Litter in New Zealand

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rubbish is generated and likely to be littered, a reasonable distribution of well-constructed and suitable bins is necessary. The provision of litter receptacles is a mandatory means of enforcing litter control. If a noticeable amount of litter in public areas originates from any particular land or premises, section 9 of the Litter Act states that intervention of the public authority is necessary. To control litter, the public authority must require the occupier of the land or premises to provide and maintain the number of bins necessary for the disposal of litter. If an occupier fails to comply with this request, the public authority may install bins and recover costs from the occupier.

247:, a nationally endangered parrot, are known to be curious and playful creatures. Keas are likely to forage for food in areas occupied by humans. In these areas, they are made vulnerable to consuming human food scraps. The Department of Conservation has advised that human food products are unhealthy for a kea's digestive system and temporarily decrease their appetite. As a consequence, keas can become destructive with surrounding human belongings. To protect New Zealand's environment and the native species that inhabit it, visitors to conservation land are required to take their rubbish with them until they can dispose of it responsibly in an appropriate bin. 477: 281:

harbourmasters, and national park rangers. Section 7 of the Act states that every appointed Litter Control Officer is authorised to enforce the provisions of the Act. It is within an Officer's powers and duties to intervene in the deposition or attempted deposition of litter in a public place or a private land. They are further authorised to intervene if they witness the deliberate damage or attempted deliberate damage of any litter receptacle in a public place. To support these provisions, a revised version of section 7 additionally references the Offences Act 1981.

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recognised as a pervasive issue in New Zealand. While the littering of cigarette butts is considerable in New Zealand, it is also of international concern. According to the Tobacco-Free Life campaign, the littering of cigarette butts is a global issue with an estimated 4,5 trillion butts littered internationally every year. In addition, research conducted by the Royal Society of New Zealand has revealed that cigarette butts are amongst the most common plastic items collected in international beach clean-ups.

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Council discussed whether the littering of cigarette butts should be subject to more expensive fines than other forms of litter. In 2018, a consultation addressed the creation of a specific bylaw. This bylaw would present the littering of cigarette butts as an offence. The consultation process revealed that 85% of responses were in favour of the bylaw and 14% were in opposition. The introduction of the bylaw was criticised by some members of the council because they believed it was impossible to enforce.

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littering cigarette butts is believed to be high because people do not generally view cigarette butts as a valid form of litter or they believe it to be harmless. In a survey conducted by Keep New Zealand Beautiful 42% of respondents who were observed littering cigarette butts claimed they had never littered. In addition, the study found that the smokers did not believe their littering of cigarette butts to be a real form of litter or that they believed them to be biodegradable.

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Deposit Behaviour Index score of New Zealand is 6 and therefore high. The Deposit Behaviour Index operates on a scale from 1 to 7. The score 1 equals a low level of responsible rubbish disposable and indicates a high prevalence of littering. The score 7 indicates minimal littering and a high prevalence of people disposing of their rubbish in bins. The report revealed that the Regional Disposal Behaviour Index score in Wellington is 7 and in Auckland and Canterbury it is 6.

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littering would be to provide more bins. In 2020, Christchurch city council launched "smart bins". The smart bins replaced traditional rubbish bins in 2021. They were designed to prevent the overflow of rubbish. With a secure design and sensor technology, the smart bins would be able detect the amount of rubbish being disposed and therefore be emptied by council staff before they overflowed. In November 2021, the Banks Peninsula settlement of

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form of litter as it threatens the New Zealand environment and the wildlife that inhabits it. Due to littering, New Zealand's endangered species are at risk of extinction. The National Litter Audit revealed that 80% of the litter found in the country's waterways originated from the land. Plastic litter in particular threatens wildlife because it contaminates the water and therefore poses health risks to marine wildlife and seabirds.

272:. The Act defines littering as intentionally or unintentionally depositing of litter. It defines litter as including "any refuse, rubbish, animal remains, glass, metal, garbage, debris, dirt, filth, rubble, ballast, stones, earth, or waste matter, or any other thing of a like nature." The Act established Keep New Zealand Beautiful as the organisation responsible for the promotion of litter control in New Zealand. 389:. The study used a multi-method approach. It involved both an observational approach to disposal behaviour and surveys with members of the public. The Observational Approach (OA) is a method used to record details of disposal behaviour as it happens. According to the research report, the aim of OA was to “provide a systematic and direct method of measuring behaviour in the actual context in which it occurs.” 954:. In order to achieve these objectives, the action plan aims to minimise plastic use to a sustainable level through behavioral reform. To achieve a circular economy, it also aims to put better systems in place for the efficient reuse, repairing and recycling of plastic materials. Overall, the National Plastics Action Plan has invested approximately $ 100 million in 328:

disposed in a dangerous manner or in a manner likely to cause harm is an offence warranting a fine not exceeding $ 7,500 and for a body corporate, this fine is not exceeding $ 30,000. Before this emendation was made, subsection 2 read $ 750 instead of $ 7,500 and $ 30,000 was originally $ 5,000. These changes were inserted in the Litter Act 1979 on 28 June 2006.

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these reasons, New Zealand has been described as being the "seabird capital of the world". 86 of the 360 global seabird species breed in New Zealand 37 are endemic to New Zealand, meaning they breed nowhere else in the world. The prevalence of plastic pollution on New Zealand coasts means seabirds are increasingly at risk of eating plastics. A 2019 report on

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the Litter Audit was released in 2019. These reports have informed a response to litter in New Zealand. Policy measures for litter abatement include fines and a national action plan to reduce plastics. Further strategies for litter abatement include educational programmes and campaigns, most of which are developed by Keep New Zealand Beautiful.

