642:'In my wanderings about, I met with the Pallidurgbarrans, a tribe notorious for their cannibal practices; not only eating human flesh greedily after a fight, but on all occasions when it was possible. They appeared to be the nearest approach to the brute creation of any I had ever seen or heard of; and, in consequence, they were very much dreaded. Their colour was light copper, their bodies having tremendously large and protrubing bellies. Huts, or artificial places for shelter, were unknown to them it being their custom to lay about in the scrub, anyhow and anywhere. The women appeared to be most unnaturally ferocious-children being their most valued sacrifice. Their brutality at length became so harassing, and their assaults so frequent, that it was resolved to set fire to the bush where they had sheltered themselves, and so annihilate them, one and all, by suffocation. This, in part, succeeded, for I saw no more of them in my time. The belief is, that the last of the race was turned into a stone, or rock, at a place where a figure was found resembling a man, and exceedingly well executed; probably the figure-head of some unfortunate ship'.
33:
315:, and her husband had killed the aggressor. The Black Police had come shortly after and had shot down indiscriminately the whole of her group, about twenty men, women and children. She and another lubra were only slightly wounded, and hid themselves in the scrub until the attackers left the scene of the massacre. As far as she knew they were the only survivors.'
203:, early European settlers thought the Otway peninsula was an impenetrable haven for an indeterminate number of Aboriginal people, who used its impenetrable and cold rainforest as a refuge, while venturing out at times to filch food and blankets from outstations. In doing so, however, they were not known for resorting to "savage violence".
386:. Niewójt states that the links to the latter were both linguistic and familial, from intermarriage, and is skeptical of the low population estimates that would follow from the 26 individuals mentioned in the ethnographic records for the 1840s, given the rich wetland and coastal food resources such as
665:
who doubtless believed implicitly in the faeries and hobgoblins of his homeland. Likewise, the
Aboriginal people who were educating Buckley about their environment made no clear division between myth and material reality ... There is not the slightest impression that Buckley is reporting anything but
249:
a month later, Henry Allan found one of their camps, full of implements, and in mid-winter of the same year, the surveyor George D Smythe came across eight: a man, four women and three boys. The group assisted Smythe by pointing out the track leading to Gunna-waar Creek (Airedale), and, in gratitude,
357:
By that time, the Otways were open to
European settlement. William Roadknight, who had formerly mustered a posse to help Smythe in hunting the Gadubanud, cut a track through the valley of Wild Dog Creek and set up the first cattle station in the Otway peninsula. The destruction of the Gadubanud, who
559:
Throughout the Otways region, some 276 Aboriginal archaeological sites had been identified by 1998, 73 in the Aire River valley alone. A site at Seal Point, dating back 1,500 years, some 400 metres long, 100 metres wide and with a depth of ca.1.5 metres, has been described by
484:
As semi-nomads, the
Gadubanud roved from the inland rainforest plateau through wetlands to the coast and its estuaries, and their diet would have varied according to the seasons. It consisted of varieties of protein-rich fish, eels, waterfowl and birds. The lacustrine and wetland zones at
341:, slaughtered another group, while kidnapping two surviving children, a girl and a boy. The latter was later killed on a squatter's station by one of the "friendly natives" who had helped the raiding party, to prevent him from revenging the deaths on his maturity.
646:
The charge that
Australian natives practised cannibalism in the usual acceptance of the word — consuming human flesh for nutriment or to strike terror into one's enemies — is now broadly dismissed as a misinterpretation of a custom restricted to funerary rites.
