
factors. On 5 June 2023, Folbigg was unconditionally pardoned by NSW Governor
1128:
985:"EXTRA MINUTES | EXTENDED INTERVIEW | Legal academic Emma Cunliffe"
746:
427:
to consider whether she should be exonerated. On 14 December 2023, the court
1520:"Kathleen Folbigg: Could science free Australian jailed for killing babies?"
1196:
1146:
1039:"Kathleen Folbigg: NSW Attorney-General announces inquiry into convictions"
764:
592:"Kathleen Folbigg has convictions for killing her four children overturned"
195:
would go unexplained. He died four months later (February 13, 1991) due to
1163:"Calmodulin Mutations Associated with Recurrent Cardiac Arrest in Infants"
1066:"Kathleen Folbigg: NSW announces inquiry into serial killer's convictions"
614:"Top court takes historic step of quashing Kathleen Folbigg's convictions"
1437:"Nobel Laureates and leading scientists call for Kathleen Folbigg pardon"
477:
184:
117:
105:
737:
538:
347:
Three years later, on 22 August 2018, New South Wales Attorney-General
196:
1577:
When the Bough Breaks: The True Story of Child Killer Kathleen Folbigg
650:"Statement from the Australian Academy of Science – Kathleen Folbigg"
113:
638:
Inside serial baby killer Kathleen Folbigg's violent and tragic life
270:
for the events such as cot death and, in the case of Laura's death,
465:
1314:
Heath Parkes-Hupton; Jamelle Wells; Ursula Malone (5 June 2023).
1210:
Cormack, Lucy; Thompson, Angus; Bourke, Latika (22 July 2019).
411:
and pardon Folbigg. She was released from prison the same day.
1396:"4 Dead Infants, a Convicted Mother, and a Genetic Mystery"
423:
reported that Folbigg would have her case referred to the
1423:"Petition to Governor for Pardon – the Injustice Project"
375:
However, in the 500-page report, released in July 2019,
407:
advised the Governor Margaret Beazley to exercise the
1623:
The Big Folbigg Mistake: A Mother's Fight for Justice
1288:
Heath Parkes-Hupton; Giselle Wakatama (18 May 2022).
1022:"Report and Opinion in the Case of Kathleen Folbigg"
825:
823:
821:
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817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
75:
67:
59:
30:
23:
207:Following their second loss, the couple moved to
179:was not breathing and attempted to revive him by
532:Szego, Julie; Cauchi, Stephen (30 August 2003).
243:Folbigg's trial lasted seven weeks in 2003. The
713:"Infanticide vs. inherited cardiac arrhythmias"
251:, a maxim attributed to British paediatrician
1684:People convicted of murder by New South Wales
861:
859:
857:
633:
631:
616:. The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 December 2023
71:Wrongly accused of murdering her own children
8:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
391:. The appeal was rejected on 24 March 2021.
912:
910:
1464:Vinuesa, Carola Garcia de (4 March 2021).
20:
1186:
1136:
1118:
754:
736:
355:Folbigg's legal team then approached Dr.
527:
525:
336:, Patrick's severe seizures and Laura's
521:
1262:McDermott, Quentin (30 October 2019).
830:Hollingsworth, Julia (20 March 2021).
1689:People wrongfully convicted of murder
1664:Australian people convicted of murder
1514:
1512:
677:McDermott, Quentin (19 August 2020).
7:
919:"A day later, little Laura was dead"
162:to be suffering from a mild case of
1546:"Three extra years for baby killer"
1490:Hanrahan, Cahterine (5 June 2023).
1394:Schwartz, Oscar (9 December 2021).
1366:Bezley, Jordyn (14 December 2023).
1064:McGowan, Michael (22 August 2018).
1674:Medical controversies in Australia
842:from the original on 20 March 2021
691:from the original on 20 March 2021
383:Appeal against the judicial review
286:On 21 May 2003, Folbigg was found
14:
1179:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001216
971:"Murder, Medicine and Motherhood"
399:On 18 May 2022, Attorney-General
1600:Murder, Medicine, and Motherhood
917:Glendinning, Lee (23 May 2003).
546:from the original on 20 May 2008
292:Supreme Court of New South Wales
389:New South Wales Court of Appeal
317:Murder, Medicine and Motherhood
211:, New South Wales, a suburb of
193:apparent life-threatening event
16:Australian exoneree (born 1967)
435:Scientific and medical opinion
361:Australian National University
124:and was released from prison.