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Control Officers. Within the parameters of their given district, the Litter Warden is conferred the same powers and duties as the Officer. However, unlike Litter Control Officers, Litter Wardens are not permitted to legally intervene if an offence is being committed. This means that they are unable to issue infringement notices.

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in 2019. In 2020, the New Zealand government agreed to further investigate the environmental impact of plastic and develop a national plastics action plan. The aim of the National Plastics Action Plan is to help New Zealand develop into a low-waste economy. As of 2021, the Action Plan sets out a new

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The age and gender of people who were observed littering and subsequently agreed to be interviewed varied. The observational data collected in the Litter Behaviour Study revealed that 53% of people littering were male. In addition, people aged between 25 and 34 made up a quarter of the overall people

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The objective of the Litter Behaviour research project was to measure and evaluate litter behaviour through fieldwork undertaken across New Zealand. The project was undertaken by Sunshine Yates Consulting, with the purpose of informing litter abatement strategies and developing a precedent for future

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Section 9 of the Litter Act states that every person, public authority, and department of State is required to provide and be responsible for the maintenance of bins in public places. Maintenance refers to the regularly emptying of the bin's contents and efficient disposal of those contents. Wherever

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In a similar category as the Litter Control Officers, every public authority has the right to appoint a temporary Litter Warden. Section 8 of the Litter Act states that, unless the conditions of his appointment state otherwise, the Litter Warden is authorised to exercise the same duties as the Litter

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New Zealanders are known to take pride in their 'clean green' image. While it is considered an environmentally conscious country, litter remains an ongoing issue. Following the research released in the 2019 National Litter Audit, chief executive of the Keep New Zealand Beautiful organisation, Heather

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The dumping of rubbish on public conservation land in New Zealand warrants a fine of up to $ 100,000 or up to two years' imprisonment. The Department of Conservation also has the authority to issue infringement notices for minor cases of littering. Penalties for littering on public conservation land

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While the smoking rate in New Zealand is low, cigarette butts are the most littered item in the country. A 2018 study conducted by the Keep New Zealand Beautiful council recorded that cigarette butts made up 78% of all items littered nationally. For these reasons, the littering of cigarette butts is

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According to the executive summary of the National Litter Behaviour Research document, New Zealand has a litter rate of 16%. This means that the observational study of littering in public areas showed that 84% did not litter and disposed of their items responsibly. Results revealed that the National

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Section 5 of the Litter Act permits public authorities to appoint Litter Control Officers. Moreover, Section 6 of the Act states that anyone appointed to a particular public office is also conferred the powers and duties of a Litter Control Officer. Such persons include constables, traffic officers,

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established the organisation as the national body responsible for the promotion of litter control in New Zealand. Since 2018, Keep New Zealand Beautiful has released national reports concerning the issue of litter in New Zealand's regions. The National Litter Behaviour Study was released in 2018 and

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The National Litter Hub is a resource launched by Keep New Zealand Beautiful. It allows people in New Zealand to access information regarding litter disposal and recycling policies around the country. This resource was created in response to survey results which were recorded in the National Litter

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Policy measures in New Zealand aim to reduce the littering of cigarette butts. The littering of cigarette butts is the most prevalent form of rubbish pollution in NZ. Due to the prevalence of littered cigarette butts, a conflict has existed over the fines it should warrant. In 2017, Wellington City

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The main categories of litter materials identified in the audit included cigarette butts, paper and cardboard, metal, glass, plastic and organic waste. The most frequently found item nationally was cigarette butts. 39 butts were recorded per 1,000 m. Disposable nappies, which were included in

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Plastics have been reported in fish, seabirds, and shellfish. Because they resemble food and are ubiquitous in the environment due to issues like littering, microplastics are easily ingested by animals. The prevalence of plastic debris means that marine mammals are at risk of becoming trapped in or

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project and a school education programme. On a local level the programme addresses the issue of litter through behavioural reform. It aims to encourage schools and citizens to address and measure the environmental impact of litter. On a national level, it aims to create a national litter database.

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The Litter Intelligence Programme is an educational initiative developed by the New Zealand-based charity Sustainable Coastlines. The programme was launched in May 2018 and is funded by the Waste Minimisation Fund which is administered by the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. The Programme

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under the name New Zealand Litter Control Council, and was officially recognised in the Act as the primary body responsible for promotion of litter control in New Zealand. In 1984, the organisation adopted a more community-based approach to the problem of littering and changed its name to the Keep

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These strategies were trialled by Australia's NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA) across 40 smoking sights. All the strategies led to an increased rate of binning cigarette butts. Fostering a feeling of pride and ownership was the most effective strategy but creating signage on pathways was

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The Litter Amendment Act 2006 made changes to the principal Act, including significant increases to maximum fines. Section 15 of the 1979 Litter Act addresses the deposition of litter in public or on private land. The expense of fines within section 15 were revised. Subsection 2 states that litter

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country, it continues to encounter litter issues. Plastic items are recorded to be the most littered item in the country. Cigarette butts, consisting primarily of plastic, are the most littered item worldwide and are therefore also pervasive in New Zealand. Plastic Litter is a particularly harmful