325:(8 January 1887), Smythe attacked when the group was asleep, and managed to kill all of them, except for one young woman who had sought refuge behind a tree. She was, in this version, the only survivor, and was taken away, being later adopted into the
237:, it has been surmised that they had some linguistic affiliation with this group. That year they appear to have robbed an outstation for food and blankets In March 1846, on his third attempt to penetrate the Otway area, the district superintendent for
580:
residues and snails. At Seal Point, archaeologists have disinterred what looks like a warm weather camp, used from spring to early summer, including pit huts, whose remains attest to a diet based on two species of marine animals, the
280:
a
Gadubanud warrior, the only one whose name is known, with a reputation for vigorously defending territory from intruders. The party, which included several Wathaurung people, came across seven Gadubanud at the mouth of the
2593:
254:
to provide them with flour at
Blanket Bay. Four days later, he heard that one member of his party, the seaman James Conroy, had been killed by a local native, though the circumstances leading to his death are unknown.
1524:
788:
210:, the Gadubanud were wiped out in a war when neighbouring tribes set fire to their forests, causing them to expire through suffocation. They appear to have been regarded as "wild blacks" by their neighbours, the
263:
Smythe, whose deeds of violence were to assume notorious proportions among settlers, decided to retaliate and, on returning to
Melbourne, organized an expedition to return to the Otways, picking up several
1930:
764:
was not linked exclusively to the
Gadubanud. Several Victorian tribes used it of their neighbours, and it bore, according to context, a range of meanings from 'no good' and 'foreign' to 'regarded as wild
332:
Notwithstanding distortions in these reports, which fuse apparently distinct actions, it would appear that a second attack took place near the Aire River in the following year, 1847, when a detachment of
2349:
299:
of 1 September 1846. From this time, nothing more is reported of the
Gadubanud in colonial records, apart from a couple of newspaper articles that recalled the incident with some contradictory details.
607:, of an encounter with a tribe numbering about 80 people, for trading purposes, that took place at Bermongo on the Barwon River, was probably with the Yan Yan Gurt clan, perhaps exchanging the prized
742:
This clan name was added in 1853 to the four noted by
Robinson, and located them at the 'East head of the Barwon River, 12 miles south-east of Birregurra, near the base of the Otway Ranges.'
2584:
183:
headwaters, and abundant river estuaries on the coast, providing, according to the nature of the seasons, ecosystems rich in food sources. The area they dwelt in has been shown by
2709:
1923:
2266:
1777:
The Life and Adventures of William Buckley: Thirty-two Years a Wanderer among the Aborigines of the then unexplored country round Port Phillip, now the Province of Victoria
1567:; Cahir, Fred (December 2016). "'The remarkable disappearance of messrs Gellibrand and Hesse'. What really happened in 1837?: A Re-examination of the historical evidence".
2328:
751:
Mount William green stone was highly prized and traded throughout the region of Victoria but according to Isabel McBride it is rare or absent in regions like the Otways.
2744:
2767:
2737:
1916:
2772:
2702:
2565:
2335:
2716:
187:'s archaeological work, and more recent studies in the Aire river area, to have been occupied for several centuries, one site going back 1,000 years.
2730:
2486:
2723:
2522:
1886:
1841:
1764:
1741:
1666:
1623:
1597:
1501:
1473:
733:, all but one member of the Kolakgnat/Gulidjan tribe were massacred by a search party in 1846. This appears to be an error for the Gadubanud.
1874:
2777:
362:
to clear trails through the forests and bushland, restored the Otways to a state of wild regrowth that made travelling arduous, until the
2282:
1811:
666:
what he sensed was true, yet for the modern reader there is equally little doubt that bunyips and Pallidurgbarrans are mythical beings.
489:
and Chapple Vale afforded reliable food resources. Nutriment was readily available by harvesting the over 200 species of local starchy
218:
on their west. However, Norman Tindale dates their extinction to some years after the beginnings of European colonisation of the area.
394:
available to a people living along and inland from the 100 kilometres (62 mi) of coastland within their territorial boundaries.
2342:
1532:
164:. The extent of their territory is not known. Their habitat consisted of rainforests ("jarowaitj"), composed of giant eucalypts and
596:
The local Lorne Historical Society states that the Gadubanud people traded spear wood for Mount William green stone mined by the
311:'In 1848 one of two survivors, a woman who then lived in Warrnambool, told the story: One of the white men had interfered with a
693:
employed by aborigines to their west to describe the cold rain forests of Cape Otway, which constituted the Katubanut's habitat.
