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52:, in those that have keeled scales the keels are usually stronger in male specimens and are consistently arranged according to the species of reptiles, even though many others do not have them. With European lizards, the dorsal scales are usually well keeled, while those on the flanks are more weakly keeled and those on the belly smooth. Non-European lizards such as
88:, the lateral scales are not only keeled, but the keels have minute serrations. The snakes use this in a warning and threat display: the body is arranged into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together continuously to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. This method of making sound is called
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are particularly strong mid-dorsally, but gradually weaken on the lateral rows with the ventral scales being smooth. He then references a 1938 study, stating that it "has suggested that the keels may have an adaptive advantage in reducing shininess, that otherwise might lead to discovery by enemies."
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The purposes of keeled scales are largely understudied, but some other uses may include locomotion in arboreal and grass-dwelling species. Water collection has been shown in some rattlesnakes, though the nanostructure of the scales is thought to be more significant than the macrostructure (keel) of
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scales that, rather than being smooth, have a ridge down the center that may or may not extend to the tip of the scale, making them rough to the touch. According to Street's (1979) description of
European
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DAZA, JUAN D.; PINTO, BRENDAN J.; THOMAS, RICHARD; HERRERA-MARTINEZ, ALEXANDRA; SCANTLEBURY, DANIEL P.; GARCĂŤA, LUIS F. PADILLA; BALARAMAN, RAJESH P.; PERRY, GAD; GAMBLE, TONY (2019-12-19).
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Phadnis, Akshay; Manning, Kenneth C.; Schuett, Gordon W.; Rykaczewski, Konrad (2019-12-17).
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484:"Role of Scale Wettability on Rain-Harvesting Behavior in a Desert-Dwelling Rattlesnake"
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411:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). University of California Press. p. 354.
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305:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates.
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shows typical non-reflective appearance of reptiles with keeled scales
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408:
Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life
Histories, and Influence on Mankind
349:
The sprightly little sphaerodactyl: Systematics and biogeography of
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18:
551:
True Vipers: Natural
History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
553:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp.
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Klauber (1997) describes how the keels on the scales of
303:The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere
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324:The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe
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437:"Terrestrial Locomotion without Limbs"
326:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp.
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82:, most notably those of the genus
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405:Klauber, Laurence Monroe (1997).
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186:Western diamondback rattlesnake
353:the Puerto Rican dwarf geckos
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58:also display keeled scales.
357:(Gekkota, Sphaerodactylidae)
594:
55:Sphaerodactylus macrolepis
16:Reptile scales with ridges
421:– via Google Books.
376:10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.1
500:10.1021/acsomega.9b02557
322:Street, Donald (1979).
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148:Common European adder
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494:(25): 21141–21147.
453:10.1093/icb/2.2.167
259:Neuwied's lancehead
110:Horned desert viper
23:Keeled scales on a
441:American Zoologist
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220:Timber rattlesnake
167:Horned rattlesnake
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30:Amphiesma stolatum
418:978-0-520-21056-1
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547:Nilson, G.
543:Ludwig, D.
539:Mallow, D.
433:Gans, Carl
282:References
274:Puff Adder
129:Puff adder
508:2470-1343
488:ACS Omega
461:0003-1569
384:1175-5334
80:viperines
39:refer to
572:Category
549:(2003).
526:31867507
435:(1962).
392:32230683
301:(2004).
78:In some
64:Crotalus
25:colubrid
517:6921647
469:3881207
364:Zootaxa
96:Gallery
46:lizards
41:reptile
27:snake,
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50:snakes
465:JSTOR
85:Echis
555:ISBN
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388:PMID
380:ISSN
368:4712
328:ISBN
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