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According to the Keep New Zealand Beautiful Litter Behaviour Study, bin use was recorded to be at a nationally high rate. Cigarettes were the only item observed to be littered more than binned. In addition, a litter behaviour survey revealed that 33% of respondents thought the best way to prevent

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In May 2018, the Wellington City Council Strategy Committee voted to repeal the clause. Councillor Brian Dawson claimed that the most effective way to reduce cigarette butt litter was to reduce the number of people smoking. In 2019, Wellington City Council launched the Smokefree Wellington Action

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A study conducted in urban Wellington in 2011 found that smokers littering cigarette butts was conventional behaviour, even when rubbish bins were nearby. Littering of cigarette butts was more common in the evening, where 85.8% of smokers were observed littering, compared with the afternoon, when

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to be prevalent throughout New Zealand. The study observed that 59% of cigarette butts disposed of in Auckland were littered. In Canterbury 71% of cigarette butts observed being disposed of were littered and Wellington the percentage of cigarette butts observed being littered was 39%. The rate of

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New Zealanders are known to take pride in their 'clean green' image. A national survey conducted in December 2017 revealed that 99% of respondents considered the maintenance of New Zealand's 'clean green' image to be of importance. For these reasons the prevention of litter is considered to be of

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has shown the country's seabirds to be at risk of consuming plastic with the earliest discovery of plastic ingestion dating back to 1958. One-third of all species of seabirds inhabit New Zealand. The country is also the main breeding ground for the highest number of seabird species globally. For

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To reduce plastic pollution, the New Zealand government banned single-use plastic bags on 1 July 2019. The "mandatory phase out" of all single-use plastic bags was first introduced by the Ministry for the Environment in 2018. The plastic bag ban means that no businesses in New Zealand can sell,

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The audit revealed that 80% of the litter found in the country's waterways originated from the land. For this reason, the audit is primarily concerned with land-based litter. The main site types inspected in the audit were residential, retail and industrial areas as well as carparks, highways,

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can not distinguish floating plastic from fish. The pervasive ingestion of plastic seen in New Zealand's seabirds since the first earliest recorded observation in 1958 means plastic pollution is one of the primary reasons why 90% of the country's seabirds are at risk of extinction. Because New

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The research was conducted by Keep New Zealand Beautiful volunteers. All the volunteers were trained in ethnographic data gathering techniques. After observing an act of disposal, observers directed an interviewer to conduct a self-report. Fieldwork commenced on 23 November and finished on 13

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which are less than 5 millimetres in length are particularly dangerous pollutants because they are easily ingested by marine life. For animals on land and in the water, the ingestion of plastic reduces their intake of essential nutrients, traffic their digestive tracts, and negatively affect

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report revealed 61% of litter on beaches to be of a plastic material and 11% of the plastic litter found on the country's beaches came from cigarettes. The second most common item were either glass or ceramic. These made up 21.7% of all items collected. The report revealed that the effect of

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In 2018, Keep New Zealand Beautiful published a National Litter Behaviour Research report. The study details both intentional and unintentional litter disposal observations of people in public places. It was conducted in late 2017 by an Auckland-based consultancy firm called Sunshine Yates

319:. It states that a public authority, whether it is acting independently or in collaboration with other public authorities, is permitted to occasionally make bylaws. These bylaws must be in accordance with the Litter Act and function with the purpose of litter control and prevention. 630:"miscellaneous" items, made up the largest contribution to the estimated national litter volumes, recording 1.50 litres of volume per 1,000 m. Glass beer bottles made up the largest contribution to the national litter weights, recording 0.12 kg of weight per 1,000 m. 425:

Observational data revealed that the most littered items were cigarette butts. Nationally, 78% of litter acts were of cigarette butts. Instances of cigarette butt disposal observed during the project recorded 57% of cigarette butts littered while 43% were disposed of in bins.

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New Zealand Beautiful Society Inc. Since its foundation in 1967, Keep New Zealand Beautiful has created nationally recognised educational campaigns to promote litter abatement. Anti-litter campaigns additionally address further issues like climate action, reducing

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The survey data further revealed that 66% of the people who self-reported having littered were either in full or part-time employment. In addition, the study concluded that the likelihood of a person littering did not appear dependent on their level of education.

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and the Ministry for the Environment. It was supported by the Waste Minimisation Fund which is administered by the Ministry for the Environment. The Audit has been referred to as "the most comprehensive litter audit of its scale carried out in New Zealand."

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Restrictions to freedom camping in New Zealand were introduced to Parliament in 2011 with the Freedom Camping Bill. The bill passes a $ 200 instant fine for Illegal camping and another fine of up to $ 10,000 for the illegal emptying of a campervans sewage.

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are threatened with or at risk of becoming extinct. In addition, almost half of the world's whales, dolphins and porpoises have been recorded in New Zealand waters. Plastic pollution is one of the biggest contributors to the threat of extinction.

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The New Zealand Ministry for the Environment has stated that single-use plastics items are more likely to be littered than other items. This is because they are considered inexpensive, ubiquitous, and not designed for reuse.

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The most recognised anti-litter organisation in New Zealand is Keep New Zealand Beautiful, originally established by government in 1967 as the Anti-Litter Council. With the passing of the Litter Act in 1979, the council became an

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Plan in support of the government's Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 campaign. This government plan was established in 2011 which, amongst health incentives, plans on preventing and ultimately ending cigarette butt litter nationally.