2394:
1548:
Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia
2551:
2493:
2436:
99:
630:
imputed to the tribe. Buckley was an escaped English convict who spent over three decades among the aborigines, chiefly the
160:
plateau and rugged coastline of the Cape Otway peninsula, and the centre of their land is thought to have probably been at
2422:
2380:
2373:
1733:
144:
to their north is suggested in the literature. Their tongue was first identified as signifying "king parrot language" by
2544:
2429:
2387:
2360:
1569:
1555:
1775:
1546:
1515:
2314:
564:
as "the most complex and bountiful of all southwestern Victorian middens". Archaeological examinations of Aire River
2646:
2415:
32:
1436:
604:
354:, describing one of the two blacks killed as "a man who belonged to the Cape Otway tribe, the last of his race".
290:
137:
131:
80:
2681:
2639:
1833:
1564:
1511:
379:
363:
226:
84:
1879:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
2667:
2408:
2171:
1542:
1465:
545:
222:
180:
145:
1679:(1983). "Intensification: A Late Pleistocene-Holocene Archaeological Sequence from Southwestern Victoria".
1861:
1681:
713:
speculated that these tools had been made at the 'grinding rocks' on Lardner's Creek nearby, where basalt
582:
115:
2782:
2296:
1939:
1851:
1654:
537:
521:
295:
282:
238:
92:
68:
1788:
Niewójt, Lawrence (2009). "Gadubanud society in the Otway Ranges, Victoria: an environmental history".
524:, which were cultivated using frequent burn-offs to clear patches of forest. The forests also yielded
1718:
1493:
541:
525:
88:
72:
36:
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2017:
1975:
334:
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1982:
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486:
359:
346:
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1989:
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1837:
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627:
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2031:
2010:
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714:
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There is a lurid account in the reminiscences of William Buckley concerning the practice of
246:
242:
234:
1676:
1457:
784:
561:
623:(wild/of alien speech) by neighbouring tribes such as the Wathaurong and Girai Wurring.
2558:
2457:
2101:
1870:
1753:"Artifacts, language and social interaction: a case study from south eastern Australia"
1647:
586:
207:
64:
528:
whose pith is more nutritious than potatoes. Protein-rich food was secured by culling
2761:
2122:
2052:
2024:
533:
397:
Before European settlement, five separate clans existed, listed by Clark as follows:
230:
215:
184:
122:
applied to the people by tribes to their west, perhaps with a pejorative colouring.
2464:
2319:
2115:
1954:
1823:
1710:
1649:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
1607:
1517:
Scars in the Landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803–1859
710:
650:
549:
375:
338:
304:
273:
1462:
Microevolutionary patterns in Aboriginal Australia: a gradient analysis of clines
276:, he had been given a mandate by Latrobe simply to arrest the suspected culprit,
2401:
2255:
2213:
2199:
2157:
2136:
2080:
2073:
2038:
1996:
1968:
1642:
730:
176:
172:
103:
2674:
2653:
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2241:
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2150:
2143:
1694:
631:
597:
577:
510:
494:
420:
351:
326:
265:
211:
165:
161:
157:
76:
75:. Their territory encompasses the rainforest plateau and rugged coastline of
2178:
2003:
387:
312:
200:
83:, and little is known of them. However, some may have found refuge at the
2129:
2094:
2087:
2059:
1961:
727:
689:. This is explained by Norman Tindale as an 'ecological term of the form
662:
569:
529:
383:
374:
George Robinson states that the Katubanut were composed of at least four
251:
141:
17:
2594:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
1908:
1803:
1702:
2248:
2220:
635:
593:
and bracken ferns, as well as an industrial production of stone tools.