1:
1442:Australian Academy of Science
655:Australian Academy of Science
450:Australian Academy of Science
364:is one of three genes in the
223:In 1996, the couple moved to
181:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1120:10.1371/journal.pone.0153851
888:"Folbigg evidence revisited"
886:Swain, Emma (31 July 2014).
594:. ABC News. 14 December 2023
446:Dr. Carola García de Vinuesa
330:sudden infant death syndrome
168:Sudden infant death syndrome
497:Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton
1705:
1236:Sas, Nick (23 July 2019).
409:royal prerogative of mercy
332:or SIDS, and that Caleb's
1216:The Sydney Morning Herald
924:The Sydney Morning Herald
872: (17 February 2005),
795:[2007] NSWCCA 128
170:. Caleb was 19 days old.
874:Court of Criminal Appeal
870:[2005] NSWCCA 23
799:Court of Criminal Appeal
729:10.1093/europace/euaa272
425:Court of Criminal Appeal
357:Carola Garcia de Vinuesa
1598:Cunliffe, Emma (2011).
1575:Benns, Matthew (2003).
448:, was published by the
395:Second judicial inquiry
838:. Cable News Network.
86:Kathleen Megan Folbigg
35:Kathleen Megan Britton
801:(NSW, Australia).
534:"Killing them softly"
359:, an immunologist at
876:(NSW, Australia)
797: (16 May 2007),
419:On 8 November 2023,
268:natural explanations
1621:Kerr, John (2022).
1111:2016PLoSO..1153851J
440:Petition for pardon
54:, Sydney, Australia
1020:Cordner, Stephen.
452:, calling for the
305:protective custody
189:cortical blindness
1679:Pardon recipients
1636:978-1-875703-52-4
1613:978-1-84946-157-3
1347:. 7 November 2023
326:Monash University
135:ward of the state
83:
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1470:The Conversation
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1173:(9): 1009–1017.
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1045:. 22 August 2018
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893:Maitland Mercury
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370:Long QT syndrome
311:Judicial inquiry
137:and placed into
122:Margaret Beazley
48:
44:
42:
25:Kathleen Folbigg
21:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
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1627:Kerr Publishing
1620:
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1604:Hart Publishing
1597:
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1574:
1571:
1569:Further reading
1566:
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1526:. 11 March 2021
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1425:. 2 March 2021.
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1105:(4): e0153851.
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1009:. 16 June 2023.
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978:
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658:. 24 March 2021
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509:Maxine Robinson
503:Patty Stallings
487:
471:pseudoephedrine
462:
442:
437:
417:
397:
385:
377:Reginald Blanch
313:
301:
284:
238:
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221:
219:Laura Elizabeth
205:
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55:
49:
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40:
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26:
17:
12:
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1602:. Oxford, UK:
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1552:. 18 June 2004
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1445:. 4 March 2021
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770:
723:(3): 441–450.
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460:Cause of death
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231:Justice system
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203:Sarah Kathleen
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164:laryngomalacia
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98:natural causes
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1654:1967 births
1379:14 December
1273:30 November
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1221:30 November
1167:Circulation
866:R v Folbigg
791:Folbigg v R
717:EP Europace
620:14 December
598:14 December
491:Sally Clark
415:Exoneration
338:myocarditis
272:myocarditis
245:prosecution
139:foster care
60:Nationality
1648:Categories
1579:. Sydney:
1407:23 January
1351:8 November
516:References
366:calmodulin
253:Roy Meadow
128:Early life
63:Australian
41:1967-06-14
1129:1932-6203
1077:22 August
1049:22 August
950:NZ Herald
747:1099-5129
695:20 August
225:Singleton
1550:BBC News
1530:20 March
1524:BBC News
1496:ABC News
1475:20 March
1449:28 March
1345:ABC News
1320:ABC News
1294:ABC News
1268:ABC News
1242:ABC News
1197:23388215
1147:27100291
1099:PLOS ONE
1043:ABC News
1007:ABC News
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899:12 March
846:20 March
840:Archived
765:33200177
689:Archived
662:28 March
570:ABC News
544:Archived
485:See also
478:epilepsy
421:ABC News
213:Maitland
209:Thornton
197:seizures
185:epilepsy
106:petition
76:Children
1188:3834768
1138:4839566
1107:Bibcode
989:YouTube
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539:The Age
429:quashed
290:by the
282:Verdict
263:defense
118:genetic
90:Donovan
52:Balmain
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114:pardon
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236:Trial
88:(née
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