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warning smokers of the consequences of littering. This means raising awareness about fines, implementing enforcement officers to monitor and speak to smokers and thereby increase recognition of cigarette butts as a form of

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Under Section 11 of the Litter Act, local or public authorities are permitted to make grants for the purpose of litter prevention or abatement. Section 11 provides that any local or public authority can make grants to any

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The environmental impact of litter on land also poses a significant danger to wildlife. The disposal of organic waste like banana peels or sandwich crusts is also a form of littering which threatens native birds. The

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in New Zealand. Through the monitoring of beach litter, a 2019 environmental report conducted by the New Zealand charity Sustainable Coastlines and supported by the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and

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important. The remaining 7% of respondents considered it moderately or slightly important. Nationally, 99% of respondents considered the maintenance of New Zealand's 'clean green' image to be of importance.

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The 2019 National Litter Audit revealed that 80% of the litter found in the country's waterways originated from the land. The most common environmental pollutant found in waterways and marine life is

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section of the Litter Act 1979, anyone who deposits litter in or on a public place or on private land without the occupier's consent can be fined. The fines for rubbish dumping and littering in

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system of plastic production and use for the future of New Zealand. This new system is designed to be sustainable, beneficial to society and help New Zealand eventually achieve a low-carbon

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reproductive behaviour. Plastic materials also easily absorb toxins which, when ingested by larger animals like marine mammals, can cause death. Toxins easily absorbed by plastics include

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December 2017. Observations were made during daylight hours only between 7am and 6pm. Speciality sites included beaches, these were not available in every region. Core sites included:

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Zealand is home to and hosts such a large population of seabirds, the risk of extinction posed by plastics is considered the worst in New Zealand than anywhere else in the world.

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railways and public recreational areas. These types of sites were surveyed within the local territorial authority regions of Auckland, Gisborne, Nelson, Tasman and Marlborough.

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A series of behavioural strategies have been suggested by the office of the prime minister's chief science advisor to reduce cigarette butt litter. The strategies involve:

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Saunderson, has stated that litter remains a considerably large environmental issue in New Zealand. Litter is especially hazardous because it can enter ecosystems and harm

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which contains numerous chemicals. While cigarette butts can take up to 10 years to completely decompose, the chemicals they release last longer in the environment. The

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Ministry for the Environment, Stats NZ (2019). "Our activities on land are polluting our marine environment- Ingesting plastics has many effects on marine animals".

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Consulting. The behavioural litter patterns documented in the report indicate the prevalence of rubbish pollution within New Zealand's most populous regions.

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To address the issue of cigarette butt littering, New Zealand's office of the prime minister's chief science advisor has cited research which states that:

4594: 3878: 2909: 2869: 269: 3194: 3165: 2713: 2684: 2650: 2618: 2584: 2555: 2519: 2485: 2456: 2420: 2391: 2230:"Litter Act 1979 No 41 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act 11 Local or public authority may make grants, etc, for the abatement or prevention of litter" 4163: 3629: 2330: 2267: 2237: 2204: 2171: 2138: 2103: 2070: 2040: 2010: 1697: 1601: 187:. Māui dolphins are endemic to New Zealand's North Island where they are known to occupy harbours where commercial and amateur fisheries are located. 3938: 855:

campaign. The purpose of the campaign is to emphasise the negative impact of littering cigarette butts and to promote the correct disposal of butts.

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Torkashvand et al., (2019) “A Systematic Review on Cigarette Butt Management as a Hazardous Waste and Prevalent Litter: Control and Recycling,”

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reported overflowing bins and an increase in littering due to jammed bins, lack of staff and not enough smart bins to replace traditional bins.

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The highest numbers of littered items discovered per 1,000 m were within industrial sites. This was followed by retail and highway sites.

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wounded by drifting materials. They are also at risk of ingesting plastic debris. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has reported that

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Popular campaigns launched by Keep New Zealand Beautiful include ‘Be a Tidy Kiwi’ and ‘Do the Right Thing.’ Other programmes include:

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for the prevention or abatement of litter. Such authorities are permitted to provide monetary support to any anti-litter campaign or scheme.

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creating a suitable environment for the correct disposal of cigarette butts with signage on pathways directing smokers to the nearest bin.

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With the aim of reducing plastic and its impact on the environment, the Office of the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor released a

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The toxic chemicals within cigarettes raise environmental concerns. Cigarette butts primarily consist of plastic. They are made up of

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Novotny, T.E. & Zhao, F. (1999). Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 8, 75–80.

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Ministry for the Environment, Stats NZ (2019). "Our activities on land are polluting our marine environment- Litter on our beaches".

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The highest volume of litter objects recorded per 1,000 m were found at highway sites, railway sites and industrial sites.

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The National Litter Audit 2019 was undertaken by Keep New Zealand Beautiful, using a methodology developed in conjunction with

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in smokers to maintain a clean environment and thereby encourage a commitment to dispose of their cigarette butts in a bin

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important that people do not litter in the area where they were interviewed. A further 18% of respondents considered it

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68.1% were observed littering. In addition, 73.5% of smokers did not extinguish their butts, making them fire hazards.

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chemicals in littered cigarettes butts have also been shown to pose acute or chronic ecological harm to marine life.