517:
502:
391:
321:
269:
245:, encountered seven Gadubanud men and women in the Aire Valley. On the
233:
in 1842, some 50 miles (80 km) beyond their traditional lands, in
196:
1729:
Living with the Locals: Early Europeans' Experience of Indigenous Life
95:
mission station, and some people still trace their descent from them.
789:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
658:
590:
573:
565:
119:
1859:
Stuart, Iain-Malcolm F. (1981). "Ethnohistory in the Otway Ranges".
661:
and Pallidurgbarrans, we need to remember that Buckley was a rural
2108:
520:. Inland, they could rely on a plethora of carbohydrate food from
490:
169:
31:
229:, who came across three members of the tribe at the mouth of the
27:
Aboriginal Australian group from the Cape Otway area in Victoria
1912:
106:
are considered the traditional custodians of Gadubanud lands.
1829:
Convincing Ground: Learning to Fall in Love with Your Country
293:
and murdered them. A report of the massacre was published in
995:
993:
1757:
Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney
787:
Gadubanud at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
603:
Niewójt suggests that the account, in the reminiscences of
2585:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
472:
One of the Otway clans was associated with a place called
382:
has speculated that they might have had some links to the
1437:"Mapping the past: an atlas of Victorian clans 1835-1904"
1198:
1196:
1194:
1025:
1023:
938:
936:
536:, possums, snakes, lizards, frogs, birds and their eggs,
980:
978:
899:
897:
860:
858:
812:
810:
808:
136:
Almost no linguistic material has been recorded for the
79:. Their numbers declined rapidly following the onset of
965:
963:
1010:
1008:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
168:, which were scarce in food resources and flush with
1812:"The Otway Aboriginal Matriarch – Aunty Edna Arnold"
350:, commenting on a tribal fight that took place near
2608:
2575:
2532:
2507:
2474:
2359:
2313:
2265:
1946:
1726:Maynard, John; Haskins, Victoria Katharine (2016).
1489:
Triumph of the Nomads: History of Ancient Australia
1646:
250:Smythe issued them with a note instructing his
1759:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–94.
1394:
1924:
118:language", and is considered to have been an
8:
638:. In touching on the topic he related that:
114:"Gadubanud/Katubanut" appears to have meant
717:were manufactured for trading as axe heads.
653:, in editing Buckley's account, commented:
2536:
2365:
1931:
1917:
1909:
1616:The Life and Adventures of William Buckley
1286:
1262:
1881:. Australian National University Press.
1406:
876:
399:
1755:. In Bailey, G. N.; Callow, P. (eds.).
1585:An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies
1418:
1370:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1274:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1089:
1065:
1041:
1029:
954:
942:
927:
915:
903:
864:
816:
777:
703:
2768:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)
2566:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
2487:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
1382:
1358:
1346:
1101:
984:
888:
828:
2773:Historical ethnic groups of Australia
2523:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
1149:
1077:
1053:
999:
969:
849:
799:
370:Social structure, economy and customs
289:(swan) in the Gadubanud language) on
7:
1014:
307:who detailed the following account:
2283:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
1618:. Text Publishing. pp. ixff.
25:
1298:
760:That term, variants of which are
179:, as well as the wetlands of the
1582:Edwards, William Howell (2004).
2395:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
1783:. Hobart: Archibald Macdougall.
568:have uncovered both intertidal
2552:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
2494:Victoria Archaeological Survey
2437:Mount William stone axe quarry
1715:Journey to Aboriginal Victoria
726:According to the historian of
619:The Gadubanud were considered
466:East head of the Barwon river
1:
2315:Registered Aboriginal Parties
1734:National Library of Australia
1635:History of Colac and District
522:yam daisies (or murnong yams)
272:in August 1846. According to
223:chief Protector of Aborigines
2545:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
2430:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
2388:Carisbrook stone arrangement
1570:Victorian Historical Journal
366:ravaged much of the forest.
285:(whose estuary was known as
156:The Katubanut inhabited the
2778:History of Victoria (state)
1854:. Lorne Historical Society.
611:eel for baskets of tubers.
364:great January 1851 bushfire
319:According to an article in
98:Today, by the principle of
2799:
2647:Convincing Ground massacre
1590:Cengage Learning Australia
1435:Barwick, Diane E. (1984).
1395:Maynard & Haskins 2016
129:
2691:
2539:
2368:
1695:10.1002/arco.1983.18.2.81
1563:Donovan, Paul Michael F;
1458:Birdsell, Joseph Benjamin
455:North of Moonlight head.
344:In 1848, a report in the
214:to the northeast and the
132:Dhauwurd Wurrung language
2682:Murdering Gully massacre
2640:Campaspe Plains massacre
1834:Aboriginal Studies Press
1751:McBride, Isabel (1986).
487:Gerangamete, Irrewillipe
140:. A connection with the
85:Wesleyan mission station
2668:Mudgegonga rock shelter
2409:Grampians National Park
1871:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1466:Oxford University Press
657:When reading about the
576:remains, together with
221:From notes made by the
1682:Archaeology in Oceania
668:
644:
538:eastern grey kangaroos
317:
40:
2697:By state or territory
1940:Aboriginal Victorians
1774:Morgan, John (1852).
1655:Yale University Press
1633:Hebb, Isaac (1970) .
1265:, pp. 83–84, 83.
655:
640:
615:Report of cannibalism
513:Eleocharis sphacelata
409:Approximate location
309:
303:One such story is by
199:lands of far eastern
177:sclerophyll woodlands
81:European colonisation
73:the state of Victoria
69:Aboriginal Australian
51:), also known as the
35:
1852:"The Story of Lorne"
1527:. pp. 169–175.
1494:Macmillan Publishers
1421:, pp. 131, 205.
1409:, pp. xxi–xxii.
1253:, pp. 186, 193.
1002:, pp. 119, 121.
957:, p. 178, n.14.
542:red-necked wallabies
259:Blanket Bay massacre
206:According to native
39:language territories
37:Victorian Aboriginal
2661:Gippsland massacres
2633:Blood Hole massacre
2508:State organisations
2451:Sunbury earth rings
1816:Otway Life Magazine
1385:, pp. 102–103.
1373:, pp. 104–105.
1217:, pp. 183–184.
1104:, pp. 130–131.
1092:, pp. 178–179.
918:, pp. 193–194.
634:of the area around
554:fat-tailed dunnarts
480:Subsistence economy
335:Native Police Corps
2710:Northern Territory
2444:New Guinea II cave
1791:Aboriginal History
1445:Aboriginal History
1140:, p. 179,193.
497:Triglochin procera
452:Ngarowurd gundidj
360:fire-stick farming
347:Geelong Advertiser
191:History of contact
138:Gadubanud language
41:
2755:
2754:
2745:Western Australia
2604:
2603:
2516:Heritage Victoria
2503:
2502:
2304:Lake Boga mission
1888:978-0-708-10741-6
1875:"Katubanut (VIC)"
1843:978-0-855-75549-2
1766:978-0-521-25773-2
1743:978-0-642-27895-1
1668:978-0-300-10098-3
1637:. Hawthorn Press.
1625:978-1-877-00820-7
1599:978-1-876-63389-9
1503:978-1-349-02423-0
1484:Blainey, Geoffrey
1475:978-0-195-06361-5
1397:, pp. 51–52.
1289:, pp. 83–84.
671:Alternative names
574:freshwater mussel
546:brushtail possums
511:tall spike rush (
505:Scirpus maritimus
470:
469:
430:Guringid gundidj
235:Djagurd territory
16:(Redirected from
2790:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
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2635:
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2626:Battle of Yering
2621:
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2290:Ebenezer Mission
2285:
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2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
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2172:Pallanganmiddang
2167:
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2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
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2055:
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2034:
2032:Djargurd Wurrong
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1891:. Archived from
1866:
1855:
1847:
1819:
1818:. 19 March 2014.