4923: 4787: 4679: 4337: 4302: 4264: 3622:"Litter Act 1979 No 41 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act 15 Deposit of litter in public place or on private land" 2323:"Litter Act 1979 No 41 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act 15 Deposit of litter in public place or on private land" 1869: 1774: 1142: 37: 29: 4933: 4529: 4893: 4878: 4850: 4807: 4624: 909: 621: 4817: 4499: 4469: 1485:"New Zealand marine report warns of effects of climate change and other issues on oceans and coasts | Stats NZ" 1147: 780:

The National Litter Behaviour study conducted by Keep New Zealand Beautiful in 2018, revealed the littering of

4913: 4873: 4586: 2900: 2860: 4908: 4888: 3188: 3159: 2707: 2678: 2644: 2612: 2578: 2549: 2513: 2479: 2450: 2414: 2385: 3621: 2322: 2259: 2229: 2196: 2163: 2130: 2095: 2062: 2033:"Litter Act 1979 No 41 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act 4 Responsibility for promotion of litter control" 2032: 1999: 1593: 1121:

The Litter Intelligence Programme uses a localised version of the monitoring methodology established by the

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Railway sites, highway sites and industrial sites also accounted for the highest weights per 1,000 m.

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Harper, P.C. and J.A. Fowler, Plastic pellets in New Zealand storm-killed prions (Pachyptila spp.). 1987.

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Reducing the impact of plastic on our environment-moving away from hard-to-recycle and single-use items

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Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand Government (2020). "Problems with single-use plastic items".

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Another approach to litter abatement in New Zealand has been the removal of bins. In 2019, the city of

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Royal Society New Zealand (2019). "How plastics affect human and animal health, and the environment".

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Royal Society New Zealand (2019). "Toxic chemicals associated with plastics and absorbed pollutants".

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removed bins from three of its beaches. The primary incentive behind removing the bins was to avoid

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Rethinking Plastics in Aotearoa New Zealand- Government response to the Rethinking Plastics report

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has identified plastic pollution to be the most common form of litter on New Zealand beaches. The

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Venugopal, P. Dilip; Hanna, Shannon K.; Gagliano, Gregory G.; Chang, Hoshing W. (January 2021).

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Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand Government (2021). "Transforming our waste system".

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Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand Government (2021). "Our future plastics system".

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Ministry for the Environment, Stats NZ (2019). "Litter and plastic debris is pervasive".

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Royal Society New Zealand (2019). "The marine environment: plastics final destination?".

176: 131: 4097: 3518: 3493: 3412: 3105: 3397:"Cigarette butt littering in city streets: a new methodology for studying and results" 3090:"Cigarette butt littering in city streets: a new methodology for studying and results" 1128:

According to Camden Howitt, co-founder and Coastlines Lead at Sustainable Coastlines:

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Ministry for the Environment, Stats NZ (2019). "Our marine environment at a glance".

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Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand Government (2020). "Government response".

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Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Results- 3.9 Attitudes and disposal behaviour".

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distribute or in any way provide customers with single-use plastic shopping bags.

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An estimated 30% of New Zealand's biodiversity reside in the sea. Of these 90% of

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The Amendment Act also removed the defence of “reasonable excuse” and instituted

3909:"#Buttgate: Wellington council official apologises for slamming cigarette bylaw" 105:. Deliberate littering and illegal dumping are amongst the main contributors to 2611:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Methodology- 2.2 Disposal Behaviour Index".

3494:"No Butts on the Beach: Aquatic Toxicity of Cigarette Butt Leachate Chemicals" 877: 211: 3357:

Yates, Sunshine (2018). "3.12 Self-awareness and frankness about littering".

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Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Methodology- 2.1 Observational Approach".

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Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Methodology- 2.3 New Zealand Fieldwork".

2000:"Litter Act 1979 No 41 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act 2 Interpretation" 1068: 215: 119:

single-use plastic poses a significant threat on the country's marine life.

57: 3527: 3428: 3121: 965: 227: 3628:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 3463:"Tiny but deadly: Cigarette butts are the most commonly polluted plastic" 2266:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2236:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2203:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2170:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 2021. 2137:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2102:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2069:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2039:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 2009:. Parliamentary Counsel Office, New Zealand Government. 2 November 1979. 1560:

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1522:

New Zealand's Environmental Reporting Series: Our marine environment 2019

1451:

New Zealand's Environmental Reporting Series: Our marine environment 2019

1413:

New Zealand's Environmental Reporting Series: Our marine environment 2019

873: 802: 3780:"Wellington councillors divided over fines for dropping cigarette butts" 3420: 3396: 3217:"Wellington councillors divided over fines for dropping cigarette butts" 3113: 3089: 625:

National Litter Audit 2019 – top 12 categories by items per 1,000 m

3509: 150: 4521: 3714:

Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government (26 January 2021).

1968:

Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government (15 January 2019).

1901:"NZ seas worst in world for seabirds eating plastic | Forest and Bird" 1727:

Royal Society New Zealand (2019). "Ingestion of plastics by animals".

4616: 4552:"Keep New Zealand Beautiful launches one-stop online litter platform" 3879:"Wellington City Council votes for a bylaw it knows it can't enforce" 919: 316: 210:, a non-profit conservation organisation, has warned that birds like 76:

The Keep New Zealand Beautiful organisation was founded in 1967. The

53: 4724: 4491: 4461: 3745:

Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government (15 May 2011).

1182:"Litter by Little: 'Do the right thing' mantra seems to have died" 620: 475: 259: 226: 136: 126: 36: 28: 4062:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "3.7- Littered versus binned".

3056:"Annual Update of Key Results 2020/21: New Zealand Health Survey" 1804:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

839:

so that the binning of cigarette butts becomes standard practice.

480:

National Litter Audit 2019 – top categories by weight per 1,000 m

2738:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Results- 3.13 Demographics".

429:

National surveys revealed that 75% of respondents considered it

377:

of New Zealand. Research was primarily conducted in the Greater

4728: 4680:"Tracking beach litter thanks to citizen scientists | Stats NZ" 3032:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. p. 41. 2974:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. p. 37. 2940:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. p. 32. 2577:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Results- 3.1 National DBI".

1281:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. p. 17. 315:

Section 12 of the Litter Act allows public authorities to make

2868:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. pp. 23–29. 2643:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Results- 3.4 Litter rate".

848:

considered the simplest and most cost-effective intervention.

244: 231: 4263:

Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand Government (2021).

2712:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. pp. 6, 26. 1213:"Over 10 billion cigarette butts pollute country's ecosystem" 4202:. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. pp. 18–19. 3811:

Original Document Report for Public Places Bylaw Review 2017

3288:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "binned versus littered".

3247:"Smoking and the Environment – How Smoking Harms the Planet" 1970:"Hide your snacks: Litter and our birds | Conservation blog" 64:. Litter is a prevalent environmental issue in New Zealand. 4718: 2830:"Keep NZ Beautiful Announces National Litter Audit Results" 1381:. Wellington: Royal Society Te Apārangi. 2019. p. 19. 3939:"Cigarette butt bylaw scrapped by Wellington City Council" 2908:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. p. 27. 3193:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 17. 3164:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 30. 2744:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 31. 2683:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 25. 2649:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 16. 2554:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 10. 3366:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. pp. 29–30. 2776:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 6. 2617:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 9. 2518:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 8. 2484:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 8. 2455:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 6. 2390:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 7. 2358:(PDF). Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 1. 1594:"Threats facing our oceans- Pollution and microplastics" 68:

national importance. While New Zealand is considered an

2770:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Executive Summary".

2449:

Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Executive Summary".

4339:

National Plastics Action Plan for Aotearoa New Zealand

4304:

National Plastics Action Plan for Aotearoa New Zealand

4266:

National Plastics Action Plan for Aotearoa New Zealand

4131:"Are Christchurch's new smart bins really that smart?" 3851:. Wellington City Council. 3 May 2018. pp. 7–8. 3003:(PDF). Keep New Zealand Beautiful. 2019. p. 39. 1347:. Wellington: Royal Society Te Apārangi. p. 22. 4071:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 20. 3297:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 21. 2583:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 11. 2419:. Auckland: Keep New Zealand Beautiful. p. 11. 1696:

Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government.

1592:

Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government.