1807:
1784:
1782:
1770:
1747:
1722:
1706:
1677:Lourandos, Harry
1672:
1652:
1638:
1629:
1603:
1578:
1559:
1556:George Robertson
1553:
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1507:
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892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
853:
847:
832:
826:
820:
814:
803:
797:
791:
782:
766:
758:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
724:
718:
708:
530:native bush rats
509:, together with
417:Bangura gundidj
400:
247:Gellibrand River
243:Charles La Trobe
166:southern beeches
91:, and later the
61:Cape Otway tribe
21:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2724:South Australia
2722:
2715:
2708:
2703:New South Wales
2701:
2696:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2619:Batman's Treaty
2617:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1942:
1937:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1895:on 6 March 2017
1889:
1869:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1822:
1810:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1750:
1744:
1725:
1709:
1675:
1669:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1581:
1562:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1510:
1504:
1482:
1476:
1456:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
976:
968:
961:
953:
949:
941:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:
895:
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
856:
848:
835:
827:
823:
815:
806:
798:
794:
783:
779:
775:
770:
769:
762:mainmeet/meymet
759:
755:
750:
746:
741:
737:
725:
721:
709:
705:
700:
682:Pallidurgbarran
673:
617:
605:William Buckley
589:, and possums,
587:brown fur seals
562:Harry Lourandos
534:indigenous mice
495:water-ribbons (
482:
441:Ngalla gundidj
372:
261:
239:Port Philip Bay
227:George Robinson
193:
175:, and adjacent
154:
134:
128:
112:
53:Pallidurgbarran
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2559:Half-Caste Act
2555:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2458:Tarragal Caves
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2329:Barengi Gadjin
2324:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2102:Krauatungalang
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1867:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1820:
1808:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1748:
1742:
1723:
1707:
1673:
1667:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1612:"Introduction"
1604:
1598:
1579:
1560:
1539:
1533:
1508:
1502:
1480:
1474:
1454:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1325:, p. 204.
1315:
1303:
1291:
1287:Lourandos 1983
1279:
1277:, p. 182.
1267:
1263:Lourandos 1983
1255:
1243:
1241:, p. 183.
1231:
1229:, p. 185.
1219:
1207:
1205:, p. 181.
1190:
1188:, p. 175.
1178:
1176:, p. 177.
1166:
1164:, p. 194.
1154:
1152:, p. 120.
1142:
1130:
1128:, p. 195.
1118:
1116:, p. 189.
1106:
1094:
1082:
1080:, p. 122.
1070:
1068:, p. 302.
1058:
1056:, p. 123.
1046:
1034:
1032:, p. 180.
1019:
1017:, p. 219.
1004:
989:
987:, p. 130.
974:
972:, p. 121.
959:
947:
945:, p. 178.
932:
920:
908:
906:, p. 176.
893:
881:
869:
867:, p. 131.
854:
852:, p. 119.
833:
821:
819:, p. 205.
804:
792:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:
753:
744:
735:
719:
702:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
684:
679:
672:
669:
616:
613:
481:
478:
468:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
450:
446:
445:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
424:
423:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
404:
371:
368:
358:had practised
278:Meenee Meenee,
260:
257:
195:Much like the
192:
189:
153:
150:
130:Main article:
127:
124:
111:
108:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2795:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2320:Land councils
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:Girai wurrung
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:Djadjawurrung
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:Pascoe, Bruce
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Massola, Aldo
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:Flannery, Tim
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1577:(2): 278–297.
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:Clark, Ian D.
1561:
1557:
1554:. Melbourne:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:Dawson, James
1540:
1536:
1534:0-85575-281-5
1530:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:Clark, Ian D.
1509:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:Flannery 2002
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:, p. 49.
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:, p. 19.
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:, p. 79.
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:, p. 50.
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 32.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
891:, p. 89.
890:
885:
882:
879:, p. 18.