4864: 4841: 4760: 1049: 1041: 1033: 1025: 1017: 1009: 1001: 4006:. Wellington City Council. 2019. pp. 27–102. 4000:Ordinary Meeting of City Strategy Committee Agenda 3845:Ordinary Meeting of City Strategy Committee Agenda 2384:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Introduction". 1932:"NZ oceans world's worst for birds eating plastic" 947:Rethinking Plastics in Aotearoa New Zealand Report 4345:. Wellington: New Zealand Government. p. 7. 4310:. Wellington: New Zealand Government. p. 6. 4272:. Wellington: New Zealand Government. p. 3. 4237:. Wellington: New Zealand Government. p. 4. 2515:National Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2478:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Methodology". 2413:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Methodology". 3817:. Wellington City Council. 2018. pp. 1–97. 3395:Patel, Vimal; Thomson, George W (January 2013). 3088:Patel, Vimal; W Thomson, George (January 2013). 1670:. Wellington: Royal Society NZ. pp. 31–32. 1635:. Wellington: Royal Society NZ. pp. 32–33. 1116:focuses on beach litter and functions as both a 1130: 815: 201: 33:View of 'clean, green' countryside in Auckland 4740: 4102:Smart Christchurch – Share. Connect. Innovate 3187:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Results". 3158:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). "Results". 2197:"Receptacles to be provided in public places" 1082:Kiki Kiwi & Friends Litter Less Programme 56:is especially hazardous because it can enter 8: 3578:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1736:. Wellington: Royal Society NZ. p. 31. 987: 353:litter prevention activities. By conducting 179:, a critically endangered subspecies of the 3716:"Rubbish dumping taints sacred Tainui site" 268:The Litter Act 1979 is administered by the 4747: 4733: 4725: 1483:Statistics New Zealand (17 October 2019). 993: 986: 41:Litter in a stormwater drain in Wellington 3652:"Fines for rubbish dumping and littering" 3517: 913:Overflowing rubbish bin at sports stadium 4065:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 3590:Woolf, Amber-Leigh (10 September 2019). 3161:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2773:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2741:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2709:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2680:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2646:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2614:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2580:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2551:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2481:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2452:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2416:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 2387:Litter Behaviour Study Executive Summary 1180:Woolf, Amber-Leigh (28 September 2018). 964: 908: 632: 496: 48:is a global issue and has a significant 1243:"How does litter harm the environment?" 1169: 4644: 4642: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4372:"Ban on plastic bags from 1 July 2019" 4296: 4294: 4158: 4156: 4125: 4123: 3774: 3772: 3709: 3707: 3552:Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor 3541: 3539: 3537: 3390: 3388: 3352: 3350: 3329:Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor 3283: 3281: 3153: 3151: 3083: 3081: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2765: 2763: 2733: 2731: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2638: 2636: 2287: 2285: 2191: 2189: 2158: 2156: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2090: 2088: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1874:Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor 1833: 1831: 1779:Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor 1769: 1767: 1621: 1619: 1552: 1550: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1310:Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor 4562:from the original on 17 December 2021 4442:from the original on 24 December 2021 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the original on 15 December 2021 3632:from the original on 15 December 2021 3443:from the original on 16 December 2021 3373:from the original on 12 December 2021 3227:from the original on 16 December 2021 3197:from the original on 15 December 2021 3168:from the original on 15 December 2021 3136:from the original on 16 December 2021 3036:from the original on 16 December 2021 3007:from the original on 16 December 2021 2978:from the original on 16 December 2021 2944:from the original on 16 December 2021 2915:from the original on 23 December 2021 2875:from the original on 23 December 2021 2840:from the original on 16 December 2021 2810:from the original on 16 December 2021 2780:from the original on 10 December 2021 2748:from the original on 10 December 2021 2716:from the original on 15 December 2021 2687:from the original on 15 December 2021 2653:from the original on 15 December 2021 2621:from the original on 15 December 2021 2606: 2604: 2602: 2587:from the original on 15 December 2021 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1850:from the original on 24 December 2021 1816:from the original on 24 December 2021 1785:from the original on 30 December 2021 1708:from the original on 30 December 2021 1604:from the original on 30 December 2021 1573:from the original on 30 December 2021 1535:from the original on 30 December 2021 1464:from the original on 30 December 2021 1443: 1441: 1426:from the original on 30 December 2021 1405: 1403: 1333: 1331: 1316:from the original on 24 December 2021 1285:from the original on 16 December 2021 1270: 1268: 1223:from the original on 24 December 2021 1192:from the original on 17 December 2021 1175: 1173: 1085:Young reporters Litter Less Programme 369:Fieldwork was covered throughout the 7: 4690:from the original on 8 December 2021 4660:from the original on 8 December 2021 4627:from the original on 8 December 2021 4597:from the original on 8 December 2021 4532:from the original on 2 December 2021 4502:from the original on 8 December 2021 4472:from the original on 8 December 2021 4376:Ban on plastic bags from 1 July 2019 4033:"History of Smokefree Aotearoa 2025" 3747:"New freedom camping laws announced" 3682:"Part 5: Public Places, 23.2 Litter" 2260:"Public authorities may make bylaws" 1980:from the original on 15 January 2022 1528:. Wellington: Stats NZ. p. 29. 1419:. Wellington: Stats NZ. p. 30. 1123:United Nations Environment Programme 884:result in a $ 300 infringement fee. 223:Impact of organic litter on birdlife 123:Impact of plastic litter on wildlife 4965:Environmental issues in New Zealand 4617:"Welcome to Sustainable Coastlines" 3877:Devlin, Collette (5 October 2017). 3602:from the original on 6 January 2022 3558:from the original on 4 January 2022 3473:from the original on 4 January 2022 3335:from the original on 4 January 2022 3304:from the original on 2 January 2022 3257:from the original on 2 January 2022 3066:from the original on 6 January 2022 1840:"How plastic threatens NZ seabirds" 1743:from the original on 4 January 2022 1677:from the original on 4 January 2022 1642:from the original on 4 January 2022 1495:from the original on 1 January 2022 1388:from the original on 4 January 2022 1354:from the original on 4 January 2022 1253:from the original on 5 January 2022 145:with a cigarette butt in Wellington 3413:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050529 3360:National Litter Behaviour Research 3291:National Litter Behaviour Research 3190:Litter Behaviour Executive Summary 3106:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050529 2706:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). 2352:Sunshine Yates Consulting (2018). 1055:New Zealand Litter Control Council 25: 2934:"Main material Characteristics". 1899:Forest & Bird (2 July 2018). 1111:The Litter Intelligence Programme 956:resource recovery infrastructure. 634:Litter recorded per 1,000 m 498:Litter recorded per 1,000 m 97:Litter in waterways and the ocean 85:Environmental impact of littering 3548:"Reducing cigarette butt litter" 3498:Tobacco Regulatory Science Group 3325:"Reducing cigarette butt litter" 1094:Tidy Kiwi Volunteer of the Month 969:Single-use plastic shopping bags 851:In 2019, New Zealand launched a 4654:bluecharter.thecommonwealth.org 2131:"Powers and duties of Officers" 2096:"Other Litter Control Officers" 1211:Zaki, Anan (3 September 2019). 880:range from NZ$ 100 to NZ$ 400. 153:, 80% of shorebirds and 22% of 50:human impact on the environment 4773:Federated States of Micronesia 1870:"Plastics and the environment" 1806:"Seabird capital of the world" 1775:"Plastics and the environment" 937:Reducing the impact of plastic 357:and through the collection of 1: 4432:"New Zealand Plastic bag ban" 2899:"Comparisons by site types". 2355:Litter Behaviour Study Report 323:The Litter Amendment Act 2006 199:states that New Zealand is: 165:persistent organic pollutants 4436:Ministry for the Environment 4406:Ministry for the Environment 2800:"National Litter Audit 2019" 270:Ministry for the Environment 264:The New Zealand Coat of Arms 197:Plastics and the environment 192:Royal Society of New Zealand 183:, are at risk of dying from 2293:"Litter Amendment Act 2006" 1730:Plastics in the Environment 1664:Plastics in the Environment 1629:Plastics in the Environment 1375:Plastics in the Environment 1341:Plastics in the Environment 310:non-for-profit organisation 243:states that birds like the 116:Our marine environment 2019 92:New Zealand's biodiversity. 4981: 4719:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 4556:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 4526:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 4496:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 4466:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 2859:"Background and Content". 2804:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 1838:NZ Herald (20 July 2018). 1698:"Threats caused by people" 1143:Environment of New Zealand 988:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 983:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 465:Department of Conservation 455:National Litter Audit 2019 241:Department of Conservation 190:Research conducted by the 18:Keep New Zealand Beautiful 3546:JonoB (6 November 2019). 3323:JonoB (6 November 2019). 2902:The National Litter Audit 2862:The National Litter Audit 2063:"Litter Control Officers" 1107:Behaviour Study in 2018. 992: 809:Behavioural interventions 339:Litter behaviour research 70:environmentally conscious 4960:Pollution in New Zealand 4919:Northern Mariana Islands 1905:www.forestandbird.org.nz 1566:. Stats NZ. p. 31. 1457:. Wellington: Stats NZ. 1148:Pollution in New Zealand 892:Cigarette butt littering 4884:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3973:Wellington City Council 3686:Wellington City Council 3626:www.legislation.govt.nz 2327:www.legislation.govt.nz 2264:New Zealand Legislation 2234:www.legislation.govt.nz 2201:New Zealand Legislation 2168:New Zealand Legislation 2135:New Zealand Legislation 2100:New Zealand Legislation 2067:New Zealand Legislation 2037:www.legislation.govt.nz 2007:www.legislation.govt.nz 1930:Newshub (2 July 2018). 1102:The National Litter Hub 1069:environmental pollution 1013:Non-profit organisation 837:positive social norming 828:fostering a feeling of 276:Litter Control Officers 4621:Sustainable Coastlines 4591:Sustainable Coastlines 3969:"Smokefree Wellington" 2297:New Zealand Legisation 1153:Smoking in New Zealand 1134: 970: 914: 870:Offences and Penalties 819: 626: 481: 461:Statistics New Zealand 265: 235: 205: 146: 134: 112:Statistics New Zealand 42: 34: 4867:and other territories 4587:"Litter Intelligence" 4037:Ministry of Health NZ 3060:Ministry of Health NZ 3029:National litter Audit 3000:National Litter Audit 2971:National Litter Audit 2937:National Litter Audit 1306:"Litter intelligence" 1278:National Litter Audit 1018:Registration no. 978:Anti-litter campaigns 968: 912: 767:Cigarette butt litter 624: 479: 400:Markets 263: 234:tampering with a van 230: 140: 130: 60:and harm a country's 40: 32: 4137:. 18 November 2021. 2836:. 3 September 2019. 1158:Waste in New Zealand 1064:Incorporated Society 1029:Incorporated Society 793:Environmental impact 447:observed littering. 3026:"The Dirty Dozen". 2997:"The Dirty Dozen". 2968:"The Dirty Dozen". 1091:Community clean ups 989: 905:Public rubbish bins 830:pride and ownership 776:Littering behaviour 635: 499: 256:The Litter Act 1979 4721:– official website 3975:. 6 October 2021. 3786:. 5 October 2017. 3510:10.18001/TRS.7.1.2 3469:. 28 August 2020. 3451:– via JSTOR. 3223:. 5 October 2017. 3144:– via JSTOR. 971: 915: 633: 627: 497: 482: 359:observational data 266: 236: 147: 135: 43: 35: 4942: 4941: 4934:Wallis and Futuna 4842:Associated states 4755:Litter in Oceania 4715:– text of the Act 4684:www.stats.govt.nz 4408:. 1 August 2018. 3688:. 7 August 2018. 3251:Tobacco-Free Life 3100:(1). BMJ: 59–62. 1489:www.stats.govt.nz 1059: 1058: 799:cellulose acetate 764: 763: 614: 613: 387:Canterbury region 383:Wellington region 303:Grants and bylaws 16:(Redirected from 4972: 4924:Pitcairn Islands 4894:French Polynesia 4879:Christmas Island 4808:Papua New Guinea 4788:Marshall Islands 4761:Sovereign states 4749: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4583: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4558:. 19 June 2018. 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4271: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4094: 4088: 4087: 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952:circular economy 751:Illegal dumping 681:Paper/Cardboard 653:Cigarette butts 636: 617:Litter materials 500: 409:Shopping streets 406:Public buildings 333:strict liability 181:Hector's dolphin 21: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4866: 4860: 4843: 4837: 4818:Solomon Islands 4756: 4753: 4713:Litter Act 1979 4709: 4704: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4438:. 1 July 2019. 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4299: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4111: 4109: 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1104: 1071:and protecting 1052: 1051:Formerly called 1045:www.knzb.org.nz 985: 980: 963: 961:Plastic bag ban 939: 931:illegal dumping 907: 894: 866: 861: 811: 795: 782:cigarette butts 778: 769: 619: 474: 457: 444: 419: 379:Auckland region 367: 350: 341: 325: 305: 296: 287: 278: 258: 253: 225: 208:Forest and Bird 143:red billed gull 125: 99: 87: 78:1979 Litter Act 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:Norfolk Island 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4874:American Samoa 4870: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4844:of New Zealand 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4707:External links 4705: 4702: 4701: 4671: 4638: 4608: 4573: 4543: 4513: 4483: 4453: 4423: 4393: 4363: 4328: 4290: 4255: 4220: 4185: 4152: 4119: 4089: 4054: 4024: 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