878:
877:Birdsell 1993
873:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
793:
790:
786:
781:
778:
772:
763:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
732:
729:
723:
720:
716:
712:
707:
704:
697:
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
660:
654:
652:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
551:
550:sugar gliders
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:bracken ferns
523:
519:
516:
514:
508:
506:
500:
498:
492:
488:
479:
477:
475:
465:
463:Yan Yan Gurt
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
348:
342:
340:
336:
330:
328:
324:
323:
316:
314:
308:
306:
301:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
258:
256:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Hopkins River
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:Girai wurrung
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
185:John Mulvaney
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
133:
125:
123:
121:
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2783:Otway Ranges
2592:
2583:
2475:
2465:Wurdi Youang
2045:
2018:Djab Wurrung
1976:Braiakaulung
1955:Barababaraba
1897:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1878:
1860:
1828:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1756:
1728:
1714:
1689:(2): 81–94.
1686:
1680:
1648:
1643:Kiernan, Ben
1634:
1615:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1547:
1516:
1488:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1419:Tindale 1974
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1371:Barwick 1984
1366:
1354:
1342:
1335:McBride 1986
1330:
1323:Blainey 1976
1318:
1311:Edwards 2004
1306:
1294:
1282:
1275:Niewójt 2009
1270:
1258:
1251:Niewójt 2009
1246:
1239:Niewójt 2009
1234:
1227:Niewójt 2009
1222:
1215:Niewójt 2009
1210:
1203:Niewójt 2009
1186:Niewójt 2009
1181:
1174:Niewójt 2009
1169:
1162:Niewójt 2009
1157:
1145:
1138:Niewójt 2009
1133:
1126:Niewójt 2009
1121:
1114:Niewójt 2009
1109:
1097:
1090:Niewójt 2009
1085:
1073:
1066:Kiernan 2007
1061:
1049:
1042:Massola 1969
1037:
1030:Niewójt 2009
955:Niewójt 2009
950:
943:Niewójt 2009
928:Tindale 1974
923:
916:Niewójt 2009
911:
904:Niewójt 2009
884:
872:
865:Tindale 1974
831:, p. 2.
824:
817:Tindale 1974
795:
780:
761:
756:
747:
738:
722:
711:Aldo Massola
706:
690:
687:Yarro waetch
686:
681:
676:
656:
651:Tim Flannery
649:
645:
641:
625:
620:
618:
608:
602:
595:
558:
512:
504:
496:
483:
473:
471:
396:
373:
356:
345:
343:
339:Foster Fyans
331:
320:
318:
310:
305:Aldo Massola
302:
294:
286:
277:
274:Bruce Pascoe
262:
220:
208:oral history
205:
194:
181:Barwon River
155:
146:James Dawson
135:
116:"King Parrot
113:
97:
60:
57:Yarro waetch
56:
52:
48:
44:
42:
29:
2533:Legislation
2402:Cloggs Cave
2297:Framlingham
2267:Communities
2256:Yorta Yorta
2214:Wemba-Wemba
2200:Wadawurrung
2186:Tatungalung
2158:Ngooraialum
2137:Ladji Ladji
2081:Jardwadjali
2074:Gunditjmara
2067:Gunaikurnai
2039:Djilamatang
1997:Boonwurrung
1983:Brataualung
1969:Brabiralung
1865:(6): 79–88.
1798:: 175–199.
1383:Morgan 1852
1359:Morgan 1852
1347:Dawson 1881
1102:Pascoe 2007
985:Pascoe 2007
889:Dawson 1881
829:Dawson 1881
731:Ben Kiernan
663:Cheshireman
628:cannibalism
578:parrot-fish
503:club-rush (
444:Cape Otway
433:Cape Otway
327:Woi wurrung
291:Blanket Bay
104:Gunditjmara
93:Framlingham
2762:Categories
2717:Queensland
2675:Munangabum
2654:Coranderrk
2381:Box Gulley
2350:Wurundjeri
2343:Wathaurung
2276:Coranderrk
2242:Wurundjeri
2235:Wotjobaluk
2228:Woiwurrung
2207:Warkawarka
2193:Taungurung
2151:Minyambuta
2144:Mardidjali
1990:Bungandidj
1657:. p.
1452:: 100–131.
1150:Clark 1995
1078:Clark 1995
1054:Clark 1995
1000:Clark 1995
970:Clark 1995
850:Clark 1995
800:Otway 2014
632:Wathaurong
598:Wurundjeri
493:, such as
421:Cape Otway
406:Clan name
352:Port Fairy
283:Aire River
266:Wathaurong
212:Wathaurong
162:Apollo Bay
158:rainforest
100:succession
89:Birregurra
77:Cape Otway
71:people of
67:), are an
2423:Kow Swamp
2374:Bend Road
2179:Pangerang
2165:Ngurelban
2088:Jari Jari
2046:Gadubanud
2011:Dhudhuroa
2004:Dadi Dadi
1015:Hebb 1970
773:Citations
691:jarowaitj
677:Katubanut
388:shellfish
380:Ian Clark
337:, led by
296:The Argus
287:Gunuwarra
201:Gippsland
148:in 1881.
49:Katubanut
45:Gadubanud
18:Katubanut
2738:Victoria
2731:Tasmania
2477:See also
2336:Bunurong
2130:Kwatkwat
2095:Jupagalk
2060:Gulidjan
1962:Bidhawal
1873:(1974).
1862:Artefact
1826:(2007).
1804:24046828
1713:(1969).
1703:40386632
1645:(2007).
1610:(2002).
1545:(1881).
1514:(1995).
1486:(1976).
1460:(1993).
728:genocide
621:mainmait
609:tuupuurn
583:elephant
518:rhizomes
501:and the
474:Bangurer
384:Gulidjan
252:coxswain
142:Gulidjan
126:Language
2610:History
2249:Yalukit
2221:Wergaia
1947:Peoples
1525:AIATSIS
1428:Sources
636:Geelong
570:mollusc
566:middens
392:abalone
329:tribe.
322:The Age
270:Geelong
197:Bidawal
152:Country
65:Tindale
2576:Cases:
2416:Keilor
2123:Kurung
1885:
1840:
1802:
1763:
1740:
1701:
1665:
1622:
1596:
1531:
1500:
1472:
715:blanks
659:Bunyip
591:wrasse
491:tubers
120:exonym
102:, the
2361:Sites
2116:Kulin
2109:Koori
1899:2 May
1800:JSTOR
1781:(PDF)
1719:Rigby
1699:JSTOR
1552:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1299:Lorne
765:men.'
698:Notes
376:clans
313:lubra
173:packs
170:dingo
1901:2017
1883:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1470:ISBN
585:and
572:and
552:and
390:and
110:Name
43:The
1691:doi
1659:302
785:S71
403:No
268:in
87:at
59:or
2764::
1877:.
1836:.
1832:.
1814:.
1796:33
1794:.
1736:.
1732:.
1717:.
1697:.
1687:18
1685:.
1661:.
1653:.
1614:.
1592:.
1588:.
1575:87
1573:.
1523:.
1496:.
1492:.
1468:.
1464:.
1448:.
1442:.
1193:^
1022:^
1007:^
992:^
977:^
962:^
935:^
896:^
857:^
836:^
807:^
600:.
556:.
548:,
544:,
540:,
532:,
476:.
460:5
449:4
438:3
427:2
414:1
378:.
241:,
225:,
55:,
2317:/
1932:e
1925:t
1918:v
1903:.
1846:.
1806:.
1769:.
1746:.
1721:.
1705:.
1693::
1671:.
1628:.
1602:.
1558:.
1537:.
1506:.
1478:.
1450:8
1301:.
930:.
802:.
515:)
507:)
499:)
63:(
47:(
20:)
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